Absolutism

Move Towards AbsolutismSnapshot of France in the mid 1500’s:

20 million population 1.2 million: Huguenots

1/3 of nobles were Huguenots 18.799 million: Catholics

Power Vacuum in FranceDifferent groups compete to be the leader

Part One

Valois- 1st Priority LineHenry III

Mommy: Catherine DimediciSister: MarguaniteCatholicFirst ideas of politique- country before

ethnicity.

Guise- 2nd Priority Lines (If Valois was to end)HenryCatholic“Ultra”- Foreign Alliances

Holy Roman EmpireCharles V- Hapsburgs (rival family of Valois)

Bourbon- 3rd Priority Line (If Guise was to end)Henry

HuguenotMarried Marguarite of the Valois

Arranged by Catherine Dimedici (so her line would continue and Guise wouldn’t)

Assassination AttemptValoisBourbonGuise-

August-October 1572- St. Barthalones Massacre. Guise’s plot to assassinate Bourbons.

Loveless Marriage

Catherine Dimedici

Henry IVEdict of Nantes

Religious toleration for hugiesCatholicism is state religionHenry IV converts to Catholicism

Stops Civil Wars!Creates Unison

Stops Hapsburgs

Da KatKINGARMYTAXES

Military must support ruler.Yes: Unstoppable.No: stoppable.

PolitiqueWhat is best for the state.Will become nationalism.

Louie XIIITried to reunite FrancePolitically- Henry centralizes power from

regionalized.Socially- Tolerance

Regent/AdvisorCardinal Richelieu

Cardinal RichelieuReligious Figure

Highest aside from pope.Rason d’ Etat

Reason of StatePolitique

The 3 GoalsStrengthen Catholisim

Hugenaut’s forts taken down.Oppose Hapsburg

30 Years WarWeaken the Nobles

Centralize powerOffice of Intendants

Office of IntendantsFrance Divided into 32 districtsEach district:

Run by a nobel who is appointed by king Middle Class

VERY loyal Ruled outside their region- Fairness in Courts

Tax CollectionCourt System

Gazette starts- Government controlled newspaper.

30 years warHoly war?

It was.But no.

People protesting HRECharles V retires

Phillip II Ferdinand

Holy War

Holy War… still?

Spain&

The Holy Roman Empire(Hapsburgs)

Vs.

NetherlandsSweden

Denmark“Northern Germany”

Calvin

ist &

Lu

thera

ns

Spain&

The Holy Roman Empire(Hapsburgs)

Vs.

NetherlandsSweden

Denmark“Northern Germany”

FRANCE

Calvin

ist &

Lu

thera

ns

Result: Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Augsburg to include Lutheran OR

Calvanism (prince determines)Holy Roman Empire ShatteredFrance Acquires Alsace

The Sun King“None his equal”Regents:

Anne of Austria (mommy)- Hapsburg! Cardinal Mazarin (mommy’s advisor)- Italian!

FrondeNobles respect the king but not foreign

regents.Lack of Unity

Goal: Share power with royal familyRebellion put down by king’s army.Fights start… king allows.

L’etat C’est MoiThe State is Me.Louie XIV

Tireless worker- very activeThirst for attention- neglected by parents.Fearful of Paris- Attacked as a kid (rebellion)Resentful of Nobility

Etiquette Replaces ViolenceMakes nobles compete but not fight.Controlled nobles with social rules (parties)

Nobility to live in VersaillesHighest nobles excluded from councils.Middle class IntendantSocial Pressures used to divert attention.

Revocation of the Edict of NantesOne king, one law, one faithThree choices: Be catholic, convert to catholic,

leave.

ResultsFrench Economy fallsHugies leave to Hapsburgs and Netherlands

Economies prosper.Churches destroyed (Protestant)Hugy schools closedConversions or emigration

Colbert- Economic AdvisorMercantilismSelf sufficient Gold, Raw materials from

new world.Colonization in CanadaExplores down Mississippi

LouisianaExports over imports

Part 2

Spain – Phillip IIGold and Silver from vast empire made Spain

incredibly wealthy.King gets 3/8ths of every shipload and spent on:

PagtonageArmyIntimidating palace

No control on silver and flooded marketplace – demand down, supply up and value dropped.

