Afghans in Pakistan 1

Afghans in Pakistan

Afghans in Pakistan

Total population

Total population: 2,700,000[1]

1,780,000 (2009)[2]; registered1,000,000; non-registered[1]

Languages

Pashto · Persian (Dari, Hazaragi) · Uzbek · Urdu · English (Pakistani English) · other languages

Religion

Islam (Sunni Hanafi)with small Shi'a minority

Related ethnic groups

Afghan diaspora

Afghans in Pakistan (Urdu: افغان مُہاجر, Muhajir Afghans) are mostly refugees who fled Afghanistan during the1980s Soviet war as well as diplomats, traders, businesspersons, workers, exchange students, tourists and othervisitors. As of March 2009, some 1.7 million registered Afghan nationals were reported to be living in Pakistan,majority of them in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and northwestern Balochistan. Many of them were born and raisedin Pakistan in the last 30 years but are still counted as citizens of Afghanistan.[3][4] Those designated as refugees areunder the protection and care of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and provided legalstatus by the Government of Pakistan to remain in the country until the end of 2012.[2][5]

The overwhelming majority of Afghans in Pakistan are ethnic Pashtun tribes who are known to live and work onboth sides of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, but there are also significant numbers of Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks,Baloch and other ethnic groups of Afghanistan.[6] As of March 2012, Pakistan has banned extension of visas to allforeigners, including Afghans.[7][8]

Afghans in Pakistan 2

Political history and migrationFurther information: Afghanistan–Pakistan relations

The red line between Afghanistan and Pakistan iscalled the Durand Line. Nearly all Afghan

refugee camps are located in Pakistan's KhyberPakhtunkhwa and Balochistan as well as the

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) (inblue).

Dynasties, especially from the time of the Ghaznavids of Ghazni, andnomad people from modern-day Afghanistan have been migrating tothe Indian subcontinent (modern-day Pakistan and India) for centuries.Before the mid-19th century, Afghanistan and the entire present-dayPakistan were part of the Durrani Empire and ruled by a successiveline of Pashtun kings who had their capitals in the Afghan cities ofKandahar and Kabul. In 1857, in his review of J.W. Kaye's The AfghanWar, Friedrich Engels describes "Afghanistan" as:

[...] an extensive country of Asia [...] between Persia and theIndies, and in the other direction between the Hindu Kush andthe Indian Ocean. It formerly included the Persian provinces ofKhorassan and Kohistan, together with Herat, Beluchistan,Cashmere, and Sinde, and a considerable part of the Punjab [...]Its principal cities are Kabul, the capital, Ghuznee, Peshawer,and Kandahar.[9]

Thus, interaction and migration between the native people in thisregion was common. After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the DurandLine was established in the late 1800s for fixing the limits of sphere ofinfluence between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan AmirAbdur Rahman Khan. When Pakistan inherited this single-page agreement in 1947, which was basically to endpolitical interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and what was then colonial British India,[10] itdivided the indigenous ethnic Pashtun and Baloch tribes. Most of the wars that Pakistan and Afghanistan haveexperienced since the 1940s with their other neighbors (India and former USSR) somehow relate to this Durand Lineborder.

During the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan, large number of Afghans began leaving their country.[11] As a result ofpolitical unrest, mass arrests and executions, and other human rights violations, as well as the civil war, around 3million Afghan refugees escaped to Pakistan and about 2 million to Iran (see Afghans in Iran). The migration beganafter December 1979 when the former Soviet Union (USSR) invaded Afghanistan with over 100,000 troops andcontinued throughout the 1980s.[12] In late 1988, approximately 3.3 million Afghan refugees were housed in 340refugee camps along the Afghan-Pakistan border in what is now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. It wasreported by the New York Times in November 1988 that about 100,000 of the refugees were living in the city ofPeshawar while more than 2 million were staying in the whole of KP, which was referred to as NWFP at the time.Located on the outskirts of Peshawar, the now-closed Jalozai camp was one of the largest refugee camps in NWFP.

