AgricultureAgriculture

Arable LandArable Land

There is a decline in the amount of arable There is a decline in the amount of arable land.land.

FarmingFarming Early farmers used animals to pull plows Early farmers used animals to pull plows

through soil.through soil. Mixed up soil nutrientsMixed up soil nutrients Loosened soilLoosened soil Uproot weedsUproot weeds

Used organic fertilizers (manure)Used organic fertilizers (manure) Irrigation by digging ditchesIrrigation by digging ditches Some countries still use old methods, but most Some countries still use old methods, but most

update methods.update methods.

Fertile SoilFertile Soil Soil where plants are healthy and Soil where plants are healthy and

grow rapidly.grow rapidly. Most plants grow in topsoilMost plants grow in topsoil

Contains rock particles, water, air, Contains rock particles, water, air, and decomposed plant and animal and decomposed plant and animal matter.matter.

Contains bacteria, fungi, Contains bacteria, fungi, earthworms and insectsearthworms and insects

Soil FormationSoil Formation

Formed from bedrockFormed from bedrock Weathering over thousands of years Weathering over thousands of years

forms sediment.forms sediment. Combine with water, air and Combine with water, air and

decayed materials.decayed materials.

Soil ConservationSoil Conservation

Contour plowing- plowing across slope of Contour plowing- plowing across slope of hill.hill. Plow forms ridges that do not allow excess Plow forms ridges that do not allow excess

runoff.runoff.

Use of organic fertilizers like compostUse of organic fertilizers like compost No-till farming- after harvest soil is not No-till farming- after harvest soil is not

tilledtilled

Soil ConservationSoil Conservation

Prevent salinization- increased salt level Prevent salinization- increased salt level in soil.in soil. Improve irrigation methods, increase amount Improve irrigation methods, increase amount

of water to wash out salt.of water to wash out salt.

Farming Methods JigsawFarming Methods Jigsaw Farmers are constantly dealing with soil Farmers are constantly dealing with soil

erosion. Using the information on pgs erosion. Using the information on pgs 109-111 in your groups complete the 109-111 in your groups complete the following task:following task:

Preparing the Land on 109. Preparing the Land on 109. Planting the Land on 109-110Planting the Land on 109-110 Soil Enrichment on 110-111Soil Enrichment on 110-111 Farms and Human Nutrition on 111Farms and Human Nutrition on 111

Jigsaw continuedJigsaw continued

Each number group must:Each number group must: Read independently and take notesRead independently and take notes Meet with other People in number groupMeet with other People in number group Each person creates a poster which summarizes Each person creates a poster which summarizes

the section visually.the section visually. All people in group must cover the same info, but All people in group must cover the same info, but

the posters can look different. the posters can look different. Go back to home group and explain your section Go back to home group and explain your section

to the group.to the group.

Farming MethodsFarming Methods

Soil erosion is a major problem for Soil erosion is a major problem for agriculture.agriculture. Farmers develop methods to conserve soil.Farmers develop methods to conserve soil.

Preparing the LandPreparing the Land Traditional tilling use machines to break Traditional tilling use machines to break

up soil.up soil. This exposes soil to erosion.This exposes soil to erosion.

Farmers use conservation tilling.Farmers use conservation tilling. Disturb topsoil as little as possible.Disturb topsoil as little as possible.

Loosen soil but not turn it over.Loosen soil but not turn it over. No-till cultivation- drill holes and drop in seeds.No-till cultivation- drill holes and drop in seeds.

Does require pesticidesDoes require pesticides

Cover surface with Humus using Cover surface with Humus using previous crop.previous crop.

Planting the LandPlanting the Land Many farmers must plant on sloped Many farmers must plant on sloped

surface so crops must be planted to surface so crops must be planted to prevent erosion from runoff.prevent erosion from runoff. Contour farming- plant crops Contour farming- plant crops

across slope to prevent erosion.across slope to prevent erosion.Can decrease erosion 30%-50%Can decrease erosion 30%-50%

Farming Methods Farming Methods continuedcontinued

Strip Cropping- rows of crops are planted Strip Cropping- rows of crops are planted alternately with rows of grass or legumes.alternately with rows of grass or legumes. This protects against erosion and adds nutrients This protects against erosion and adds nutrients

to the soil.to the soil.

Terracing- crops planted in ridges down a Terracing- crops planted in ridges down a slope like stairs.slope like stairs.