Severe inflation

Spain Becomes Bankrupt – Phillip IIInflationJews and Moors being banished made Spain

lose artisans and businessmen.Nobles exempt from taxes.Lower classes had so many taxes they could

not afford to pay them.As a result, Phillip raises taxes in the

Netherlands

Netherlands ReactionMobsKilled Protestants.Spain and Netherlands broke out in war

(William of Orange took over Spain).Netherland achieves freedom

Government becomes stableLargest fleet (military and trading) in historyVery smart with waiting on selling products

(unlike silver incident) Dutch become wealthy

Divine RightMust believve in monarch.Growing middle class supports monarch.Less Church Authority

Wars Between Huguenots and Catholics in FranceEnded by Henry Bourbon

Tried to create unity through religionGave up Protestantism dn became a Catholic.Declared the Edict of Nantes (Later taken down by

Philip XIV)Cardinal Richelieu strengthens the French

MonarchyWeakens nobles’ power.Involved France in the 30 years war to weaken HRE’s

power and raise their own.Exercised authority.

Forbids Protestant cities from building walls.

Wars Between Huguenots and Catholics in FranceEffects of religious wars on French

intellectualsStart of skepticism as a new intellectual

movement.Development of the essay.

Louis XIV becomes the most powerful ruler of his timeJean Baptist Colbert

Tried to make France self-sufficient.Wanted to manufacture everything (no imports)

Recognized importance of colonies. Had a lot of raw material and a market for manufactured

goods.

Patron of the ArtsVesallies

Failure of ExpansionDutch floods countryside by opening dikes.A European alliance is created to stop France.

Legacy of Louis XIVLeft France as a power to be reckoned with.Staggering debts.Resentment over the royal abuse of power.

Will lead to revolution.

Intendant- Agents who collected taxes and administered justice.

Skepticism- The ideology of questioning of a government or idea. Nothing can be known for sure.

Thirty Years WarCauses of the war:

ReligionTerritoryPower

Consequences of the Peace of Westfalia:Germany’s population dropped 4 million.Germany’s economy destroyed (trade and agriculture)Weakened Spain and Austria but strengthened France.German princes independent of HREEnded religious wars.Introduced new methods of peace negotiation.

Central EuropeSerfs in Western Europe previously won

freedom and moved to small towns.Central Europe passed laws restricting the

ability of serfs to gain freedom and move to cities.

Central European Empires are WeakDevelopment of strong government was

blocked by landowners who wanted power.Allowed king little income, no law courts and

no standing army.

Russia and AustriaDuring the thirty years war, Austria (Hapsburg)

remained the most powerful and important state of the Holy Roman Empire.Conquered Bohemia.Wiped out Protestantism and created a new Czech

nobility that pledged more loyalty.Retook Hungary from Ottomans.

HohenzollernsCreated best standing army in EuropeWeakened representative assemblies of territories.Military advances.

Part III

Louis XIVThe Sun God, French Empire

Louis XIVPalace of Versailles- Propaganda, statues

power, model estate at the time.Reduced Powers of the Nobles

Social AffairsPolitically through office of Intendants (by Louie XIII)

Revocation of Edict of NantesCreated by his Grandpa (Henry IV)Closes schools, kicks Calvinists out

1 King 1 Faith 1 Law

Louis XIVMilitary Strength

Focused on his army through taxes, bought tons of hospitals to keep his population healthy and built fortifications (mostly walled cities).

Took a large coalition of nations to take him down in the War of Spanish Succession.

Economic PoliciesMercantilism

Colbert Exports of Imports Colonization Land

Louis XIVMethods of Public Obedience

PropagandaCensorshipSecret Police

AkbharMughal Empire

AkbarReligious Toleration

He defended religious freedom.He invented his own religion called Divine

Faith based on different religions put together.He held religious debates with representatives

of all religions.He gave Jesuits full freedom to convert and

allowed them to bring up one of his sons.Abolished high religion taxes.

