Sponsored by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (OUSD P&R)

ADL’s MoTIF ProjectmLearnCon, San Jose, CA, 18-20 June 2013Mr. Jason Haag, Research Analyst, Mobile Learning LeadThe Tolliver Group, Inc. SETA Support for ADL

Mr. Peter Berking, Principal Instructional DesignerSerco, Inc. SETA Support for ADL

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‣ ADL Initiative was established in 1999 by Presidential Executive Order 13111. The first two ADL Co-Labs opened in Alexandria, VA and Orlando, FL that same year.

Advanced Distributed Learning

Background and Vision

3

“Provide access to the highest quality education and training, tailored to individual needs, delivered cost effectively, anywhere and anytime.”

- ADL Vision

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ADL Global Reach

Canada ADL Partnership LabKingston, ON, Canada

Norway ADL Partnership Lab

Oslo, Norway

United KingdomADL Partnership Lab

Buckinghamshire,United Kingdom

Korea ADL Partnership Lab

Seoul, KoreaRomania ADL

Partnership LabBucharest, Romania

Latin America and Caribbean Regions ADL Partnership LabMexico City, Mexico

NATO ACT ADL Partnership Lab

Norfolk, VA

ADL Co-Lab Orlando, FL

Academic ADL Co-LabMadison, WI

ADL Co-Lab Alexandria, VA

ADL Center for Intelligent Tutoring Systems Research

and DevelopmentMemphis, TN

Poland ADL Partnership LabWarsaw, Poland

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What a difference 8 years makes. St. Peter’s Square

Photo Source: http://instagram.com/p/W2FCksR9-e/

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App Store Turns Five in 2013

Happy Birthday!

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What is Mobile Learning?

8

First…What is Learning?

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“Learning is acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.”

- Human learning may occur as part of education, personal development, schooling, or training.

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Definitions

Formal Learning

“Situations where the goals and means of learning are determined for the learner in advance by an external authority. It involves preplanned, prepackaged, structured experiences that are specifically designed to be consumed and assessed as ‘learning’.”

- ADL Mobile Team

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“Only 20% of what’s learned on the job actually comes from formal learning.”

Jay Cross

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Definitions

Informal Learning

“Situations where the goals of learning may or may not be determined by an external authority, but the means of learning are determined by the learner. It generally involves experiences that are not specifically designed in advance, by others, to be consumed and assessed as ‘learning’.”

- ADL Mobile Team

Most of what people learn (or retain and put into use) is learned as part of doing their work,

not through formal training.

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Formal vs Informal Learning

Categories

Formal

Informal Autonomous

Non-formal

Informal Directed

Need for Learning & Goals

Learning Means

Content generation and access

Assessment

Authority-controlled

x x x

Learner-controlled

x

Incidental learning (as opposed to deliberative learning) is unplanned learning – learning that happens spontaneously and serendipitously in the course of everyday activities. Often the learner is not conscious that learning has occurred. All four of the above paradigms are forms of deliberative learning. Incidental learning is out of scope for ADL, because it cannot be predicted or managed.

Need for Learning & Goals

Learning Means

Content generation and access

Assessment

Authority-controlled

x x x x

Learner-controlled

Need for Learning & Goals

Learning Means

Content generation and access

Assessment

Authority-controlled

x

Learner-controlled

x x x x

Need for Learning & Goals

Learning Means

Content generation and access

Assessment

Authority-controlled

x x x

Learner-controlled

x x

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70: 20: 10 Learning Framework

Morgan McCall, Robert W. Eichinger, and Michael M. Lombardo at the Center for Creative Leadership

• 70% from real life and on-the-job experiences, tasks and problem solving (day-to-day activities)

• 20% from feedback and from observing and working with role models

• 10% from formal learning or training

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What is Mobile Learning?

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ADL Describes, Not Defines

ADL Mobile Learning Team

“Leveraging ubiquitous mobile technology for the adoption or augmentation of knowledge,

behaviors, or skills through education, training, or performance support while the mobility of

the learner may be independent of time, location, and space.”

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Definitions

Learner-focus + Device-focus = Ubiquitous Learning

Mobile Learner Mobile Device

Learner-centric

Device-

centric

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Definitions

Mobile Learning Evaluation Framework (MLEF)

‣ Delphi Forum to Develop a New Definition

‣ Conducted by University of Southern Queensland

‣ MobileLearn@usq.edu.au

‣ http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/projects/mlef2/

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Mobile eLearning Is NOT Mobile Learning

http://ml.adlnet.gov

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“Think Outside the Course”

Mobile Learning Opportunities

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Opportunities

Performance Support

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Desktop to Mobile Conversion

Desktop Mobile

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Touch Is Important….BUT

http://static.lukew.com/TouchGestureGuide.pdf

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“Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do, and they will surprise you with their ingenuity..”