According to one researcher, who writes that these refugees were: (1) Those "who came from politically prominentand wealthy families with personal and business assets outside Afghanistan; (2) a small group who arrived with theassets that they could bring with them such as trucks, cars and limited funds and which has done relatively well inPakistan integrating into the new society and engaging successfully in commerce; (3) those refugees who came fromthe ranks of the well-educated and include professionals such as doctors, engineers anld teachers; (4) Refugees whoescaped with household goods and herds of sheep, cattle and yaks but for the most part must be helped to maintainthemselves; (5) the fifth and the largest group constituting of about 60 per cent of the refugees are ordinary Afghanswho arrived with nothing and are largely dependent on Pakistan and international efforts for subsistence."[13]

After the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States, when the U.S.-led forces began bombing al-Qaeda and Taliban targets inside Afghanistan, a small number of Afghans fled their country and crossed into Pakistan.[14] This

Afghans in Pakistan 3

included mostly foreign militant groups (al-Qaida), local Taliban members and some ordinary Afghans who fearedthat they may end up being bombed by mistake. By the end of 2001, there were a total of approximately 5 millionAfghan refugees in Pakistan, which included the ones who were born inside Pakistan during the past 20 years. TheAfghan diaspora in Pakistan formed the largest group of Afghans living outside their country at the time.[13]

UNHCR repatriation and current status

Afghans who were repatriated are arriving toAfghanistan in 2004.

Since early 2002, more than 5 million Afghans have been repatriatedthrough the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR) from both Pakistan and Iran back to their native country,Afghanistan.[15] According to a 2005 report Census of Afghans inPakistan by the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (Governmentof Pakistan), the ethnic breakdown of Afghans in Pakistan was asfollows: Pashtuns (81.5%), Tajiks (7.3%), Uzbeks (2.3%), Hazara(1.3%), Turkmen (2.0%), Balochi (1.7%) and others (3.9%).[6]

From 2005 to late 2006, the Government of Pakistan began andcompleted a registration process of all Afghans living in the country.The total number of registered Afghans were reported at 2.15 million in February 2007. They were all issuedcomputerized "proof of registration" (PoR) cards with special biometric features, similar to the Pakistani NationalIdentity Card (NIC) but has "Afghan Citizen" on the front.[5][16]

More than 357,000 Afghans were repatriated from Pakistan in the year 2007.[17] The repatriation process took placebetween March and October of that year, with each person receiving a travel package of about 100 US dollars.Approximately 80% of the refugees were those living in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 13% from Balochistan, 3% fromSindh, and the remaining 4% from Punjab and Pakistan's capital city, Islamabad.[18]

As of March 2009, up to 1.7 million registered Afghan refugees still remain in Pakistan. Many of them were bornand raised in Pakistan in the last 30 years but are still counted as citizens of Afghanistan.[4] They are allowed towork, rent houses, travel and attend schools in the country until the end of 2012.[19] Because Afghanistan is notready to accept so many returnees at this point, the UNHCR is shifting small number of refugees abroad, mostly toCanada, Australia, Germany, Norway,[20] Sweden and other countries. Each family that returns to Afghanistan, onproduction of repatriation documents issued by the UNHCR, is believed to be provided free plot of land by theGovernment of Afghanistan to build a new home.[21]

Between 2010 and 2011, a total of 146,000 Afghan refugees left Pakistan and returned to Afghanistan.[22] Thiswould technically leave behind about 1,634,000 refugees in Pakistan. In addition, an unknown number of Afghanpassport holders travel to Pakistan with a visa for various reasons, including family visit, business or trade, medicalpurpose, sport competitions, education, tourism, or to visit foreign embassies that are based inside Pakistan. Some gowithout the necessary travel documents and when arrested they either pay fines or spend time in jail.[23] The same isthe case for Pakistanis who work inside Afghanistan. The visa fee between the two states is free of charge and isusually valid for three months. As of March 2012, Pakistan has banned extension of visas to all Afghan nationals.[7]

The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has stepped up efforts for a mass-scale deportation of Afghan refugeesfrom Pakistan.[24] In July 2012, the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions of the Government of Pakistan declaredthat all Afghan refugees would be repatriated from the start of 2013. Official statistics show that 1.7 million Afghanrefugees hold legal documents while a further one million are undocumented.[1]

Afghans in Pakistan 4

Demographics

Karim Sadiq, player for the Afghanistan nationalcricket team, once lived in Pakistan.