AkbarFatehpur Sikri

A red-sandstone city was built dedicated to his first-born son, Jahangir. The meaning Sikri means “thanks to god.” It was a new capital that had Islamic and Hindu elements blended in. Fifteen years after it was built there was no water supply so it was abandoned.

The Red Fort of Agra was rebuilt during the reign of Akbar and used it as the capital of the Mughal Empire.

AkbarExpansion of Empire

Heavy artillery– used cannons to break into walled cities.Appointed Rajputs as officers turning potential enemies into

allies.Primarily into India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

Governing CouncilHe governed through a bureaucracy of officials and put

military governors in charge of each region, if they abused their power they would be severely punished.

Natives and foreigners could have high office positions (Hindus and Muslims)

Ex: chief finance minister, Todar Mal, calculated the tax as a percent of the value of the peasants’ crops.

Shah JahanMughal Empire

Shah JahanRed Fort and Taj Mahal

He raised taxes of people to finance new projects while a famine was occurring in India, which caused the hunger and starvation of the people of the Empire.

Expansion Through MilitaryDuring his years, captured the Rajput

Kingdoms in the northwest and expanded south in Deccan.

Shah JahanReligious Persecution

He ordered that all Hindu temples be torn down.In addition, he declared that all Christian churches

at Agra and Lahore should be demolished.Portuguese settlements were attacked for accused

of kidnapping Mughals resulting in thousands of Christians killed.

He began the persecution of Christians. He also did not allow peoples of various religions to gain political power, which significantly decreased his popularity.

Mehmet IIEurasiaOttoman Empire

Mehmet IITransfer of Power

Shortly into his rein, Mehmet was faced with a threat of a war with the Hungarians. His father left power as quickly as possible, when Mehmet was 12, in order to live a more relaxed lifestyle. Mehmet delivered this famous message to his father: “If you are the Sultan, come lead your armies If I

am the Sultan, I hereby order you to lead my armies.”

His father took power for a few years and it was then transferred back to Mehmet.

Mehmet IIInvasion of Constantinople

Constantinople was caught in between two parts of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet wanted to invade Constantinople for a long time, because it would officially end the Byzantine Empire. When the Byzantines asked for reinforcements from Italy, they enlisted 80 volunteers. He conquered it with ease and renamed it Istanbul.

Mehmet IIReligious Tolerance

Mehmet was a tolerant Sultan. He established millets, which were heads of individual religions. This kept internal conflicts to a minimum and allowed for a more unified empire.

Total PowerAlthough Mehmet had advisors, he rarely listened

to them. He kept absolute power at all times. He was very powerful.

(Expansion)Turkey, Morocco, Hungary, Austria, Iran

SuleimanEurasiaOttoman Empire

SuleimanExpansion Into Europe

Suleiman was a great leader militarilyDuring his time as the Sultan he captured Rhodes,

Belgrade, Tripoli, Eastern Asia Minor, Iraq, Aegean Islands, large portions of Persia and large portions of Hungary.

Religious ToleranceEven more tolerant than Mehemet II

Patron of ArtsHad many paintings of himself made.

Governmental Policies Illuminated bureaucracy, reduced taxes and power to self

Ming DynastyChina Dynasties

Ming DynastyThe Great Wall of china

The Ming rulers helped build the Great Wall of China. This showed their power in a way that showed their wealth.

Assisted in isolating China

ConfucianismThe Ming Dynasty restored Confucianism in China. Much of

the government and social structure was based on Confucianism. The Ming Dynasty took the Confucian belief that agriculture should be the main source of wealth for a country and that trade only caused problems and was not needed. Also, the Confucian belief that being a merchant was not a superior occupation was kept, but unlike Confucian teachings, being a militant put you in a higher class than that of most jobs.

Ming DynastyExploration to Isolation

Explored inBy the end of the fifteenth century, imperial

subjects were forbidden from either building oceangoing ships or leaving the country. Some historians speculate this measure was taken in response to piracy.

