advancements technology horizontal drilling

Doug Hollies

CADE Technical Luncheon February 17, 2010

Uncertainty Modeling in Directional Surveying

Mud Motor improvements and applications

Strategies for effective horizontal drilling in the pay zone

Latest in Directional Technology

Readings to Generate a Directional Survey

• Depth (Drill pipe measurement)• Inclination (Gravity Reading)• Azimuth (Magnetic Reading)

Uncertainty Modeling Errors and Uncertainty

Tool face• Orientation for drill string….not a

element of well path calculations

Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management


Standard Deviations σ= 67% (2 of 3) 2σ = 95% (19 of 20) 3σ = 99.7% (997 of

1000)

Example - Heights of People Average Height -

165cm Std Dev – 25cm

Height of a human being = 165cm + 75cm

Probability in two dimensions



Depth Measurement + 2m / 1000mInclination and Azimuth



A very simple rule of thumb estimates spatial error from an angular error as follows:1 degree in angle creates about 2% in distance

For example. If a line of 1000m was measured on a bearing of 90 degrees plus or minus 1 degree, the final point would be in error by approximately +/- 20m.

(3 /1000)2

(3 standard deviations with 99.7% confidence squared)

At a separation factor of 1, the chances of having a wellbore collision are less than 1 in 100,000. Why?


Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management Anti-collision Assessment

In the ISCWSA error model there are dozens of error sources. Each will affect a given survey station in a different way. For example the accuracy with which we know our magnetic north would be a simple azimuth effect. This will not have any effect on either inclination or measured depth observations. ‘Weighting Functions’ are used to determine the effect any error source will have on MD, Inc and Az respectively. We say that the ‘Weighting Functions’ for a compass reference error are (0, 0, 1) i.e. they have no effect on MD, no effect on Inc and a full effect on azimuth.

In Field Reference (IFR) surveys to remove errors due to crustal anomalies (0,0,1)

OilField Differential Magnetic Reference Stations to correct for diurnal and solar storm effects (0,0,1)

Multi-Station Analysis Software to correct for downhole magnetic interference (0,0,1)

SAG correction software to correct for deflection of the Bottom Hole Assembly (0,1,0)

International Steering Committee on Wellbore

Survey Accuracy

What do we do if our separation factor is less than 1?


Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management Anti-collision Assessment

PMWDPMWD +

SAGPMWD +

SAGPMWD +

SAGPMWD +

SAG PMWD +

SAGPMWD +

SAG

+ Z Axis + IFR+ IFR + Z

Axis + IIFR+ IIFR + Z

Axis

Relative Depth Error (/1000) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Misalignment Error (Deg) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

True Inclination Error (Deg) 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Compass Reference Error (Deg) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.40 0.40 0.25 0.25

Drill string Magnetization (Deg) 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.00

International Steering Committee on

Wellbore Survey Accuracy

Errors can be minimized.

Well Engineering Management

System•Well Trajectory

Control

Review of Weakest Links◦ Early 90’s - MWD Systems◦ Mid 90’s - Drill Bits◦ Late 90’s – Drilling Fluids◦ Early 00’s – LWD / RS Systems◦ Now – Mud Motors

Machined Contour

Rotor

Stator

Uniform Power Section

Steel Housing

Rubber/Elastomer

Fluid Cavity

Rotor

Stator

Conventional Power Section

Machined Contour

Rotor

Stator


Machined Contour

Rotor

Stator Machined Contour

Rotor

Stator


Steel Housing

Rubber/Elastomer

Fluid Cavity

Rotor

Stator


Steel Housing

Rubber/Elastomer

Fluid Cavity

Rotor

Stator Steel Housing

Rubber/Elastomer

Fluid Cavity

Rotor

Stator


Machine contoured power sectionsSmaller amounts and higher quality elastomersTitanium Rotors

Old Style Motor Curve

Uniform Power Section Curve

design improvement: rotors are lighter and stronger, bearing packs are far more robust, transmission systems match power generation and expected ‘hanging loads’ and side forces!

Review of Weakest Links◦ Early 90’s - MWD Systems◦ Mid 90’s - Drill Bits◦ Late 90’s – Drilling Fluids◦ Early 00’s – LWD / RS Systems◦ Late 00’s - Mud Motors◦ Early 10’s - Next Technology???

Build a Well, not a Hole! CADE Technical Luncheon February 17, 2010

Time lapse photography of your hole

Chemical and physical interactions with hole

Hole Cleaning and Cementing implications

Survey errors too large to drill parallel wells with confidence

Large magnetic field reading are relative position reading with point source errors (not additive)

Measured Magnetic field(from the MWD Tool - validated)

Earth’s field (this is what you need for accurate surveys)

Permanent field (Multi-station Analysis?)

Induced field - generated

Earth’s Magnetic field + Permanent = Measured + Induced

Active Ranging Technology

◦ Surveys are affected by Surveys are affected by magnetic interference frommagnetic interference from CasingCasing BHABHA Nearby wellsNearby wells Magnetic formationsMagnetic formations Magnetic mudMagnetic mud

◦ Reference an unstable field Reference an unstable field (declination errors)(declination errors)

◦ These can be quantified!!!!These can be quantified!!!!