Hasti Gul, another player inAfghanistan national cricket team,

formerly lived in Peshawar.

Most Afghans are generally found in the Pashtun dominated areas ofPakistan, which includes Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the FederallyAdministered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the city of Quetta in northernBalochistan. Smaller communities exist in Karachi, Rawalpindi,Islamabad, Lahore, and possibly other major cities.

85% of Afghans in Pakistan are Pashtuns, while the remaining 15%comprise Uzbeks, Tajiks and other ethnic groups. KhyberPakhtunkhwa hosts the largest Afghan population (62.1%), followedby Balochistan (20.3%), Punjab (4.2%), Sindh (4.2%), Islamabad (2%)and Azad Kashmir (0.4%).[1]

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the FATA

During the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan, Peshawar served as acenter for hosting Afghan refugees. The Jalozai refugee camp alonehosted an Afghan population of 100,000 during the 1988 election whenBenazir Bhutto was running for Prime Minister of Pakistan. Peshawarmanaged to assimilate many of the ethnic Pashtun Afghans withrelative ease,[25] which has been historically (pre-1893) one of theprincipal cities of Afghanistan.[9] Thousands of Afghan immigrantsreside in various parts of Peshawar such as Latifabad, Zaryab colony,Hayatabad, Tehkal, Afghan colony, Afridiabad and Sethitown. Duringtheir long stay, the city of Peshawar became home for many Afghanmusicians and artists.

Balochistan

After Peshawar, the city of Quetta ranks second with the most numberof Afghan refugees (11%). Most Afghans in Quetta are engaged inlucrative business and trade activities; they have also bolstered inter-provincial trade and actively go on to work inlarge urban centres.[26] Balochistan also shares similar demographics with Afghanistan and a large number of therefugees have hence migrated into the province based on ethnic links. A 2005 census of Afghans in Balochistanshowed that the overwhelming majority were Pashtun, followed by Uzbeks, Tajiks, Baluchis, Hazaras andTurkmen.[26] Quetta is notably known as having the largest concentration of ethnic Hazaras outside Afghanistan,based in areas such as Hazara Town. The Afghan Hazaras not only arrived during the 1980s Soviet war but also afterfleeing persecution under the Taliban regime in the 1990s. They developed closer links with their Pakistani Hazarapatrons who had arrived during Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's reign in the late 1800s when Quetta was still part ofAfghanistan. Today, these Pakistani Hazaras exercise some political influence in the provincial Government ofBalochistan. As opposed to settlement camps, a great number of the Hazaras are largely urbanised and have settledin city centres.[26]

Afghans in Pakistan 5

SindhAccording to the UNHCR and the local law enforcement agency, about 50,000 Afghan refugees live in Karachi as of2009.[19]

Sindh is home to some 50,000 Afghan refugees and most of them are staying in Karachi.[19]

—Syed Bilal Agha spokesman for the UNHCR"The police can move only against unregistered Afghans, whose number is very small in Karachi."[19]

—a senior police official in Karachi, February 2009In Karachi, Afghans are found especially in the Sohrab Goth area.

Islamabad and RawalpindiBefore 2006, there were about 25,000 Afghans living in a refugee camp between the capital Islamabad and theadjoining sister city of Rawalpindi. After the closure of the camp, the refugees were relocated and about 7,335Afghans were reported to be living in Rawalpindi.[27] In 2009, it was reported that the UNHCR helped some 3,000refugees move from the slums of Islamabad to an undeveloped plot of land in a green belt on the edge of the city.[28]

PunjabIn June 2007, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) registered 16,439 Afghans living in theeastern Pakistani city of Lahore.[29] Their number was reported at about 7,000 in October 2004.[30] It was reportedthat some of the very poor ones (i.e. the trash pickers), began leaving for Afghanistan in October 2001 to fightagainst the United States armed forces in the 2001-present war in Afghanistan. During the same time, some Afghanswere arriving to Lahore to escape the US-led bombings in Afghanistan.[31]

KashmirDuring the 1980s, around 13,000 made their way to various cities of Azad Kashmir[32] but their current status isunknown. A news article by Mazhar Tufail in The News International mentioned that there may be some Afghansamong other foreigners in Azad Kashmir but no other details were provided.[33]

Social life and other issues

Aryan Khan, a TV personality inAfghanistan, formerly lived in

Pakistan.

