additive manufacturing 3d printing

Additive Manufacturing: 3D Printers Continue to Get Better and Cheaper

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPOREMT 5009 GROUP PROJECT

J A N I A D O L FS S O N J H O A N A M E L M A N A L I L I J U L I U S R I I KO N E N

J O H A N N E S N O E K E J O N I S A L M E L A TO B I A S KO B O L D

Agenda – Additive manufacturing

1. What‘s about the Hype?

2. Technology, Limitations & Improvements

4. Changing the Industry: Spare Parts

3. Cases: Dynamics Driving Technology Changes

b) SLM: GE’s fuel nozzle

a) Game changing speed: CLIP

11/12/2015 MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 2

Additive manufacturing (AM) announced as

Additive Manufacturing – Worth the hype?

http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/513691/prenatal-dna-sequencing/http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/513716/additive-manufacturing/

“AM has a growing market capability and it is expected to increase its market share rapidly to about 40% by 2015.”

3D printing provides manufacturers with the ability to compete by creating, and the opportunity to turn product development into a core strength”

3D printing “has the potential to revolutionizethe way we do almost everything” US president Barack Obama in 2013


AM – Another way to look on the hype

Is the market proving this hype?

2009 2011 2013 2015 Forecast

Google trends: Showing how often a particular search-term was searched

3D Printing

https://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=3d%20printing


200

500

1000

2300

1.6 3.1

6.3

13,4

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2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Rev

en

ue

in b

illio

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Pri

nte

rs s

old

in t

ho

usa

nd

s

Year

Printers sold

Revenue

CAGR(2015-2018)Printers sold: 91%

Revenue: 88%


http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2014/12/18/gartner-forecasts-the-3d-printer-market-will-be-13-4b-by-2018/

Additive Manufacturing market (I)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Gro

wth

rat

e p

.a. i

n %

Year

Yearly growth rate

Revenue

Printers sold


Enormous market growth will continue at least for the next 4-6 years Additive manufacturing is or will become economically feasible

http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2014/12/18/gartner-forecasts-the-3d-printer-market-will-be-13-4b-by-2018/

Additive Manufacturing market (II)

AM – Impacts on the industry


• Cost-effective, less wasteful, rapid manufacturing of parts or components that can be customized based

• Development an agile manufacturing which will reduce the leadtime from conception to the production (Time-to-Market)

• 3D printers have chance to revolutionize low-volume manufacturing of complex parts

• Usage in biomedical application, customized manufacturing and by application in automobile and aerospace.

Poss

ible

Imp

acts

Additive manufacturing – What to be questioned


AP

PR

OA

CH

• AM – Breakthrough?

• What are the cost and performance dynamics of 3D printers?

• How does these dynamics impact on applications?

• Why do the economics of 3D printing change?

Basic principle of AM


Design

Print

Finish

A digital model of the object is issued and

converted into a STL. file

3D Printer slices file into numerous digital cross-sectional, and builds the model by

joining together successive layers

Final 3D printed model is cleaned to remove

overhung material and is polished/painted and made ready for

use

Multiple technology approach: High variety


Applications

TechnologyMaterials

Automotive

Aerospace

Consumer

Medical

Industrial

Research

Stereo Lithography (SLA)

Laser sintering

Selective laser melting

Fused Disposition Melting

CLIP

Polymers

Metals and Alloys

Powders

Thermoplastics

Ceramics

Glass

Computing •Basis

Software •Basis

Hardware(Technolo

gy)

•Application depend

Materials• Application

depend

Ecosystem – not only one technology

AM as a result of improvements in different technology sectors

http://techcrunch.com/2015/10/28/understanding-the-3d-printing-ecosystem-breaking-it-down-and-building-it-up/


Improvement in computing technology/software as trailblazers for AM Directly: AM machine

Indirectly: supporting technology

Fields of improvement affecting AM

Processing power

Graphics capability

Machine control

Networking

AM – Computing as trailblazer

Gibson, Rosen, Strucker: Additive manufacturing technologies - rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. New York: Springer, 2012


