AGE OF AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

Warm Up People of the Scientific RevolutionWarm Up People of the Scientific Revolution

1.1. sun-centered conception of the universesun-centered conception of the universe

2.2. (Earth-centered) conception of the universe(Earth-centered) conception of the universe

3.3. Stated that the orbits of planets are Stated that the orbits of planets are ellipticalelliptical

4.4. Built the first telescope and made regular Built the first telescope and made regular observationobservation

5.5. Stated that the heart, not the liver, was the Stated that the heart, not the liver, was the beginning point of blood circulationbeginning point of blood circulation

6.6. Invented the microscopeInvented the microscope

7.7. volume of gas varies with the amount of volume of gas varies with the amount of pressure exerted on itpressure exerted on it

8.8. Invented the scientific methodInvented the scientific method

Also known as the Age of ReasonAlso known as the Age of Reason Scientific Revolution laid the Scientific Revolution laid the

foundation for a modern world view foundation for a modern world view based on:based on:•Rationalism = reason is the chief Rationalism = reason is the chief

source of knowledgesource of knowledge•Secularization = indifference to or Secularization = indifference to or

rejection of religion or religious rejection of religion or religious considerationconsideration

Use the scientific method to make Use the scientific method to make progress towards a better societyprogress towards a better society

•Reason could be used to study Reason could be used to study and question human nature and question human nature and societyand society

Philosophe = intellectual of the Philosophe = intellectual of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment•Want to change the worldWant to change the world•Mostly of the nobility and Mostly of the nobility and

middle class, most are Frenchmiddle class, most are French

Salon = elegant drawing rooms, Salon = elegant drawing rooms, where philosophers meet to discuss where philosophers meet to discuss and spread ideasand spread ideas• Usually hosted by wealthy womenUsually hosted by wealthy women

Enlightenment influenced by two Enlightenment influenced by two Englishmen:Englishmen:• Newton – find natural laws, using Newton – find natural laws, using

his methods, that govern human his methods, that govern human societysociety

• Locke – people are molded by their Locke – people are molded by their experiences and can change with experiences and can change with environmentenvironment

Philosophes began to question ideas Philosophes began to question ideas that had been long held as absolute that had been long held as absolute truths, such as absolute monarchy and truths, such as absolute monarchy and hierarchy in societyhierarchy in society

Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Enlightenment RevolutionsRevolutions

Enlightened MonarchsEnlightened Monarchs Also known as Enlightened Absolutists, Also known as Enlightened Absolutists,

these are European monarchs who these are European monarchs who sought to govern using Enlightenment sought to govern using Enlightenment idealsideals• They were able to play with the ideas They were able to play with the ideas

of the philosophes without threatening of the philosophes without threatening their own powertheir own power

• Did not bring about much reform, Did not bring about much reform, thought it would take away from thought it would take away from their own powertheir own power

Three well-known Enlightened Three well-known Enlightened MonarchsMonarchs• Frederick II the Great of PrussiaFrederick II the Great of Prussia• Catherine the Great of RussiaCatherine the Great of Russia• Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria

War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession Rivalry between the Austrian family, the Rivalry between the Austrian family, the

Hapsburgs, and the Prussian family, the Hapsburgs, and the Prussian family, the HollenzollernsHollenzollerns

Austrian Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI Austrian Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI had no male heir so he issued the had no male heir so he issued the Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction

• Stated that the empire could be Stated that the empire could be passed to a female heir, his passed to a female heir, his daughter Maria Theresadaughter Maria Theresa

• Also all Hapsburg lands would Also all Hapsburg lands would remain intact under one rulerremain intact under one ruler

• All European rulers agreed to thisAll European rulers agreed to this In 1740 Charles dies and Frederick In 1740 Charles dies and Frederick

the Great of Prussia, followed quickly the Great of Prussia, followed quickly by France, violate the Sanction and by France, violate the Sanction and invade Austrian territoryinvade Austrian territory

• Prussia seizes Silesia, one of the Prussia seizes Silesia, one of the richest Austrian provincesrichest Austrian provinces

• Great Britain joins the war on the Great Britain joins the war on the side of Austria against France, side of Austria against France, Prussia, and SpainPrussia, and Spain

Fought in three areas of the world:Fought in three areas of the world:• EuropeEurope• AsiaAsia• North AmericaNorth America

At the end of the war in 1748, all At the end of the war in 1748, all property is returned except Silesia, property is returned except Silesia, which Prussia keepswhich Prussia keeps

Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War Lasts from 1756 to 1763Lasts from 1756 to 1763 Austria is angry about Silesia and wants Austria is angry about Silesia and wants

revengerevenge• Diplomatic Revolution = Austria makes Diplomatic Revolution = Austria makes

an alliance with traditional enemy an alliance with traditional enemy France against PrussiaFrance against PrussiaRussia also joins, although they pull Russia also joins, although they pull out during the warout during the war

causing 900,000 to 1,400,000 deaths causing 900,000 to 1,400,000 deaths The war began with The war began with

Frederick the Great of Prussia's of Prussia's invasion of Saxony. invasion of Saxony.

In the United States, however, North In the United States, however, North American part of the war is known as American part of the war is known as the the French and Indian War. .

Russia gets out of war because they Russia gets out of war because they get a new emperor who does not get a new emperor who does not want to be involvedwant to be involved

• Due to this, Great Britain allies with Due to this, Great Britain allies with PrussiaPrussia

Rivalries over colonies also played a Rivalries over colonies also played a major role in leading to this warmajor role in leading to this war

Areas of conflict:Areas of conflict:• Europe – all territories returned at Europe – all territories returned at

war’s endwar’s end

• India – known as the Great War India – known as the Great War for Empirefor EmpireFrance leaves India to BritainFrance leaves India to Britain

•North America – also known as North America – also known as the French and Indian Warthe French and Indian WarBritain gains Canada from Britain gains Canada from France and Florida from SpainFrance and Florida from Spain

Louisiana Territory goes to Louisiana Territory goes to Spain (for losing Florida)Spain (for losing Florida)

The war ends with Prussia The war ends with Prussia winning on the European winning on the European continent and Great Britain continent and Great Britain winning overseaswinning overseas•The Treaty of Paris makes The Treaty of Paris makes

Great Britain the world’s Great Britain the world’s greatest colonial powergreatest colonial power

•France loses big and wants France loses big and wants revengerevenge