Although most of the Afghans live in specially designated refugee camps nearthe Pakistan-Afghan border, where they do not have much contact withmainstream Pakistani society and culture, some travel to nearby cities for workor other purposes. The population of Pakistan is about 180 million as of 2012,making it the 6th most populous country in the world. As a result of this and anumber of other reasons, including the political unrest in Pakistan, energy crises,rise of unemployment, and the strained relations between Pakistan andAfghanistan, Afghan immigrants are increasingly viewed as an additionaleconomic and social burden on Pakistan. For example, the 2005 earthquake andthe 2010 Pakistan floods have not only affected Pakistanis but also the Afghanrefugees.[34]

Afghans who migrated to Pakistan in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion havenow become permanently settled in the country and would face numeroussocio-economic constraints in moving back to Afghanistan, including the

Afghans in Pakistan 6

prospects of finding shelter and jobs. There are furthermore second and third generation Afghans who have beenborn and brought up in Pakistan their entire life and would not be able to easily assimilate back in Afghanistan.[35]

Culture and relations with Pakistani societyDue to historical, ethnic and linguistic connections, Afghan immigrants living in Pakistan find it relatively easy toadapt to local customs and culture and there are few obstacles for transition and assimilation into mainstreamsociety; the impact of a culture shock for Afghans who settle in Pakistan is comparably little. An increasing numberof Afghan immigrants use Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, as their second or third language and can fluentlyspeak it.[4]

Few Afghans who were born and raised in Pakistan identify themselves as Pakistanis, and express their loyalties andpatriotism by referring to Pakistan as their home.[4] They participate in various national festivities and occasions,including Independence Day celebrations.[36]

Afghan communities have managed to retain and preserve their cultural values, traditions and customs despite theyears of fighting and tough socio-economic conditions back in their country.[37] The shared Pashtun culture ofPakistan and Afghanistan, as well as other cultures, makes it easier for Afghans to feel familiar in Pakistan. Many ofthem were born and raised in Pakistan in the last 30 years but are still counted as citizens of Afghanistan.[5]

Education and economicsAt least 71% of registered Afghans did not have any formal education and only 20% were active in the labourmarket. Despite some of economic the hardships and challenges faced in Pakistan, many Afghans are not willing toreturn home in the nearby future, citing security concerns and lack of shelter or livelihood opportunities inAfghanistan.[38] About 6,500 Afghans are studying in various universities across Pakistan, with 729 or so asexchanged students who earned scholarships from the Government of Pakistan.[39] There are also numerous Afghanschools throughout Pakistan which cater to the educational needs of thousands of Afghan refugee children.[40][41]

The wealthy and well-off Afghans live in cities where they rent houses, drive cars, work in offices or run ownbusinesses, with their children being enrolled in better schools and universities. Many of them receive remittancesfrom family or friends living abroad. For example, thousands of the Kennedy Fried Chicken owners and workerstransfer money every month to their extended families in Pakistan. The self employed Afghans living in Pakistan areusually involved in the Afghan rug business, Afghan cuisines, Afghan bakeries (making and selling Afghan bread),import-export, auto showrooms, or small shops. A number of Afghans are involved in the mainstream media ofPakistan as television hosts, actors and news anchors. Najiba Faiz is originally from Kunduz, and she along withseveral others are popular faces on AVT Khyber and other stations.[42] While some may drive taxi cabs or sell fruitsand other products as vendors, others work in five star hotels such as the Serena and Marriott. Many also work infactories or as employees for Pakistani shop owners.[43] A 2007 report explained that Afghans are reportedly willingto work for lower wages than the average Pakistanis. Afghan labour is heavily employed in business sectors such astransport and construction.[6]

There are economic concerns that most Afghans do not pay taxes while living in Pakistan. In Peshawar alone, 12,000Afghan nationals were undertaking business operations while not paying a single amount of tax.[44] Afghan traderswere making billions of rupees while not paying tax, which not only puts extra burden on local taxpayers andbusinessmen but also deeply affects revenue collection. To address these concerns, the Federal Board of Revenueimplemented new measures to bring all Afghan traders into the tax net.[45]