General integration of an AM machine

Improvement Drivers Development

Processing power ICs Moore’s law

Graphics capability ICs Moore’s law

Machine control MEMS, Sensors More than Moore

Networking IoT, WiFi Explosion

Computing as trailblazer

http://softsupplier.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/image010.jpghttp://tarrysingh.com/2014/07/fog-computing-happens-when-big-data-analytics-marries-internet-of-things/


Computer-aided design are basis of every AM model

Beside improvements closed link to improvements in computing, CAD has improvement:

Realism

Usability and user interface

Speed

Accuracy

Complexity

Further improvement through open sourcing

Software / CAD as trailblazer

Improvements are aligned with improvements in computing

Google trends: 3D Printing open source

2011 2013 2015

https://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=3d%20printing%20open%20source

Gibson, Rosen, Strucker: Additive manufacturing technologies - rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. New York: Springer, 2012


• The first AM technology has been introduced in 1983

Why does MIT announced it 30 years later as breakthrough? Why is AM hyped for the last 3 years?

Computing & Software as trailblazer

2016 - 20201983 2013

• Improvements in computing and software as basis for all AM technologies

• Ability to start entering the market

• The prove of being a breakthrough technology will be made on the technology and application level

What will be the next improvements?


Strength Surface finish Speed Cost

Today’s Limitations


http://gizmodo.com/why-3d-printing-is-overhyped-i-should-know-i-do-it-fo-508176750

1. Improvements in surface fineness 2. Increase in detail rendition by thinner layers3. Improvements of material properties and range4. Cut down of construction time5. Elimination of rework6. Reduce costIM

PR

OV

EMEN

TS

Material 26%

indirect costs74%

Energy3%

Labor29%

Maschining59%

Overhead9%

What drives the quality and costs of additive manufacturing?

11/12/2015

Power source

(Laser, LED)

MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 19

Integrated circuits Sensors

Power source are the key technology and a big cost driver

Cost and quality drivers

Focus on power source and materials to enhance improvements

choice of material is crucial for the price

http://www.rolandberger.com/media/pdf/Roland_Berger_Additive_Manufacturing_20131129.pdf

•Prof. Hong Minghui (NUS, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering - Laser technology group)

•Q: Will Laser drive the cost and improvement development concerning AM?

•Example:• 3D Printing device mainly based on lasers for a specific application

Hypothesis: Cost and improvement of the 3D Printing device are directly related to lasers

Assumption: Melting point properties do not affect application

Why a general approach on technology and application is not feasible?


Why a general approach on technology and application is not feasible?

Pri

nti

ng

spee

d [

cm3/h

]

Laser power output [W]

Laser

Improved laser

Improvement in laser power

Improvement in printing speed

1 2

Pri

nti

ng

tem

per

atu

re [

°C]

Laser power output [W]

Laser

Improved laser

3

Mel

tin

g p

oin

t[°C

]/

Lase

r o

utp

ut

[W]

Printing speed [cm3/h]

New material

Material usedLaser

Low-tech laser

General conclusion concerning cost and improvement dynamics of 3D printing can not be drawn. Investigation has to be made for each

• Technology • Application


Continuous Liquid Interface Production11/12/2015 MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 23

http://carbon3d.com/

The CLIP Technology

11/12/2015 MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 24http://carbon3d.com/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uD0d1IPsF4&list=PLulOCUoJY0qqmc2wD_3EUP8Mm9T0IZHg_&index=4

TRADITIONAL SLA CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION


CONTINUOUS MATERIAL PRODUCTION

Carbon 3D: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMkhVt_IWs4FSL3D: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkIMbio6El0

1

30

35

115

0

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40

60

80

100

120

140

CLIP Polyjet SLS SLA

Printers needed for production

Numberof Printers


The Game Changing Speed

This 51 mm diameter complex shapedstructure was produced with CLIP in 6,5 minutes

SLA SLS Polyjet CLIP

Speed (mm/h) 4 15 17 471

0255075

100125150175200225250275300325350375400425450475500

Spe

ed

(m

m/h

)

Speed Comparison

Speed (mm/h)

The speeds over 1000 mm/h are achievablewhen resolution is sacrificed

http://carbon3d.com/


Speed Leads to Cost Reductions in Production

TaskObject: A complex ball structureHeight: 50 mmPieces: 10Time available: 1h

10

5

32

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50 100 200 250 500

# o

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Speed (mm/h)