- General George S. Patton

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Responsive Design

The Boston Globe (Desktop Browser)

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Responsive Design

28

The Boston Globe (Tablet Browser)

Responsive Design: CSS Media Queries

The Boston Globe (Mobile Browser)

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Content Size Impact

RESPONSIVE DESIGN RESPONSIBLE DESIGN ≠

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“Mobile First” Strategy

Naturally Improves Information Architecture

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• What about learning? instructional objectives?

• What about performance support?• What about informal learning? • What about mobile device affordances?• What about content strategy (subject matter)?

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edundantROT

utdatedrivial

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Low Hanging Fruit: Mobile eLearning

Desktop Mobile

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The Effectiveness of Mobile Course Delivery

Research Findings

2011 Research & I/ITSEC Paper• Converted DoD-wide eLearning course

(Trafficking in Persons) to a mobile format• Limited to mobile conversion only (no change

to subject matter)• Discovered SCORM doesn’t work on mobile

browsers• Led to new research questions regarding ID

models for mobile learning (e.g., will ADDIE and ID models work?)

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Mobile Learning: Not Just Another Delivery Method

Research Focus

2012 Research & I/ITSEC Paper• Literature review on the topic of learning

theories and ID models for mobile learning• ID models should be agnostic of technology

(we proposed a framework; we don’t need another model!)

• Further research is necessary to determine the mobile-specific considerations during the learning design process

• Framework Approach: high-level; strong emphasis on considering performance support and constructivist approach

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Mobile Learning

Microstrategy(ADL)

Learning Approach

(ADL)

- Formal - Informal - Incidental - Autonomous - Directed

Instructional Tactics(Dabbagh)

- Fading… - Outlining… - Exploration...

Learning Theory

(Dick & Carey)

Cognitive Level of

Objective (Bloom's Revised

Taxonomy)

- Behaviorist - Cognitivist - Constructivist

- Create - Evaluate - Analyze - Apply - Understand - Remember

?

Type of Instructional

Objective (Gagne, Dick & Carey)

- Verbal Info - Intellectual Skill - Affective - Psychomotor

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Bloom’s Taxonomy

Rethinking Blooms Direction

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Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy (Kathy Shrock)

Moving Away from Linear Thinking

The interlocking of the cognitive process

| Session #708

The MoTIF Projectmo·tif   [moh-teef]noun

1.a recurring subject, theme, idea, etc.2.a distinctive and recurring form, shape, figure, etc., in a design3.a dominant idea or feature

Mobile Training Implementation Framework (MoTIF)

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The MoTIF Project

What is the problem (gap)?

Many education and training professionals are creating new mobile content and converting existing eLearning courses without consideration of:

‣ supporting alternative learning methods (e.g. performance support, spaced repetition)

‣ leveraging the capabilities of the mobile platform (e.g. camera, sensors, GPS)

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What’s the approach to the solution?Lead a collaborative project informed by data collected from the global education and training community to investigate & determine:

• Is there a need for a design process workflow or framework?

• Is there a need to better understand how to implement alternative learning approaches as part of a mobile learning strategy?

• Is there a need to better understand mobile device capabilities used for learning?

The MoTIF Project

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Mobile Design Process Workflow or Framework?

The MoTIF Project

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Alternative Learning Approaches?

• Performance Support• Team-based Learning• Spaced Repetition (spaced learning)• Constructivism (discovery / experiential learning)

• Connectivism (social learning / network of connections)

• Huetagogy (learning how to learn)

The MoTIF Project

46

“Humans more easily remember or learn items when they are studied a few times over a long period of time (spaced presentation),

rather than studied repeatedly in a short period time (massed presentation)”

Will Thalheimer, PhD

Opportunities

The Spacing Effect - Hermann Ebbinghaus

‣ Promotes maternal and child health

‣ Free SMS text messages each week, timed to their due date or baby’s date of birth

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Spaced Learning Example

Text4Baby.org

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Two studies evaluated text messaging interventions:

1. Small trial in liver transplant patients found that a text-message medication reminder system involving children and parents reduced rates of biopsy-proven rejection.

2. Large trial found that a simple text-message intervention in which parents received up to five weekly text messages increased influenza vaccination rates in a low-income population.