Afghans in Pakistan 7

HealthThe Afghan refugees living in Pakistan are not only helped by the UNHCR but also by the UNICEF, the WorldHealth Organization (WHO), USAID, and a number of other aid agencies. In October 2011, Prime Minister ofPakistan Yousaf Raza Gilani blamed continuous cross-border migration from Afghanistan to Pakistan as one of thecauses contributing to the spread of polio disease in the country. Gilani explained that vaccinating all the childrenliving in refugee camps and nearby villages in the "inhospitable" terrain along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border wasvery difficult. He requested help from the international community while on his trip in the United Kingdom.[46]

SportCricket in Afghanistan has been widely spread and promoted due to Afghan refugees, who became influenced by thegame while living in Pakistan.[47] Most players in the Afghanistan national cricket team are composed of men whopreviously lived in Pakistan. Afghan cricket teams, such as the Afghan Cheetahs, frequently participate in variousPakistani domestic cricket tournaments.

DiscriminationAlthough Afghans in Pakistan have been treated a lot better compared to those living in Iran, some reports haveshown that they are sometimes harassed by corrupted Pakistani policemen even when they provide legal traveldocuments. Afghans also face stereotypes related to terrorism.[48]

CrimeThe huge influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan in the 1980s is said to have contributed to the rise of conservativekalashnikov culture, terrorism, sectarian violence, religious fundamentalism, drug trafficking, illegal cross-bordersmuggling, environmental issues, organised crime, and other socio-economic law and order problems in thecountry.[49][50][51][52]

Pakistani documentsThousands of Afghans were reported to be languishing in various Pakistani jails as of May 2011, most of whom arearrested for offenses ranging from petty crimes to not having a proof of registration (PoR) card, Pakistani visa orAfghan passport.[23][53] In 2007, as many as 337 Afghan nationals "were arrested for illegally travelling to SaudiArabia to perform Hajj on fake Pakistani passports. After serving their prison sentences and paying fines, they werereleaased on "the condition they will not enter Pakistan illegally again."[54] In 2012, about 278 Afghan nationalswere arrested by intelligence agencies for possessing fake Pakistani Computerized National Identity Cards (CNICs).According to sources related to the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, "A number of Afghan refugees (have)managed to obtain fake CNICs from different National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) offices,especially from Zhob, Loralai, Bhakkar, Muzafargarh, Thatta and Dera Islmail Khan." Khyber Pakhtunkhwaofficials said that action would be taken against the Afghans and the Pakistanis who were involved in the fraud. "Wehave issued instructions to NADRA to start screening all the CNICs issued, which would help identify fake CNICs,"an official of the Home Department said.[55]

There has been a debate in Pakistan in recent years about issuing CNICs to the remaining registered Afghannationals residing in Pakistan, many of which were born inside Pakistan. But several Pakistani politicians expressedtheir objection to the idea. One of them stated "they have overstayed their welcome, scattered across our cities andtaken up our jobs".[56]

Afghans in Pakistan 8

Smuggling

Soldiers of the U.S. armed forces intercept illegaltimber as it is smuggled through Kunar Province

in Afghanistan into neighboring Pakistan.

Smuggling became a major business after the establishment of theDurand Line in 1893, which is now controlled by a large network ofmafia groups on both sides of the border. Some of the main itemssmuggled from Afghanistan into Pakistan are drugs such as opium,hashish, and heroin, as well as lumber,[57] precious stones, copper,automobiles and electronics.

The thriving drugs trade in the last decades and the opium productionin Afghanistan have taken a toll on Pakistan.[58] According to a 2001report, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban government) havebeen unable to stop the refining and export of heroin stockpiles fromits borders. The immediate result has been extensive smuggling ofdrugs into Pakistan illegally.[59] However, recent reports explain that90% of heroin from Afghanistan is smuggled into Central Asia.