Benefits of the Speed in Production

# of PrintersNeeded

$-

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

50 100 200 250 500

Co

st o

f th

e A

sse

ts

Speed (mm/h)

Total Cost of the Assets

Total Cost ofthe Assets

Assuming the printer price 20 000 $


What Drives the Speed

DLP ProjectorSystem

”Deadzone” Material

Software

Improvements in- DMD micromirrors (MEMS)- UV-LEDs

Improvements in- Materials- Implementing thin films

O2


What Drives the Quality: Layerless Process

Isotropic Objects Smooth Surface Finish

What Drives the Quality- High resolution DLP system- Layerless process due to ”deadzone” formation- Software controlling the parameters- Material choice

CLIP: Materials

Wide range of photocurable polymers can be used


Soft, elastic materials Very rigid, impact resistant

Bioplastics Polymers reinfroced with Carbon Nanotubes orNanofibres


Partnership betweenCarbon3D and Ford

Google Ventures led the latest $100 M Funding round

• Founded 2013, Silicon Valley

• Hardware, software & molecular science

• Funding received: $ 141 M

• Patented CLIP Technology

Case study 1

What is Selective laser melting


• Metal powder and metal wires get melted by a Ytterbium fiberlaser

• Adding layer by layer• Material: Stainless steal, Titan,

special alloys+ physical behaviour like in conventional production

How it works:

Schubert “rapid prototyping and rapid tooling” (2014)

Better fuel nozzle by using 3D – General electric


• Must be heat resistant so made of strong alloys

• 1 part instead of 18 parts

• fuel nozzle can be 25% lighter and more reliable because of the shape

• Optimal shape - 5 times higher durability

• time reduced by 66%

www.geglobalresearch.com/innovation/3d-printing-creates-new-parts-aircraft-engines

http://3dprintingreviews.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/ge-aviation-to-grow-better-fuel-nozzles.html

What drives performance?


• Increase in pulse energy improves interlayer connection/strength

• The absolute pulse energy depends on the material

Laser Power

Material

No other material with lower melting point possible for the fuel nozzle, as heat resistance is essential

New material - less laser power

Strength!!!

Kietzmann, J. Business horizont (2015)

Thiesse, F. (2015)

What drives the speed?


http://www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science/article/pii/S0924013607004712

• more material can be bonded at the same time.

• causes higher printing speed

• higher specific energy density is necessary otherwise the material does not bond properly and gets weak

Higher Laser power needed

x

x

Thiesse, F. (2015)

Will there be higher power laser in the future?


https://www.rp-photonics.com/highpowerfiberlasers.html

0

0.5

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2

2.5

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Po

we

r O

utp

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[KW

]

Power output development of fiber laser

Increase in laser power will enable higher printing

speed

Expert forecast the same!!!


0

10

20

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40

50

60

70

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90

2013 2018 2023

Spee

d in

cm

³/h

Speed of SLM

Key improvements• Higher accuracy and power

of lasers• Faster computing• Less post-processing effort

DMRC survey of 75 AM experts:

build speed will at least quadruple by 2018


What about the cost?


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2010 2013 2017

In M

illio

n U

S$

Market of Fiber Lasers

20%

80%

Laser Market in 2013

FiberMarket

RemainingMarket

28%

72%

Laser Market in 2017

FiberMarket

http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=57806http://optics.org/news/6/7/37

Economies of scale so lasers will get cheaper

0.00

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Co

st in

Eu

r/cm

³

Cost of SLM

material labor, maschining, Labor, Energy, Overhead

3.1

1.61.1

Prospective cost reduction of SLM


• Increasing competition for powder supply will reduce today's markups

• increasing volume will reduce production costs. (EOS)


Air craft engine – General electric


GE will invest 3.5 Billion Dollar in AM until 2020

http://3dprintingreviews.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/ge-aviation-to-grow-better-fuel-nozzles.html

0%

500%

1000%

1500%

2000%

2014 2020

100%

2000%

Spe

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co

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4

GE's development of printing Speed

Why Spare Parts? Aviation Industry Example

High service level target because of expensive downtime cost

Huge amount of parts

- > Extremely expensive supply chain, 400 000 USD per aircraft annually


Industries Which use 3D Printed Parts Already

Boeing:

