aceee china implementation analysis shuibin
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An Analysis of theImplementation of BuildingEnergy Codes in China
Shui Bin ([email protected])
February 28, 2012
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Outline
1. Background2. Building Energy Codes in China
3. Key Stakeholders and Compliance Process
4. Results and Discussions5. Policy Implications
6. Conclusions
2
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1. Background
Building Stock and New Buildings
Building Stock in China
27.8
31.534.0 35.2 36.0
38.540.0
42.1 43.045.6
48.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
b i l l i o n s q u a r e
m e t e r s
25.8 for residentialbuildings in the U.S.
6.7 for commercial
buildings in the U.S.
3
Sources: China Statistics Yearbook (2011) , EIA varied years
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1. Background
Building Energy Codes (BECS)
4
1. Building energy codes and standards (BECS) setminimum requirements for energy-efficient design andconstruction for new and renovated buildings.
2. In the U.S. The International Energy Conservation Code
(IECC), and the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low- Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 90.1)
The role of the U.S. DOE The role of local enforcement agencies
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2. Building Energy Codes in China
Development Strategies
5
From heating zones to warm zones From large cities to small cities From urban to rural areas
Climate Zone
Mean Monthly
Temperature
Coldest Hottest
Severe Cold 14 0F
Cold 14 - 320
FHot summer and
cold winter32 -50 0F 77 - 86 0F
Hot summer and
warm winter50 0F 77 - 84 0F
Temperate 32 - 55 0F 64 - 77 0F
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2. Building Energy Codes in China
Design Standards
6
China U.S.
Comm. Residential Comm. Resi.
Comm.
buildings
(2005)
Heating
zone
(2010)
Hot-summer
& cold-winter
Zone (2010)
Hot-summer &
warm-winter
zone (2003)
ASHRAE
90.1 2007
IECC
2009
Envelope √ √ √ √ √ √
HVAC √ √ √ √ √ √ Service hot water X X X X √ √
Lighting X X X √ √
Electrical power X X X X √ X
Trade-offs and
building component
performance
approach√ √ √ √ √ √
Renewable energy X √ √ X √ √
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2. Building Energy Codes in China
Code Acceptance (2007)
7
1. Acceptance Codes are building energy codes forcompliance during the construction stage concerning: Walls, curtain walls, doors and windows, roofing,
flooring, HVAC, power distribution, lighting,
monitoring and quality control
2. Appceptance Codes mandate compliance in the finalacceptance of a construction project, and lift BECS toequal importance with safety-related building codes.
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3. The Enforcement of Building Energy Codes
Key Stakeholders
8
Government-related
Stakeholders
Local Building
Research Entities
Local
Construction
Administration
Department
Drawing
Inspection
Companies
Third Parties
Construction
Companies
Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Development
(MOHRD)
National
Level
Local QualitySupervision
Stations
Building
Design
Companies
Construction
Inspection
Companies
Research &
Development
China Academy for
Building Research
Local
Level
Developers
Test Centers and
Labs
Shui (2012)
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3. The Enforcement of Building Energy Codes
Certification and Registration of Third Parties
9
Key Stakeholders
Title Exams for Certificate
Employees Title Exams for Certificates
Building design
companies, building
research entities
Building designersRegistered architect, certified structural
engineer, certified electrical engineer,
certified equipment engineer, quality
inspector, geotechnical engineer, interior
designers, certified cost engineer, cost
engineer, etc.
Drawing inspection
companies Drawing inspectors
Construction
companies
Construction managersConstructor, certified cost engineer, cost
engineer, construction workers,
technician, security engineer, quality
inspector, etc.
Construction workers
Construction
inspection companiesConstruction inspectors
Testing companies or
labsTesting engineers Certified testing engineer
Quality supervision
stationsQuality supervisors Supervision engineer
Shui et al. (2011)
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3. The Enforcement of Building Energy Codes
The Compliance Process
10
Stage 1:
Preparation
Land use permit
Team formationthrough a
bidding process
Stage 2:
Building designand inspection
Building design
Designinspection
Constructionpermit issued
Stage 3:
Constructionand inspection
Construction
Inspection
Stage 4:
Completion
Buildingcompletion
Finalcompliance
report
Certificate foroccupancy
Market
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3. The Enforcement of Building Energy Codes
Financial Issues in the Compliance Process
11
1. Local construction departments: the salaries of employees of local construction
departments are not related to fees collected fromthe compliance and enforcement process, such asconstruction and occupancy permit fees.
2. Developers: Permit fees to local construction departments for
land use, construction, and occupancy Service fees to third parties
3. Local quality supervision stations
4. The U.S. case
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3. The Enforcement of Building Energy Codes
Annual National Inspection
12
1. Since 2005 MOHURD has conducted annual nationalinspections of building energy efficiency. Notification Duration
Selection of cities Inspection scope
2. Inspection results are publicly announced
3. Local inspections are conducted to prepare thenational inspection
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4. Results and Discussions
The Implementation Results
13
Building Energy Code Compliance Rates in Urban Areas
MOHURD (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011)
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4. Results and Discussions
Discussion
14
Improvements suggest: Impressive performance of overarching institutions
Other issues: Definition of compliance – a new compliance indicator is
needed Training Rural areas
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5. Policy Implications
The Role of Regulatory Support
15
1. The Energy Conservation Law (1997, 2007) Administrative structure Compliance with BECS in design, drawing inspection,
construction, and construction inspection activities
2. The Rules of Energy Conservation in Civil Building (2006, 2008) Responsibilities of each key stakeholder Specific penalties for violations
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5. Policy Implications
The Role of Supervisions with Feedback
16
On-site
inspection
Scheduled or
random
inspections
Supervision of LocalGovernment
Local
Construction
Department
Project Supervision
Local Quality
Supervision
Stations
Building
Design
Company
Drawing
Inspection
Company
Construction
Company
Construction
Company
Supervision ofNational
Government
MOHURD
Annual, random-
picked projects
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5. Policy Implications
The Role of Incentives
17
1. Incentives include financial and non-financialmeasures to motivate compliance among key actors
2. Publication of national inspection results createsbenign peer pressure among provinces
3. National inspection results are directly or indirectlylinked to the performance reviews of local officials
If a building design company fails to correct a flawed building designinspected by a drawing inspection company, the building design
company shall be warned and fined between RMB 100K (US$ 15K)and RMB 300K (US$ 46K).
Source: Rules of Energy Conservation in Civil Building, 2008
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6. Conclusions
18
1. A sound policy deployment is critical to the effectiveimplementation of solutions to real-world problems• Sufficient regulatory and financial support• Multi-level supervision with feedback• Well-designed incentives
2. The dramatic improvement of China’s compliance rateindicates:• the impressive performance of overarching institutions• the need to improve the current compliance index
3. Exchanging ideas and experiences between countrieswould contribute to energy saving and carbonmitigation at local, national and global levels
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Background:
Code Adoption in the U.S.
Residential Buildings Commercial Buildings
January 1, 2012
IECC 2009 ASHRAE 90.1 -2007 / IECC 2009
http://www.energycodes.gov/states/ 19