Volume 253
Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV
Edited byJosef MatyášTatsuki OhjiGary PickrellWinnie Wong-NgRaghunath Kanakala
Advances in Materials Sciencefor Environmental and
Energy Technologies IV
Ceramic Transactions, Volume 253
Edited byJosef Matyáš
Tatsuki OhjiGary Pickrell
Winnie Wong-NgRaghunath Kanakala
Copyright © 2015 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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ISBN: 978-1-119-19025-7ISSN: 1042-1122
Preface ix
MATERIALS ISSUES IN NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT
Uptake of Uranium by Tungstic Acid 3Hamed Albusaidi, Cory K. Perkins, and Allen W. Apblett
Electrical Conductivity Method for Monitoring Accumulation 13of Crystals
Matthew K. Edwards, Josef Matyáš, Jarrod V. Crum, Charles C. Bonham,and Michael J. Schweiger
Crystallization in High Level Waste (HLW) Glass Melters: Savannah 23River Site Operational Experience
Kevin M. Fox, David K. Peeler, and Albert A. Kruger
Scoping Melting Studies of High Alumina Waste Glass 37Compositions
Jared O. Kroll, Michael J. Schweiger, John D. Vienna
Research-Scale Melter: An Experimental Platform for Evaluating 49Crystal Accumulation in High-Level Waste Glasses
Josef Matyáš, Gary J. Sevigny, Michael J. Schweiger, and Albert A. Kruger
Characterization of High Level Nuclear Waste Glass Samples 59Following Extended Melter Idling
David K. Peeler, Kevin M. Fox, and Albert A. Kruger
Synthesis of Mineral Matrices Based on Enriched Zirconium 73Pyrochlore for Immobilization of Actinide-Containing Waste
K. Podbolotov and T. Barinova
Corrosion Evaluation of Melter Materials for Radioactive Waste 83Vitrification
Marissa M. Reigel, Ken J. Imrich, and Carol M. Jantzen
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Contents
and
GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING
Green Flame Retardant Based on a Ceramic Precursor 99Bhawani Regmi and Allen W. Apblett
Single-Source Precursor Approach to Barium Dimolybdate 109Ahmed Moneeb Allen W. Apblett, Abdullah Al-Abdulrahman, andAbdulaziz Bagabas
Effects on Biomass Char Addition on Combustion Process of 117Pulverized Coal
Yi-ran Liu, Yingli , and Bingchang Li
A Comparative Analysis for Charpy Impact Energy in Polyester 127Composites Reinforced with Malva, Ramie and Curaua Fibers
Frederico Muylaert Margem, André Raeli Gomes, Luiz Gustavo XavierBorges, and Sergio Neves Monteiro
Research on Simultaneous Injection of Waste Tires with Pulverized 135Coal for Blast Furnace
Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, and Feng Liu
Research on using Blast Furnace Slag to Produce Building Stone 145Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, Zhiwen Shi, and Feng Liu
A Green Leaching Method of Decomposing Synthetic CaWO4 by 157HCl-H3PO4 in Tungsten Producing Process
Liang Liu and Jilai Xue
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE AND INDUSTRY
Synthesis of Coated Nano Calcium Carbonate Particles and their 169Characterization
S. E. Benjamin and Farah Mustafa
Synthesis of TiO2 Nanostructures via Hydrothermal Method 177Nursev Bilgin, Lutfi Agartan, Jongee Park, and Abdullah Ozturk
Carbon Nanotube-Based Impedimetric Biosensors for Bone Marker 187Detection
Mitali Patil, Madhumati Ramanathan, Vesselin Shanov, and Prashant N. Kumta
vi · Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV
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Lv
MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR CO2 CAPTURE, CONVERSION,AND SEQUESTRATION
High CO2 Permeation Flux Enabled by Al2O3 Modifier and In-Situ 197Infiltration of Molten Carbonate into Gd-Doped CeO2 as a CO2
Separation MembraneJingjing Tong, Zachary Bills, Lingling Zhang, Jie Fang, Minfang Han, andKevin Huang
MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
Superplasticity in Ceramics at High Temperature 207Michael Opoku, Raghunath Kanakala, and Indrajit Charit
Author Index 219
Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV · vii
ix
Preface
The Materials Science and Technology 2014 Conference and Exhibition(MS&T’14) was held October 12–16, 2014 at the David L. Lawrence ConventionCenter, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One of the major themes of the conference wasEnvironmental and Energy Issues. Twenty papers from five symposia are includedin this volume. These symposia included Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Man-agement in the 21st Century; Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing andProcessing VI; Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry; Materials andProcesses for CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration; and Materials Develop-ment for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments.