◦ 30 3D-printed parts in the 787 Dreamliner Airplane

◦ 20000 3D-printed parts for 10 different military and commercial airplanes

General Motors:

◦ 85000 fuel nozzles for new Leap jet engines

◦ Expanding ist 3D printing stuff

◦ GE Aviation wants to produce 100000 additive parts by 2020

Airbus:

◦ 1000 aircraft 3D printed parts for their first Airbus A350XWB


3D Printing point of view from OEM and MRO

12%

7%

40%

49%

54%

60%

None

Improved part reliability

Increased spare part options (e.g. PMA or STC availability)

Improved part availability

Lower investment in inventory (e.g. parts, warehousing)

Lower cost for replacement parts

What benefits might the successful deployment of 3D printing technology bring to airline?


Oliver Wyman, MRO Survey 2014

Service demand not possible to forecast with certainty

Service tradeoffs: Revenue, cost and service performance

80/20: Only 20 percent of spare parts used frequently


What Are the Challenges in Spare Part Industry

Time, Location, Extent and Consequences is Impossible to Forecast

Forecast is not accurate - How does this affect the cost?

◦ Time: Need components have to be available every time ->

◦ Location: Components need to be available near in every critical location

◦ Extent and consequence: Increases the number of SKU:s classified as critical


OEM

DC

Local DC

Expected demand

Total Inventory Cost = Number of Different SKUs x Volume of each SKU x Number of Locations

Airplane Industry Spare Parts: Price of 3D Printers goes Down and Replaces DC:s


OEM

DC

Local DC

Expected demand

Current situation

OEM

DC

Local DC

Expected demand

Economically feasible today

OEM

DC

Local DC

Expected demand

Economically feasible in near future

Total Inventory Cost With 3D = Number Different SKUs x Volume of each SKU x Number of Locations

Tradeoffs between Revenue, Cost and Performance


Current state

Static asset management

Dynamic asset management DAM

3D + DAM

Service level

Asset investment and

service costs

20/80 Rule of Spare Parts Inventory

Category percentage of Item

sales profit inventory cost

fast moving A -part 20% 80% small friction

slow moving B-part 50% 15% high

slow moving C-part 30% 5% high


20% are being used frequently, yet the availability of the parts should be 100%, which cause high inventory management cost.

Example: Airbus in Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel is using only 80% a few years out of 120.000 parts. With the increasing numbers of produced aircraft models, slow moving parts will increase in number and this problem will be more urgent.

Rapid manufacturing and ist impact on supply chain management (2004) – M. Walter, J. Holmström, H. Yrjölä

Supply Chain Costs with Adaption of 3D Printing

ProductCategory

3D PrintingAdaption

%Saving

A-part 10% 70%

B-part 25% 78%

C-part 60% 85%


$- $5.00 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00

C-Part

B-Part

A-Part

Total Supply Chain Cost Comparison by Product Category

Current

3D Printing

Impact of 3D printing on global supply chains by 2020, Bhasin, Varun; Bodla, Muhammad Raheel; 2014

Slow moving parts will be adoptedlargely and could save up to 85% oftotal supply chain cost, whereas fast moving parts adaption is low.

Questions???

Q&A

Thank u lah

Dankeschön

Kiitos

Appendix and additional data

APPENDIX


1. Additive Manufacturing Overview

2. Additive Manufacturing Technology and Materials

5. CLIP

4. 3D Printing for Glass

3. Laser market

History of additive manufacturing

1984 / 1986First AM approach

Stereolithographic (STL) /AM technology got patented

1988AM technology was made available for public

1996The term “3D printer” was

first used

2000First high definition printer

2006First self replicating 3D printer was

developed

2010The term “Additive manufacturing” and “3D printing” were used as synonyms

2013Announced as breakthrough technology by

MIT


http://blog.harbinger-systems.com/2014/11/3d-printing-captivates-the-consumer-market/

Additive manufacturing


Sign

ific

ance

M

arke

t Im

pac

t

• Additive manufacturing enables cost-effective, less wasteful, rapid manufacturing of parts or components that can be customized based

• It becomes possible to develop an agile manufacturing which will reduce the lead time from conception to the production

• Additive manufacturing has a growing market capability and it is expected to increase its market share rapidly to about 40% by 2015.