Text Messaging Interventions

Consumer Health Information Technology (CHIT)

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Device Capabilities / Affordances

• Camera (capturing video and images, augmented reality, Quick Response (QR) Code reading)

• Document viewer (eBooks, PDFs• Geolocation (GPS, geo-fencing, maps)• Internal sensors (accelerometer, barometer, compass, gyroscope, proximity)

• Media viewer / playback (images, videos, audios, podcasts)

The MoTIF Project

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Device Capabilities / Affordances (Cont’d)

• Messaging (Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Message Service (MMS)

• Microphone (voice recording, podcast)• Notification (alert, sound, vibrate)• Search (discovery, quick-reference, search engine)

• Short-range communication (Bluetooth, near field communications (NFC), radio-frequency identification (RFID))

The MoTIF Project

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Current Status• Data Collection:

• Survey (March 26 – April 26, 2013)• Focus Group & Interviews (June 2013)• Needs Analysis Report (July 2013)

• IF report / data reveals the need:• Build project site for community / stakeholders • What are the interventions/solutions (e.g.

framework & catalog of mobile learning examples)• Would the target audience & stakeholders use

them?• Refine framework & catalog based on iterative

feedback• Continue with other phases of ILDF Research

Approach

The MoTIF Project

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What is ILDF? • Integrative Learning Design Framework (ILDF)• Developed by Dr. Brenda Bannan (George Mason

University)• Incorporates process efficiencies from multiple

disciplines:• instructional design• object oriented software development• product development• and diffusion of innovations (Rogers)

• Aims to capture the research-based knowledge relating to learning context, culture, and technology within the design process

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What is ILDF? • Iterative design research cycles to examine deeper

aspects of: • learning, cognition• expert and novice perspectives• stakeholder and organizational policy considerations

Consists of 4 Phases:1.Informed Exploration (needs analysis)2.Enactment (intervention development)3.Local Evaluation (road test & iterative feedback

loops)4.Broad Evaluation (diffusion of innovation)

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What is DBR?• Design-based research addresses complex problems

in educational practice for which no clear guidelines or solutions are available (Plomp, R. and Nieveen, N., 2007).

• The interventions will include such things as strategies, materials, products, and systems – as solutions to the problems

• Outcomes will include: • Domain Theories - theories about the context and

outcomes within the instructional design domain and mobile learning paradigm.

• Design Framework - a workflow process and examples that will serve as a set of design guidelines for determining a mobile learning solution or strategy.

• Design Methodologies - guidelines for how to implement the framework and the expertise that is required.

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Preliminary Survey Results• 831 respondents• Help from many professional organizations, including

The Elearning Guild (THANK YOU!)• Wide spectrum of countries, professions, roles

represented• Preliminary findings:

• Mobile learning is not elearning• Need for best practices and design approach

guidelines• Need for examples categorized by mobile capabilities• Just-in-time performance support is best use case• Learning strategy and instructional design should be re-

evaluated• Report on findings to appear in July 2013

• Data will be made available to the public

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Additional Focus Areas• Mobile Learning development guidelines (for

IDs, training developers, learning technologists)

• Experience API JavaScript wrapper and prototype

• Experience API design implications for mobile• Informal learning• Spaced learning• Leveraging sensors• What SCORM functionality is needed?

• Status, score, progress, time, bookmarking

• Global objectives to enable course completion sync / equivalent between desktop & mobile

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To Participate:

‣ http://motif.adlnet.gov

‣ adlmobile@adlnet.gov

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Resources

http://mlhandbook.adlnet.gov

58

59

Resources

Newsletter & Archive – http://ml.adlnet.gov

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ADL Resources

http://ml.adlnet.gov

‣ ADL Mobile Learning Handbook, Guide, and Newsletter (Ongoing)

‣ Mobile Learning Literature Review - TSWG (2012)

‣ Mobile Learning Vendors - TSWG (2012)

‣ Mobile Access to Supplemental Learning Objects (2012) – http://academiccolab.org/maslo/

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ADL Mobile Learning Activities, Research, Deliverables

http://ml.adlnet.gov

• Mobile Decision Path – TSWG (2013)• ADL Lexicon of Learning Terminology (2013)• Mobile Learning xAPI Prototypes (2013)• Interagency Mobile Working Group (Monthly)• ADL Webinars (monthly at adlnet.gov)• Interagency Mobile Learning Webinar Series July

16-18• Mobile Learning App Challenge!

| Session #70862

Contact Us

@ADLmobile

Peter BerkingInstructional Designerpeter.berking.ctr@adlnet.gov @pberking

Jason HaagResearch Analystjason.haag.ctr@adlnet.gov @mobilejson