Another form of smuggling is human trafficking. According to one particular report, asylum seeking Afghans,Iranians, and others wanting to reach Malaysia pay up to $10,000 to Pakistani human smugglers in the city ofKarachi.[60]

TerrorismAccording to a Pakistani government assessment, more than 90% of terrorist attacks in Pakistan are traced to Afghanrefugees camps.[61][62] Militants from Afghanistan sometimes enter and cross over into Pakistan's bordering regionsfor shelter. Due to the porous nature of Pakistan's border with Afghanistan, it is difficult for local authorities andsecurity agencies to keep a full check on the movement of Afghan militants into the country. In 2003, around 246Taliban were arrested inside a hospital in Quetta, Pakistan, after getting wounded during fighting inside Afghanistan."47 out of the arrested Afghani elements have been handed over to the Afghan government, while the remainingdetainees are being investigated by the security apparatus."[63]

American drone attacks in Pakistan often target members of militant groups (i.e. Haqqani network, Hezb-e-Islami,Taliban, al-Qaida, Chechens, and Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) hiding in Pakistan's bordering tribal areas, nearAfghan refugee camps. Several Afghan refugees have been accused or arrested by Pakistani authorities for beinginvolved in terrorism-related activities inside Pakistan. The 2009 Lahore police academy attacks, which was blamedon Pakistani militant groups (Fedayeen al-Islam and Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan), involved one Afghan who was given10 years prison sentence.[64] In the 2011 Dera Ghazi Khan bombings, a teenaged Afghan boy (Fida Hussain) fromthe tribal belt was arrested by police as a suspect.[65]

When commenting on Taliban activity in Pakistan, Interior Minister Rehman Malik, remarked that in order to curbillegal immigration and control law and order, Pakistan had stopped issuing visit visas to certain Afghan nationalsand increased measures were being implemented to monitor illegal movement of refugees.[66]

Pakistan has long sheltered Afghan refugees [but they are now acting] against Pakistan. (Afghan) nationalswill not be allowed to carry out criminal activities (here). There will be complete restriction on the movementof Afghan refugees in Balochistan and K-P. We have given a one-month deadline to illegal immigrants to gettheir refugee cards. Otherwise, they will be arrested. Pakistan has also stopped issuing visit visas to Afghannationals [66]

—Rehman Malik, September 2011

Afghans in Pakistan 9

Notable peopleThe following list includes Afghan nationals living in Pakistan as well as Pakistani citizens who are of Afghanorigin.• Aryan Khan, Afghan actor• Najiba Faiz, Afghan from Kunduz and now a television personality at AVT Khyber• Naghma, Afghan singer• Karim Sadiq, Afghan cricket player

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[12] "Afghan Refugees Influx into Pakistan" (http:/ / www. mediamonitors. net/ sobianisar1. html). Media Monitor Network. October 13, 2001. .Retrieved June 3, 2012.

[13] Afghanistan Crisis: Regional Implications and Impact on Pakistan's Polity (http:/ / www. kashmir-information. com/ Afghanistan/ USingh.html)

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[19] KARACHI: UN body, police baffled by minister’s threat against Afghan refugees (http:/ / www. dawn. com/ 2009/ 02/ 10/ local9. htm),Dawn. February 10, 2009.

[20] "Asylmarsj.no" (http:/ / asylmarsj. no/ ?language=en). Asylmarsj.no. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[21] "Returnees to be allotted plots: Helmand governor" (http:/ / www. pajhwok. com/ en/ 2007/ 11/ 04/

returnees-be-allotted-plots-helmand-governor). Pajhwok Afghan News. November 4, 2007. . Retrieved 27 January 2010.[22] "Over 60,000 refugees return home this year" (http:/ / www. pajhwok. com/ en/ 2011/ 10/ 29/ over-60000-refugees-return-home-year).

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[26] Afghans in Quetta: Settlements, Livelihoods, Support Networks and Cross-Border Linkages (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ refworld/country,,AREU,,PAK,,47c3f3c412,0. html)

[27] "People's Daily Online – Pakistan asks Afghans to go back or shift to camp" (http:/ / english. peopledaily. com. cn/ 200605/ 09/eng20060509_263904. html). English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2006-05-09. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.