• It is expected to see wider usage in biomedical application, customized manufacturing and by application in automobile and aerospace.

Additive manufacturing market (III)

1.1 1.21.7

2.2 2.5

4

6

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10.8

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in B

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S$

3D service, products and materials market

Expected growth rate of 30%


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2012 2017E

# o

f u

nit

inst

alle

d i

n k

3D Printer installed

CAGR: 95%

http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2014/08/09/roundup-of-3d-printing-market-forecasts-and-estimates-2014/

Additive manufacturing market (IV)


http://blog.luxresearchinc.com/blog/coveragearea/advanced-materials/page/2/

Additive manufacturing market – conclusion

1. Even market data differs depending on the institute conducted the research, some general conclusion can be drawn: A rapid market growth can be expected either this year or next year

This enormous market growth will continue at least for the next 4-6 years

Additive manufacturing is or will become economically feasible

2. But this market development rises many questions which have to be answered in the next years: As “some new technologies destroy both an existing economic system

and create a new one (Schumpeter, 1942)”, the future will show how Additive manufacturing will diffuse in our life, how it will affect exciting industries and how it will improve those.


Gartner Hype cycle

• Gartner Hype Cycles provide a graphic representation of the maturity and adoption of technologies and applications

• Gartner Hype Cycle methodology gives you a view of how a technology or application will evolve over time

• Each Hype Cycle drills down into the five key phases of a technology's life cycle. Technology Trigger

Peak of Inflated Expectations

Trough of Disillusionment

Slope of Enlightenment

Plateau of Productivity


http://www.gartner.com/technology/research/methodologies/hype-cycle.jsp#

Hype cycle for emerging industries


http://www.gartner.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/document/3100227?ref=QuickSearch&sthkw=hype%20cycle%20emerging%20technology&refval=157030558&qid=dfda72a24788721c4351d7a1af6b3e21

Hype cycle for additive manufacturing


http://www.gartner.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/document/3100228?ref=QuickSearch&sthkw=Laser&refval=157030440&qid=af5f123168b20920048c109e0b1d5728

Additive manufacturing – market adaption





5. CLIP


3. Laser market

Additive manufacturing


Technology

ExtrusionLaser/LED

StereolithographySL

Selective laser sintering SLS

Carbon 3DSelective laser

melting

Fused deposition modeling FDM

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)


• A wire shaped material is melted in a high temperature nozzle

• Plotter mechanism• Hard layers of plastic or metal

filaments can be created• Multiple jetting possible

Part

Building platform

Nozzle

FDM - Head

Coil

+ low cost+ Dual jetting possible - Slow process- Inconsistent material due to

the construction in layers

How it works:

Pro & Con

Stereolithography (SL)


Pro & Con

• Based on photo polymerization• Photo reactive resin is cured by

using UV laser

+ Complex geometries are possible+ High resolution- Usually time consuming

How it works:

Selective laser melting


• Metal powder and metal wires get melted

• Adding layer by layer• Stainless steal, Titan, special

alloys

+ physical behaviour like in conventional production

- expensive

How it works:

Pro & Con

Selective laser sintering


• High power laser fixes powders in a solid bond

• Plastic, glass powder, ceramic• Powder functions also a

supporting material

+ Complex structures are possible

- expensive

How it works:

Pro & Con

Additive manufacturing – materials


Commonly used materials

Plastics Metals Others

ThermosetsComposites Aluminium Ceramics

Bioplastics Thermoplastics Stainless Steel Titanium ResinsPhotopolymers

Application of Selective Laser Sintering


Materials Applications

Metal alloys

Composites

Ceramics

Carbon fibers

Engineering plastics

Application of Selective Laser Melting (SLM)



Stainless steel and tool steel

Titanium

Aluminum

Other metal alloys

Application of Stereolithography (SLA)



Epoxy based photopolymers

Thermoplastics (ABS)

Application of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)



Thermoplastics (ABS)

Polyphenylsulfone(PPSF)

Polycarbonate (PC)