Magnetic Instruments : Multi-station Analysis

Magnetized Slotted liner

Std MWD Systems reads distance to liner (known signal strength at distance)

Attention to magnetic interference sources

Measured Magnetic field(from the MWD Tool - validated)

Earth’s Magnetic field (this is what you need for accurate surveys)

Permanent field (Multi-station Analysis)

Induced field (Resultant Vector)

Passive Ranging Technology

Advantages Disadvantages

No production well intervention during injection well drilling (operational integrity and completion friendly)

No delays at connections for surveys

Forced to quantify Magnetic Error sources. (Accuracy)

Handling issues with magnetized liner

Forced to quantify Magnetic Error sources (Effort / Risk)

Weaker magnetic signal

Not sure whether to magnetize both injector and production liner

Permanent Magnetic field could be rearranged by powerful electromagnet

Advancements in the Technology of Advancements in the Technology of Horizontal Drilling Horizontal Drilling

Reference Material for Today’s Presentation

The Evolution of Horizontal DrillingCADE/CAODC Drilling Conference – September 12, 2002Field, Leroy, Amoco Canada, et al

Accuracy Prediction for Directional Measurement While DrillingH.S. Williamson, SPE, BPSPE Drill. & Completion, December, 2000

SPE/Petroleum Society of CIM/CHOA 78964Case History: Horizontal Well SAGD Technology is Successful Applied to Produce Oil at LAK Ranch in Newcastle WyomingTracy L. Grills, Bryan Vandal/Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, Frank Hallum/Derek Resources Corporation, Dr. Paul Trost/MTARRI Inc.

SPE/Petroleum Society of CIM/CHOA 79005 Magnetic Ranging Technologies for Drilling Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Well Pairs and Unique Well Geometries – A Comparison of TechnologiesTracy L. Grills, P.Eng., Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, A Halliburton Company

SPE/ISRM Paper 78208Rock Mechanics and Wellbore Stability Analysis While Drilling using LWD Sonic, Density and Caliper MeasurementsPaul Boonen, Graham McElhinney – Pathfinder Energy Services

SPE 84246A Compendium of Directional Calculations Based on the Minimum Curvature Method S.J. Sawaryn, SPE, J.L. Thorogood, SPE, BP plc.


SPE/IADC 79917Continuous Direction and Inclination Measurements Lead to an Improvement in Wellbore PositioningE.J. Stockhausen, SPE, Chevron, Texaco and W.G. Lesso, Jr., SPE, Schlumberger.

IADC/SPE Paper Number 59200Gravity MWD: A New Technique to Determine Your Well PathG.A. McElhinney, SPE, PathFinder Energy Services., A. Margeirsson, Jaroboranir HF, Iceland Drilling Co. Ltd., K. Hamlin, SPE and I. Blok, PathFinder Energy Services.

SPE Paper 87166The First Use of Gravity MWD in Offshore Drilling Delivers Reliable Azimuth Measurements in Close Proximity to Sources of Magnetic InterferenceElizabeth Matheson, SPE, ConocoPhillips and Graham McElhinney, SPE, Richard Lee of PathFinder Energy Services.

SPE 84243The First Use of Gravity MWD in Offshore Drilling Delivers Reliable Azimuth Measurements in Close Proximity to Sources of Magnetic InterferenceElizabeth Matheson, SPE, ConocoPhillips and Graham McElhinney, SPE, Richard Lee of PathFinder Energy Services.

SPE 50381Field Implementation of Geological Steering Techniques Optimizes Drilling in Highly Deviated and Horizontal WellsJackson, Charles E., SPE, Herbert M.J. Illfelder, and Giser Pineda, SPE/Halliburton Energy Services

Borehole Position Uncertainty – Analysis of Measuring Methods and Derivation of Systematic Error ModelC.J.M. Wolff, Koninklijke/Shell Exploratie en Produktie Laboratorium, J.P. de Wardt, Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij


New Electromagnetic Surveying/Ranging Method for Drilling Parallel Horizontal Twin WellsA.F Kuckes, SPE, Vector Magnetics Inc.; R.T. Hay, SPE, and Joseph McMahon, Sperry-Sun Drilling Services of Canada; A.G. Nord and D.A.. Schilling, SPE, Amoco Canada; and Jeff Morden, Sperry-Sun Drilling Services of CanadaSPE Drilling & Completion, June 1996

Improving MWD Survey Accuracy in Deviated Wells By Use of New Triaxial Magnetic Azimuth Correction MethodRoar Sognnes, Halliburton Energy Services, Bob Smith, BP Norge, U.A., Graham McElhinney, Halliburton Energy Services, Dr. Michael A. Yuratich, TSL Technology Ltd.

Mottahedeh, Rocky, SMART 4D Drilling Geosteering System and Services, Copyright -United Oil and Gas Consulting Ltd 2009

If you have any further questions, I can be reached at [email protected]

advancements technology horizontal drilling

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