Zheng He

Zheng He’s VoyagesFamous Ming ExplorerZheng He's first voyage consisted of a fleet of around 300

ships holding almost 28,000 crewmen. These were probably mainly large six-masted ships - it is now thought that the large and flat nine-masted "treasure ships" were probably river ships used by the Emperor.

After Zheng He died, isolation began.Hai jin (literally "ocean forbidden") was a ban on maritime

activities during China's Ming Dynasty and again during the Qing Dynasty. It is commonly referred to as "Sea Ban". Intended to curb piracy, the ban proved ineffective for that purpose, while imposing huge hardships on coastal communities and legitimate sea traders.

Sent China into isolation.

Ming DynastyForbidden City

Stunning monument to China’s isolationism was an extravagant palace complex at the capital city.

Commoners and foreigners could not enter without special permission.

Mainly for the emperor and family.Lived in luxury and isolation.High upkeep cost.

Qing DynastyChina Dynasties

Qing DynastyExpansion

Into modern day China, Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet.

Trading PoliciesIf foreign states wanted to trade with China, they would

have to follow Chinese rules, which included trading only at special ports and paying tribute. They would also have to perform the “kowtow” ritual. This ritual involved kneeling in front of the emperor and touching their head to the ground nine times. The Dutch did this and became trading partners with China. Great Britain wanted to increase their trade with China, but did not like the restrictions. This made China not trade with Great Britain.

Qing DynastySummer Palace

This palace was built by the Emperor Qianlong who commissioned work on the imperial gardens, where it is located.

Form of propaganda.

Philip IISpain

Philip IIMilitary Campaigns

War with England – Fight with Elizabeth (Spanish Armadas and flaming ships). Never seized English land, but slowed them from colonizing Caribbean islands. 4 Armadas were sunk. On Elizabeths counter attempt with Armadas, she also failed

Drained Spanish treasury.

Philip IIDefender of the Faith

Prevented Protestantism to be practiced in SpainBelieved that it was his duty to defend the Catholic

faith Anyone who was not Catholic was punished or

converted to CatholicismAttempted takedown of Protestant EnglandAlways followed Pope’s orders to fight down the

Ottoman Empire.Philip II burned 270 of his subjects just because they

believed in Protestantism. Philip II felt that Catholicism was the only religion that was worth believing in.

Philip IIEl Escorial

A building in Madrid built as a monument signifying how great the Spanish empire was in Catholic religion.

Arches, columns and domes.Where Philip II planned invasions of England with

the Spanish Armada.Paid for by king’s large cut of silver from the New

World.Spanish Colonies

South America exported Silver.Too much silver flooding marketplace at once.

Peter the GreatRussia

Peter the GreatConquering St. PetersburgHad a 13 year war to conquer small plot of landPeter the Great wanted a port city so he could trade with

European countriesFought Sweden for possession of landCalled the Great Northern WarWesternizationPeter the Great’s main goal was to westernize RussiaHe took a trip to Europe to learn about Western culture and

economy Invited best engineers, builders, architects, and craftsmen from

EuropeHad beard tax to reduce Mongol influenceMade Russians wear European clothing

Peter the GreatReligious Reformer

Abolished the office of patriarchs, whom were the leaders of the church

Made himself the leader of the churchReligion was now more connected to stateMore Roman Catholic nowWas a minor revolution

EducationBefore the Great Northern War, when planning invasion, he

decided to make great schools in RussiaCreated the Academies of ScienceMade people more educated and literateMade country stronger as a whole

Peter the GreatWinter Palace

Rastrelli, 1754-1762. View from Palace Square. This was the last of Rastrelli's imperial residences, and one of the last major Baroque buildings in Europe. It cost some 2.5 million rubles to build, with funds drawn from taxes on alcohol and salt.

The Winter Palace remains a great expression of imperial Russian architecture and of the autocratic state that willed it into being. Authority is connoted by the very scale of the building, whose horizontal lines are segmented by the repetition of the columns and statues. The Winter Palace represents the quintessence of St. Petersburg monumental style, an assimilation of Western principles applied in a manner and scale that were uniquely Russian.

Peter the GreatExpansion

Expanded into parts of Sweden Conquered St. Petersburg, and valuable

coastlines.