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[29] Dawn News, June 5, 2007. Nadra registers 16,439 Afghans in Lahore (http:/ / archives. dawn. com/ dawnftp/ 72. 249. 57. 55/ dawnftp/ 2007/06/ 05/ nat32. htm)

[30] PAKISTAN: Afghans in Lahore concerned at lack of voting facilities (http:/ / www. irinnews. org/ report. aspx?reportid=26393)[31] Dawn News. October 25, 2001. (http:/ / archives. dawn. com/ dawnftp/ 72. 249. 57. 55/ 2001/ 10/ 25/ local45. htm)[32] Over 0.2 million Afghan refugees residing in Punjab (http:/ / www. dailytimes. com. pk/ default.

asp?page=2009\05\25\story_25-5-2009_pg1_11)[33] "Foreigners, Afghans major threat in AJK’" (http:/ / www. thenews. com. pk/ TodaysPrintDetail. aspx?ID=48983& Cat=2& dt=5/ 23/ 2011).

Thenews.com.pk. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[34] Afghan refugees in Pakistan face risks in flood recovery (http:/ / fsrn. org/ audio/ afghan-refugees-pakistan-face-risks-flood-recovery/ 7404)[35] Fear of repatriation troubles settled Afghan refugees (http:/ / tribune. com. pk/ story/ 414104/

fear-of-repatriation-troubles-settled-afghan-refugees/ )[36] "Independence Day: We are Pakistanis now, say Afghans" (http:/ / tribune. com. pk/ story/ 231374/

independence-day-we-are-pakistanis-now-say-afghans/ ). Express Tribune. 15 August 2011. . Retrieved 16 November 2011.[37] Afghan culture survives ravages of war, says diplomat (http:/ / www. dawn. com/ 2011/ 10/ 20/

afghan-culture-survives-ravages-of-war-says-diplomat. html), Dawn News[38] "People's Daily Online – Authorities launch report on registered Afghans in Pakistan" (http:/ / english. peopledaily. com. cn/ 200705/ 04/

eng20070504_371704. html). English.peopledaily.com.cn. 2007-05-04. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[39] "Pakistan offers scholarships to hundreds of Afghans" (http:/ / www. pajhwok. com/ en/ 2011/ 05/ 27/

pakistan-offers-scholarships-hundreds-afghans). Pajhwok Afghan News. May 27, 2011. . Retrieved November 12, 2011.[40] "Pakistan: Taliban threaten co-educational schools « RAWA" (http:/ / www. rawa. org/ rawa/ 2009/ 04/ 25/

pakistan-taliban-threaten-co-educational-schools. html). Rawa.org. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[41] "Afghan Refugees Schools in Pakistan" (http:/ / www. desktop-documentaries. com/ afghan-refugees-schools-in-pakistan. html).

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fight-against-polio-afghan-refugees-should-go-back-says-gilani/ ). Tribune.com.pk. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[47] By AFP (2011-04-07). "Afghanistan cricket teams play in Pakistan – The Express Tribune" (http:/ / tribune. com. pk/ story/ 159156/

afghanistan-cricket-teams-play-in-pakistan/ ). Tribune.com.pk. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[48] "Guernica / By Bread Alone" (http:/ / www. guernicamag. com/ features/ 1884/ garcia_7_15_10/ ). Guernicamag.com. July 15, 2010. .

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english/ i18n/ images/ theme1/ Dotani_Full_paper. pdf) (pdf). global-studies.doshisha.ac.jp. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[50] "Drawdown of American troops" (http:/ / www. opinion-maker. org/ 2011/ 07/ drawdown-of-american-troops/ #). Asif H. Raja. Opinion

Maker. July 4, 2011. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[51] Shahzada Zulfiqar, ed. (April 24, 2011). "BNP rejects census in Afghan refugees’ presence" (http:/ / www. pakistantoday. com. pk/ 2011/

04/ bnp-rejects-census-in-afghan-refugees�-presence/ ). Pakistan Today. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[52] Muralidhar Reddy, ed. (May 13, 2005). "Pakistan's Afghan problem" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2005/ 05/ 13/ stories/ 2005051304491100.

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[53] "Afghanistan, Pakistan move toward prisoner exchange" (http:/ / www. pajhwok. com/ en/ 2011/ 06/ 16/afghanistan-pakistan-move-toward-prisoner-exchange). Pajhwok Afghan News. June 16, 2011. . Retrieved November 12, 2011.

[54] "Afghans caught with fake Pak passports – Times Of India" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2007-03-28/ pakistan/27885103_1_afghan-nationals-passports-chaman). Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. March 28, 2007. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.

