Volume 253

Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV

Edited byJosef MatyášTatsuki OhjiGary PickrellWinnie Wong-NgRaghunath Kanakala

Advances in Materials Sciencefor Environmental and

Energy Technologies IV

Advances in Materials Sciencefor Environmental and

Energy Technologies IV

Ceramic Transactions, Volume 253

Edited byJosef Matyáš

Tatsuki OhjiGary Pickrell

Winnie Wong-NgRaghunath Kanakala

Copyright © 2015 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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ISBN: 978-1-119-19025-7ISSN: 1042-1122

Preface ix

MATERIALS ISSUES IN NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT

Uptake of Uranium by Tungstic Acid 3Hamed Albusaidi, Cory K. Perkins, and Allen W. Apblett

Electrical Conductivity Method for Monitoring Accumulation 13of Crystals

Matthew K. Edwards, Josef Matyáš, Jarrod V. Crum, Charles C. Bonham,and Michael J. Schweiger

Crystallization in High Level Waste (HLW) Glass Melters: Savannah 23River Site Operational Experience

Kevin M. Fox, David K. Peeler, and Albert A. Kruger

Scoping Melting Studies of High Alumina Waste Glass 37Compositions

Jared O. Kroll, Michael J. Schweiger, John D. Vienna

Research-Scale Melter: An Experimental Platform for Evaluating 49Crystal Accumulation in High-Level Waste Glasses

Josef Matyáš, Gary J. Sevigny, Michael J. Schweiger, and Albert A. Kruger

Characterization of High Level Nuclear Waste Glass Samples 59Following Extended Melter Idling

David K. Peeler, Kevin M. Fox, and Albert A. Kruger

Synthesis of Mineral Matrices Based on Enriched Zirconium 73Pyrochlore for Immobilization of Actinide-Containing Waste

K. Podbolotov and T. Barinova

Corrosion Evaluation of Melter Materials for Radioactive Waste 83Vitrification

Marissa M. Reigel, Ken J. Imrich, and Carol M. Jantzen

v

Contents

and

GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING

Green Flame Retardant Based on a Ceramic Precursor 99Bhawani Regmi and Allen W. Apblett

Single-Source Precursor Approach to Barium Dimolybdate 109Ahmed Moneeb Allen W. Apblett, Abdullah Al-Abdulrahman, andAbdulaziz Bagabas

Effects on Biomass Char Addition on Combustion Process of 117Pulverized Coal

Yi-ran Liu, Yingli , and Bingchang Li

A Comparative Analysis for Charpy Impact Energy in Polyester 127Composites Reinforced with Malva, Ramie and Curaua Fibers

Frederico Muylaert Margem, André Raeli Gomes, Luiz Gustavo XavierBorges, and Sergio Neves Monteiro

Research on Simultaneous Injection of Waste Tires with Pulverized 135Coal for Blast Furnace

Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, and Feng Liu

Research on using Blast Furnace Slag to Produce Building Stone 145Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, Zhiwen Shi, and Feng Liu

A Green Leaching Method of Decomposing Synthetic CaWO4 by 157HCl-H3PO4 in Tungsten Producing Process

Liang Liu and Jilai Xue

NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE AND INDUSTRY

Synthesis of Coated Nano Calcium Carbonate Particles and their 169Characterization

S. E. Benjamin and Farah Mustafa

Synthesis of TiO2 Nanostructures via Hydrothermal Method 177Nursev Bilgin, Lutfi Agartan, Jongee Park, and Abdullah Ozturk

Carbon Nanotube-Based Impedimetric Biosensors for Bone Marker 187Detection

Mitali Patil, Madhumati Ramanathan, Vesselin Shanov, and Prashant N. Kumta

vi · Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV

,

Lv

MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR CO2 CAPTURE, CONVERSION,AND SEQUESTRATION

High CO2 Permeation Flux Enabled by Al2O3 Modifier and In-Situ 197Infiltration of Molten Carbonate into Gd-Doped CeO2 as a CO2

Separation MembraneJingjing Tong, Zachary Bills, Lingling Zhang, Jie Fang, Minfang Han, andKevin Huang

MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

Superplasticity in Ceramics at High Temperature 207Michael Opoku, Raghunath Kanakala, and Indrajit Charit

Author Index 219

Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV · vii

ix

Preface

The Materials Science and Technology 2014 Conference and Exhibition(MS&T’14) was held October 12–16, 2014 at the David L. Lawrence ConventionCenter, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One of the major themes of the conference wasEnvironmental and Energy Issues. Twenty papers from five symposia are includedin this volume. These symposia included Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Man-agement in the 21st Century; Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing andProcessing VI; Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry; Materials andProcesses for CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration; and Materials Develop-ment for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments.

