Absolutism

Spain

• Objective: Discuss and analyze the golden age and decline of Spain as a power.

• Key Terms and People: Hapsburg, absolute monarch, divine right, Charles V, Peace of Augsburg, Philip II, El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Miguel de Cervantes, Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz, Spanish Armada

• Reading Focus: What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V? What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age? How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

Absolutism

• Hapsburg-powerful ruling family in Europe. Spain, Italy, Germany, and eventually France.

• Absolute monarch—a ruler with unlimited power. Does not have to consult with the nobles, common people, or their representatives.

• Divine right-received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged.

Absolute Monarch

Spanish Absolutism

Charles I/Charles V: mo money, mo problems• Became king at 16,• Spain becomes wealthy from all the silver and

gold from colonies.• Holy Roman Emperor (bought votes)• Had land in Belgium, Netherland, colonies in

Americas, Italy, Austria and Germany (sooobasically super powerful).

• Dealing with fighting on all sides of his European territories. Costs lots of $$$.

• Also fighting a religious war (remember Protestant Reformation, declared Luther an outlaw, implemented Spanish Inquisition

Spanish Absolutism

How does he solve his problems?:

• Peace of Augsburg-compromise in Germany where Princes could choose between Lutheran and Catholic (remember we did this already).

• Gave up his throne; spilt between his brother and son, Phillip II (married Mary I of England).

Spanish Absolutism

Under Phillip II, Spain has Golden Age artistic achievement:• El Greco-Greek painter living in

Spain; religious themes; dark and moody; elongated figures.

• Diego Velazquez-court painter• Miguel de Cervantes- Don Quixote

de la Mancha• Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz-writes

about women’s right to equal education; criticized by the Church.

Spanish Absolutism

Spain’s downfall under Phillip II:

• Decades of religious wars.

• Spanish Armada- naval defeat against England

• Micromanaged government.

• Bankrupt four times.

• Inflation

• Lack of industry

Wrap Up

• What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V?

• What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age?

• How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

Absolutism in France

• Objective: Discuss and analyze absolutism in France. Identify and describe key events and historical figures.

• Key Terms and People: Huguenot, Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, Henry IV, Edict of Nantes, Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIV, War of the Spanish Succession, Treaty of Utrecht

• Reading Focus: How did Henry IV end France’s wars of religion? How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy? What were the main events in the monarchy of Louis XIV?

Absolutism in France

• Catholicism official religion in France. Religion of the monarch=un roi, une loi, une foi—“one king, one law, one religion.”

• Huguenot or French Calvinist Protestant; 1/10 population in 1560s; many members of nobility are Huguenots=threatened monarch; In 1572 Henry of Navarre/Henry IV (Hugenot) was getting married in Paris. The Queen ordered a massacre= Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. The event led to a wave of violence across France; 70,000 people died fighting for their religion. Henry of Navarre avoided death by denying his religion. In 1593 he converted to Catholicism and became King Henry IV.

Henry IV

• In 1598 he issued the Edict of Nantes-gave Huguenots limited religious freedom and required protestants to support the CC financially. Widely accepted because this ended the religious wars in France.

• Henry IV is a good, productive king during his short, 10 year reign. Stabbed by fanatical Catholic while

stopped in traffic.

Louis XIII and Richelieu

• The next king, Louis XIII was very young and a weak ruler. Cardinal Richelieu became his chief minister and most trusted adviser. Their goal was to weaken Huguenots in France. Starved and destroyed an entire city to make a statement.

• Together they suppressed the power of the nobility and involved France in the Thirty Years War-France supported protestants (why?) in order to work against the Hapsburgs (Catholic).

The Monarchy of Louis XIV

• In 1643 Louis XIV was crowned. Considered history’s best example of an absolute monarch.

• Also had an advisor, brought up to be a king, supremely confident--- at only 18 said, “L’état, c’est moi,” meaning “I am the state.” He chose the sun as his personal symbol-The Sun King.

Absolutism at Versailles

The Monarchy of Louis XIV

• Revoked the Edict of Nantes, outlawed Protestantism, causing over 200,000 Huguenots to flee=economic crisis.

• Involved in four wars; War of the Spanish Succession-Spanish king died without an heir; five rulers had claim to the throne; Louis wanted his oldest son on the throne; other European countries did not want Spain and France to be allies; England, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire launched a war against France in 1701. Fighting spilled over to the colonies.

• Treaty of Utrecht in 1713-Louis grandson gets Spanish throne, Spain and France can not be ruled by same family, France gives up territory (mostly in colonies)-England gets Canada.

Wrap Up

• How did Henry IV end France’s wars of religion?

• How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy?

• What were the main events in the monarchy of Louis XIV?

English Monarchy

• Key Terms and People: Puritans, Royalists, Roundheads, Oliver Cromwell, Rump Parliament, commonwealth, Restoration, William and Mary, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, constitutional monarchy

• Guiding Questions: What was the nature of Elizabeth’s relationship with Parliament? What is the major cause and the results of the English Civil War? What happened when monarchy returned to England?

• Objective: Compare the English and French monarchies. Discuss and analyze the English monarchy.

The Tudors and Parliament

• Henry VIII created the Church of England to marry Anne Boleyn. 1534 with the Act of Supremacy named Henry both the heads of church and state—breaking officially with the CC.

• Henry’s daughter Mary I (Bloody Mary) became queen; killed thousands of protestants.

• Elizabeth was crowned queen and returned England to the Anglican Church; parliament became stronger under her rule.

The English Civil War

• After a series of poor rulers (Charles I and James I) that wanted be absolute monarchs England broke out into civil war.

• 2 sides: Royalists (loyal to the king) and Roundheads(radicals made of Puritans (strict Calvinists), merchants, and upper class).

• The victorious Roundheads are led by Oliver Cromwell (British military officer) who gets rid of members of parliament who disagree with him=Rump Parliament.

• Rump Parliament charged Charles I with treason and on January 30, 1649, Charles I was publicly beheaded in front of his own palace—the first European monarch to be formally tried, and sentenced to death by a court of law.

England Under Cromwell

• England became a commonwealth, a republican government based on the common good of all the people.

• Monarchy and House of Lords abolished.

• Cromwell given title Lord Protector and began to behave like an absolute monarch, censored entertainment, started wars.

• Cromwell dies in 1658, succeeded by his son, government collapses, monarch reinstated.

Governmental Changes

• Restoration-period of the return of monarchs (Charles II and James II) in England. Didn’t go so well; bowed to the power of the people; remember what happened last time?

• Glorious Revolution-bloodless transfer of power leading William and Mary (James II protestant daughter) to throne of England.

• English Bill of Rights-William and Mary agreed to this document; limits power of monarch; US Bill of Rights modeled after this.

• Constitutional Monarchy-a monarchy limited by law.

Guiding Questions

• What was the nature of Elizabeth’s relationship with Parliament?

• What is the major cause and the results of the English Civil War?

• What happened when monarchy returned to England?