Slows down runoffSlows down runoff

Soil EnrichmentSoil Enrichment Soil must be full of nutrients to be Soil must be full of nutrients to be

productive. productive. Use organic fertilizers- add multiple nutrients Use organic fertilizers- add multiple nutrients

to soil and add to humus.to soil and add to humus. Do not cause pollution to groundwater.Do not cause pollution to groundwater.

Crop rotation- changing crops planted year Crop rotation- changing crops planted year to year.to year. Each crop uses different nutrients so soil is not Each crop uses different nutrients so soil is not

depleted.depleted.

Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement

A pest is any organism that:A pest is any organism that: Spreads diseaseSpreads disease Destroys propertiesDestroys properties Competes for resourcesCompetes for resources Acts as a nuisance Acts as a nuisance

Pests in the WildPests in the Wild

In undisturbed ecosystems pests In undisturbed ecosystems pests are kept in check by predators, but are kept in check by predators, but human impact has allowed pest human impact has allowed pest populations to increase by limiting populations to increase by limiting the number of predators.the number of predators.

PesticidesPesticides

With increasing pests populations With increasing pests populations humans needed to use pesticideshumans needed to use pesticides Insecticides- kills insectsInsecticides- kills insects Herbicides- kills weedsHerbicides- kills weeds Nematicides- kills wormsNematicides- kills worms Fungicides- kills fungusFungicides- kills fungus Rodenticides- kills mice and ratsRodenticides- kills mice and rats

Introduction of IPMIntroduction of IPM

Chemical pesticides are harmful to Chemical pesticides are harmful to environment so integrated pest environment so integrated pest management (IPM) was introduced.management (IPM) was introduced.

Use mix of traps, disease-resistant Use mix of traps, disease-resistant plants, organic pesticides and plants, organic pesticides and reintroduction of predatory species.reintroduction of predatory species.

IPM in PracticeIPM in Practice

Based on a series of decision making Based on a series of decision making steps using a mix of many tools.steps using a mix of many tools.

6 Steps of IPM6 Steps of IPM Use pages 128-129 to identify the 6 Use pages 128-129 to identify the 6

steps of IPM and a brief description of steps of IPM and a brief description of how each is done on the handout. how each is done on the handout. Include handout in your notes for this Include handout in your notes for this section.section.

IPM TacticsIPM Tactics

Use multiple tactics to keep pest Use multiple tactics to keep pest populations off balance and prevent populations off balance and prevent resistance to pesticides.resistance to pesticides. Based on managing pests not Based on managing pests not

eradicating themeradicating them..

MethodsMethods Cultural MethodsCultural Methods- minimize - minimize

conditions pests need for life.conditions pests need for life. Ex- multicroppingEx- multicropping

Several crops in one fieldSeveral crops in one fieldDiff. for pests to overrun an area.Diff. for pests to overrun an area.

Physical MethodsPhysical Methods- preventing pests - preventing pests from entering an area, or forcing from entering an area, or forcing them to leave. them to leave.

Ex- window screens, steel woolEx- window screens, steel wool

Methods continuedMethods continued

Genetic MethodsGenetic Methods- use pest resistant - use pest resistant plants.plants.

Ex- bioengineered crops, sterile Ex- bioengineered crops, sterile male pest releases, host plant male pest releases, host plant resistance.resistance.

Methods continuedMethods continued Biological MethodsBiological Methods- other living things used to - other living things used to

limit pest populations.limit pest populations. Parasitoids- insect that develops within a host Parasitoids- insect that develops within a host

killing it. Ex- wasps lay eggs in aphids.killing it. Ex- wasps lay eggs in aphids. Predators- feed off parasites. Ex- beetles feed Predators- feed off parasites. Ex- beetles feed

off mites.off mites. Pathogens- disease that affects pests. Pathogens- disease that affects pests.

Specific to certain insects.Specific to certain insects. Weed feeders- organisms that feed off weeds. Weed feeders- organisms that feed off weeds.

Methods…againMethods…again

Chemical MethodsChemical Methods- chemical pesticides- chemical pesticides Synthetic- work quickly and effectively, Synthetic- work quickly and effectively,

but harmful to env.but harmful to env. Biorational- naturally occurring Biorational- naturally occurring

compound.compound. Env. Friendly but not as quick acting. Env. Friendly but not as quick acting.

ControlControl

Regulatory ControlRegulatory Control- Government - Government agencies try to limit pest pop. agencies try to limit pest pop. Through regulations and Through regulations and inspections.inspections.