Ceramics

Materials Advantages Limitations

Plastics • Design flexibility• Biodegradable in case of

bioplastics• Durable• Availability of colors

• Limited weathering resistance • Flammable with high smoke

generation • Possibility to warping

Metals • Strong• High weathering resistance• Corrosion resistance

• Low design flexibility• Costly

Ceramics • Strong but flexible• Availability of colors

• Low detail• Rigid compared to other

materials

Precious Metals • Strong but flexible• High detail• Can be plated

• Costly

Composites • High mechanical strength• Can be used for intricate design• Good surface finish

• Difficult to work with due to complicated interlocking assemblies and joints

Materials comparative analysis


Material used for AM

Photopolymers56%

Thermoplastics40%

Thermoplastic powders

2%

Metal Powders1%

Others1%

Material used for additive manufacturing


Additive manufacturing - materials

0 200 400 600

Inkjet materials

Metal powders

Thermoplastic powders

Solid thermoplastics

Photopolymers

Revenue in million US$

The material used market

20132025E


http://www.technologyreview.com/news/530721/how-to-build-3-d-printing/




5. CLIP


3. Laser market

Lasers used in Additive Manufacturing

•Stereolithography (SLA) – UV laser (wavelength: 100-400 nm)

•Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) – High powerlaser/IR laser (wavelength: 9-11 µm) e.g. CO2 laser

•Selective Laser Melting (SLM) – High powerlaser/IR laser (wavelength: 1030-1100 nm) e.g. Ytterbium fiber laser


Improvements in Average Selling Price (ASP) and Power of Semiconductor Lasers


10

100

1000

1

10

100

1000

10000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

CW

po

we

r p

er

cm-b

ar (

W)

Ind

ust

ry A

SP (

$ p

er

CW

Wat

t)

Year

Source: Martinson R 2007. Industrial markets beckon for high-power diode lasers, Optics, October: 26-27.

9xx laser

Laser market

11/12/2015 MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 82http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-51/issue-01/features/laser-marketplace-2015-lasers-surround-us-in-the-

4.24 4.15 3.96 4.23 4.39

3.91 4.31 4.684.97

5.36

0.00

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

In B

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Laser revenues

Non-Diode

Diode

• Laser market is growing constantly with a yearly growth rate of around 4% -6%

• Due to the market growth, economy of scale is likely to happen, which will drive down the cost of each unit

Laser prospective developments and synergies


• the power output increases• Beam spot size reduces• Accuracy of melting spot increases• Prices go down

Laser technology - steady improvements

Additive manufacturing market: Market is growing tremendously

Laser market: Revenue is increasing constantly and simultaneously, the market is growing

SYNERGY EFFECTS

• A growing market in Additive manufacturing promotes the laser market• Economies of scale lead to price reduction of the laser technology• Cheaper laser technology promotes the AM-market

that a recent changing momentum has happened with influence the market in sustainable way.

Conclusion

that the additive manufacturing is benefitting from the laser improvement rates and cost reduction.


The price for additive manufacturing has dropped, while quality of the technology remains the same

The price for additive manufacturing remains the same while the quality is improving.

The price for additive manufacturing is dropping, while the technology is improving DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION

1

2

3

Extremely high growth rate of additive manufacturing

market imply

Due to Moore’s law, this makes additive manufacturing widely used.

Strategies

Additive manufacturing as disruptive innovation

• Even data for additive manufacturing is hardly available, additive manufacturing has a high likelihood to be disruptive.

• “It has a strong reputation for generating disruptive technology” http://www.motorship.com/news101/engines-and-propulsion/3d-printed-nozzle-ring

Indicators◦ Dropping price

◦ Increasing quality

◦ Rapidly growing market


Has AM the potential displaces an existing technology, a product or a service partly or completely?