The success of these symposia and the publication of the proceedings could nothave been possible without the support of The American Ceramic Society and otherorganizers of the program. The program organizers for the above symposia are ap-preciated. Their assistance, along with that of the session chairs, was invaluable inensuring the creation of this volume.
JOSEF MATYÁŠ, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USATATSUKI OHJI, AIST, JAPANGARY PICKRELL, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USAWINNIE WONG-NG, NIST, USARAGHUNATH KANAKALA, University of Idaho, USA
3
UPTAKE OF URANIUM BY TUNGSTIC ACID Hamed Albusaidi, Cory K. Perkins, and Allen W. Apblett Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, USA ABSTRACT
Nuclear energy is undergoing a renaissance because it does not contribute to global warming. However, even ignoring the issue of radioactive waste, the production of nuclear energy has its own environmental impacts. The mining and refining of uranium produces tailings that slowly leach uranium and other toxic metals into aquifers. Military use of depleted uranium also releases materials that can contaminate aquifers and drinking water supplies. However, the more common route for human ingestion of uranium is from natural waters in contact with uranium-rich granitoids. Uranium is a health risk due to its heavy metal character that leads to damage to the kidneys. Therefore, there is a strong need for processes to prevent contamination of aquifers and purification of drinking water supplied. Tungstic acid was found to uptake uranium from water with a very high capacity of 1.90 moles U per mole of H2WO4 (181% by weight). The sorption process produces an amorphous hydrated uranium tungstate phase and is first order in uranyl ions and second order in tungstic acid. An attractive feature of this process is the ease by which the uranium can be isolated and the sorbent, H2WO4, can be regenerated for reuse. It is also effective for other metals that are of more interest to the petrochemical and coal industry such as cadmium and lead. INTRODUCTION
Uranium is a common contaminant of ground water and can arise from natural and anthropogenic sources. Uranium occurs naturally in the earth's crust and in surface and ground water and can dissolve over a wide pH range when bedrock containing uranium-rich granitoids and granites comes in contact with soft, slightly alkaline bicarbonate waters under oxidizing conditions. This is a common occurrence throughout the world with perhaps the worst place being in Finland where exceptionally high uranium concentrations, up to 12,000 ppb, are found in wells drilled in bedrock.1 In Canada, concentrations of uranium up to 700 ppb have been found in private wells2 while some sites in the United States have serious contamination with uranium. For example, in the Simpsonville-Greenville area of South Carolina, high amounts of uranium (30 to 9900 ppb) were found in 31 drinking water wells.3 This is believed to be the result of veins of pegmatite that occur in the area. Besides entering drinking water from naturally occurring deposits, uranium can also contaminate the water supply as the result of human activity, such as mill tailings from uranium mining and agriculture.4; 5 Phosphate fertilizers often contain uranium at an average concentration of 150 ppm making them an appreciable contributor of uranium to groundwater.6 The Fry Canyon site in Utah is a good example of the dangers of uranium mine tailings. The groundwater at this site was contaminated with uranium at levels as high as 16,300 ppb with a median concentration of 840 ppb before remedial actions were taken.7 The corrosion and dissolution of depleted uranium armored penetrators has also been demonstrated as a source of drinking water contamination.8
Contrary to what might be expected, the major health effect of uranium is chemical
kidney toxicity, rather than a radiation hazard,9 with both functional and histological damage to the proximal tubulus of the kidney occurring.10 Little is known about the effects of long-term environmental uranium exposure in humans but uranium exposure lead to increased urinary glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and ß-microglobulin excretion11 as well as increased urinary