The success of these symposia and the publication of the proceedings could nothave been possible without the support of The American Ceramic Society and otherorganizers of the program. The program organizers for the above symposia are ap-preciated. Their assistance, along with that of the session chairs, was invaluable inensuring the creation of this volume.

JOSEF MATYÁŠ, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USATATSUKI OHJI, AIST, JAPANGARY PICKRELL, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USAWINNIE WONG-NG, NIST, USARAGHUNATH KANAKALA, University of Idaho, USA

Materials Issues inNuclear Waste Management

3

UPTAKE OF URANIUM BY TUNGSTIC ACID Hamed Albusaidi, Cory K. Perkins, and Allen W. Apblett Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA ABSTRACT

Nuclear energy is undergoing a renaissance because it does not contribute to global warming. However, even ignoring the issue of radioactive waste, the production of nuclear energy has its own environmental impacts. The mining and refining of uranium produces tailings that slowly leach uranium and other toxic metals into aquifers. Military use of depleted uranium also releases materials that can contaminate aquifers and drinking water supplies. However, the more common route for human ingestion of uranium is from natural waters in contact with uranium-rich granitoids. Uranium is a health risk due to its heavy metal character that leads to damage to the kidneys. Therefore, there is a strong need for processes to prevent contamination of aquifers and purification of drinking water supplied. Tungstic acid was found to uptake uranium from water with a very high capacity of 1.90 moles U per mole of H2WO4 (181% by weight). The sorption process produces an amorphous hydrated uranium tungstate phase and is first order in uranyl ions and second order in tungstic acid. An attractive feature of this process is the ease by which the uranium can be isolated and the sorbent, H2WO4, can be regenerated for reuse. It is also effective for other metals that are of more interest to the petrochemical and coal industry such as cadmium and lead. INTRODUCTION

Uranium is a common contaminant of ground water and can arise from natural and anthropogenic sources. Uranium occurs naturally in the earth's crust and in surface and ground water and can dissolve over a wide pH range when bedrock containing uranium-rich granitoids and granites comes in contact with soft, slightly alkaline bicarbonate waters under oxidizing conditions. This is a common occurrence throughout the world with perhaps the worst place being in Finland where exceptionally high uranium concentrations, up to 12,000 ppb, are found in wells drilled in bedrock.1 In Canada, concentrations of uranium up to 700 ppb have been found in private wells2 while some sites in the United States have serious contamination with uranium. For example, in the Simpsonville-Greenville area of South Carolina, high amounts of uranium (30 to 9900 ppb) were found in 31 drinking water wells.3 This is believed to be the result of veins of pegmatite that occur in the area. Besides entering drinking water from naturally occurring deposits, uranium can also contaminate the water supply as the result of human activity, such as mill tailings from uranium mining and agriculture.4; 5 Phosphate fertilizers often contain uranium at an average concentration of 150 ppm making them an appreciable contributor of uranium to groundwater.6 The Fry Canyon site in Utah is a good example of the dangers of uranium mine tailings. The groundwater at this site was contaminated with uranium at levels as high as 16,300 ppb with a median concentration of 840 ppb before remedial actions were taken.7 The corrosion and dissolution of depleted uranium armored penetrators has also been demonstrated as a source of drinking water contamination.8

Contrary to what might be expected, the major health effect of uranium is chemical

kidney toxicity, rather than a radiation hazard,9 with both functional and histological damage to the proximal tubulus of the kidney occurring.10 Little is known about the effects of long-term environmental uranium exposure in humans but uranium exposure lead to increased urinary glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and ß-microglobulin excretion11 as well as increased urinary