“An innovation transforms an existing market or sector by introducing simplicity, convenience, accessibility, and affordability where complication and high cost are the status quo” http://www.christenseninstitute.org/key-concepts/disruptive-innovation-2/

http://www.motorship.com/news101/engines-and-propulsion/3d-printed-nozzle-ring

http://www.christenseninstitute.org/key-concepts/disruptive-innovation-2/




5. CLIP


3. Laser market

•Introduced in August 2015 by MIT

•Technology is based on extrusion and

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)

•Printed materials: Soda lime glass and Pyrex glass

•What made this possible?• Smart heating system

• Nozzle material

Additive Manufacturing of Transparent Glass = G3DP

B = The kiln cartridge

1 = The crucible

2 = Heating elements

3 = The nozzle

4 = The thermocouple

5 = Feed access lid

C = The crucible kiln

D = The nozzle kiln

Heating and nozzle system section

Current possible applications:

Design: Vases and Glasses

Visions from the G3DP Team:

Solar transmittance window: can control solar transmittance due to theproduction availabilty of a complex surface on the inside as well as theoutside

Architectural possibilities: • An all-glass building with internal channels and networks for airflow and

water circulation

• An all-in-one building skin made of glass

Possibilities and applications for the Industry

Contrains Leads Possible solutions

Extruded glass stuck covering the nozzle tip

Deviation from desired shapes and uneven glass distribution

• Creating new nozzle geometry• Material• Coating• Face cooling• Addition of sacrificial foil

Software environmentimprovements

• Full control of printing process• Direct control over the kiln’s temperature

•Merge of separate pieces of software

Frequently refilling of the crucible

Quality of the print

Active material feed system in form of a plunger or of compressed air

Small pressure drop generated by the gravity fed system

• Printing speed• Resolution• Preventing scaling down the nozzle diameter

Manual activation of start, stop and cut the glass filament

Quality Automating the compressed air and torching

Limitations/Contrains




4. CLIP


3. Laser market

UV market

11/12/2015 MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 92http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2013/03/uv-led-market-43percent-cagr.htmlhttp://www.yole.fr/iso_upload/News/2013/PR_UV%20LED_YOLE%20DEVELOPPEMENT_March201

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Mar

ket

size

in M

illio

n U

S$

87%

13%

UV lamp market

UV LED market

65%

35%

UV lamp market

UV LED market

• The total UV market is growing with a CAGR (2012-2017) of 34%. While the traditional UV lamp market is growing by a CAGR of 10%, the UV LED market is booming with a CAGR of 43%

• Especially, the market growth of UV LED is likely based on improvements in quality and/or decreasing costs

• This technology improvement or cost reduction will significantly impact Additive Manufacturing

http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2013/03/uv-led-market-43percent-cagr.html

http://www.yole.fr/iso_upload/News/2013/PR_UV LED_YOLE DEVELOPPEMENT_March2013.pdf

Teflon AF 2400• Highly oxygen permeable• 990 barrers

• Great optical properties• Lowest index of refraction of any

polymer• UV transparent

• Chemical inertness and goodmechanical properties

• Very expensive• 100 $ / g


Dynamics Behind the Speed: Oxygen PermeableMembrane

http://www.google.com/patents/US7914852

Application of thin films of less expensive materials like PET

O2

http://www.soarnol.com/eng/solution/solution040507.html

EVOH


Dynamics Behind the Speed: UV-LED based DLP Projector

02468

1012141618

20

12

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13

20

14

20

15

20

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20

17

20

18

20

19

Ave

rage

Pri

ce (

$)

Year

Average Price for LED Lightsource, Global, 2012-2019

AveragePrice ($)

Source: Frost & Sullivanhttp://www.radtech.org/uvledbook/RadTech_eBook1_UVLED.pdf

Jeff Funk: Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures

TI’s DLP9000- > 4 M micromirrors- 2560x1600 pixelsHigh speed, power and resolution

http://eecatalog.com/sensors/2014/10/02/integrated-mems-is-powering-the-internet-of-moving-things/


DLP System For 3D-Printing

http://www.ti.com/lit/sg/dlpt019c/dlpt019c.pdf


Speed Enabling Point-of-Need Manufacturing

25 to 100 x Faster Than Traditional SLA Techniques

DentistryPersonalized Medicine

http://nextbigfuture.com/2015/07/carbon-3d-provides-more-information-on.html(Carbon 3D)

•Layerless process provides largepotential

•Feature sizes from 10 microns to 1000 microns with complexgeometries

•New sort of sensor technologies• Lab on a chip

• MEMS

•New drug delivery systems


Reductions in Scale: Microfabrication

http://www.chromatographytechniques.com/articles/2011/12/microfluidics-evolution http://www.che.ncsu.edu/display/pages/desimone-clip.pdf

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2008/January/16010801.asp