[55] "Dual nationality: 278 Afghans held for possessing Pak CNICs" (http:/ / tribune. com. pk/ story/ 378429/dual-nationality-278-afghans-held-for-possessing-pak-cnics/ ). Express Tribune. May 14, 2012. . Retrieved 16 May 2012.

[56] Afghan refugees a problem for Nadra (http:/ / www. dawn. com/ 2011/ 03/ 20/ afghan-refugees-a-problem-for-nadra. html)[57] "Action against Afghan refugees on the cards" (http:/ / www. thenews. com. pk/ TodaysPrintDetail. aspx?ID=52416& Cat=7& dt=6/ 14/

2011). Thenews.com.pk. June 14, 2011. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[58] Haider, Ziad (2005). "Sino-Pakistan relations and Xinjiang's Uyghurs: Politics, Trade, and Islam along the Karakoram Highway" (http:/ /

www. stimson. org/ images/ uploads/ research-pdfs/ XINJIANG. pdf). Asian Survey 45 (4): 533. .[59] "Heroin and the Taliban" (http:/ / opioids. com/ afghanistan/ taliban. html). Opioids.com. 2001-10-02. . Retrieved 2012-01-21.[60] Malaysia cracks people-smuggling ring – The West Australian (http:/ / au. news. yahoo. com/ thewest/ a/ -/ wa/ 8184408/

malaysia-cracks-people-smuggling-ring/ )[61] "Pakistan blames Afghan refugees for Rabbani’s murder" (http:/ / tribune. com. pk/ story/ 306490/

pakistan-blames-afghan-refugees-for-rabbani-murder/ ). The Express Tribune. December 14, 2011. . Retrieved 14 December 2011.[62] "Policy rethink: Government to redraw key pacts with US" (http:/ / tribune. com. pk/ story/ 306355/

policy-rethink-government-to-redraw-key-pacts-with-us/ ). Express Tribune. December 14, 2011. . Retrieved 14 December 2011.[63] "246 Taliban arrested from hospitals within a month" (http:/ / www. paktribune. com/ news/ print. php?id=156037). Pak Tribune. October 3,

2003. . Retrieved June 3, 2012.[64] "Manawan attack: Afghan jailed for 10 years" (http:/ / archives. dawn. com/ archives/ 65473). Dawn News. . Retrieved June 3, 2012.[65] "DG Khan shrine bombing: Death toll reaches 50" (http:/ / tribune. com. pk/ story/ 142210/ militants-attack-shrine-in-dg-khan-3-dead/ ).

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September 11, 2011. . Retrieved September 11, 2011.

External links• Official website of the UNHCR country operations profile – Pakistan (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ cgi-bin/ texis/

vtx/ page?page=49e487016)

Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsAfghans in Pakistan  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=512139324  Contributors: Acejet, Anna Lincoln, Arjayay, Ben Ben, CaliforniaAliBaba, Colonies Chris, Diedtc,Download, Drspaz, E. Fokker, Enric Naval, EoGuy, Fyrael, Khazar, L Kensington, Lagoo sab, LilHelpa, LindsayH, Mar4d, Mark Arsten, Multan47, N-HH, Niceguyedc, NorthernPashtun, PahariSahib, Rana A.R, Romaanashraf, Rzafar, Saki, Salvidrim, Skepticpoint, Teckgeek, Themastertree, Timberframe, TopGun, Woohookitty, 66 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Durand Line Border Between Afghanistan And Pakistan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Durand_Line_Border_Between_Afghanistan_And_Pakistan.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: "produced by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency unless otherwise indicated"File:Afghan refugees returning from Pakistan in 2004.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Afghan_refugees_returning_from_Pakistan_in_2004.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Ardfern, High Contrast, Mattes, Officer, Skeezix1000, SuperTank17, ZaccariasFile:Karim khan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Karim_khan.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: AssociateAffiliateFile:Hasti gul.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hasti_gul.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: AssociateAffiliateFile:Aryan Khan performing for members of ANCOP in Kabul.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aryan_Khan_performing_for_members_of_ANCOP_in_Kabul.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sgt. Markus M. Maier (U.S. armed forces)File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - Stopping timber smuggling.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Stopping_timber_smuggling.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: The U.S. Army

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