1589-1715

Absolutism and the Modern State

1. Demographic changes2. Drop in Trading3. Lack of communication between monarchs

and subjects4. Constant presence of the nobility5. Warfare 6. Popular Revolts

Lower class Economic based

C0mmon Crises

1. Greater taxation2. Growth in the armed forces3. larger, more efficient bureaucracies4. increased ability to demand obedience

from subjects5. Development of a sovereign state

Common Achievements

Break into groupsread Hobbes’ LeviathanAll groups answer questions

Review Questions as a class

The Theories of Absolutism

r. 1643-1715

Louis XIV and the “Age of Magnificence”

Born 1639, dies 1715Father is Louis XIII, Mother Anne of Austria is

regent, Cardinal Jules Mazarin is advisorThe Regent Rule (1643-1661)

Kept French armies in The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

The Frondes (1648-1653)Try to increase taxesCourt flees Paris in 1649

Ascent to the Throne

How does Louis XIV portray himself?

The Reign of Louis XIVPersonality Traits of

Louis XIV

Claims a divine right to ruleIdeas on decision makingSpecial police forceSelect loyal officialsBuilds a regime on ceremony

Absolute Tendencies

MercantilismIdea by Jean-Baptiste ColbertGoal:Main Ideas

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Economic Policies

The Court of Louis XIVVersailles Palace,

built 1669-1686Treatment of the

nobility “Book of Manners”Characteristics of

Court life

1659: Expands Military1667: Invades Flanders1672: Invades Netherlands1681: invades Lorraine territory1701-1713: War of Spanish Succession1701: Forms a Grand Alliance1713: Peace of Utrecht

Significance:

Louis XIV’s Wars

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685Edict of Fontainbleu

Jansenists

Persecution of Minorities

Limits of Absolutism

Peter the Great

Watch A&E Biography on Peter the Great

Answer questions on sheet

Formation of Eastern European Absolutism

Politics Economics Military Culture/Society

Peter the Great

Taxes on everythingRussia divided into 8 districts

Academy of Sciences (1721)Names himself head of the Orthodox ChurchHoly SynodChanges to Western calendar

Hapsburgs

Frederick William the Great Elector of Brandenburg

Frederick William I

Essay Practice

1600-1750

The Culture of the Aboslutist Period

1603-1688

The Rise and Fall of Absolutism in England

James I of England (r. 1603-1625)Born 1566 in

Scotland

Mother, Mary Queen of Scots, abdicated throne in 1567 and James becomes James VI of Scotland

Name Change: Becomes James I of England

Unprepared for the throne

Believed in the Divine Right to Rule

Ascent to the English throne

James I view of Parliament

What powers does House of Commons have? King? Justification for each? Was compromise possible?

Raising revenue

Appointments of unpopular advisors

Attempted impeachments

Conflicts with Parliament

Issue of Foreign Relations

Spain

Marriages

James I and Foreign Relations

Complaints against the kingControlled by PopeToo “tax happy”Kings lieutenants are exceeding their powerMerchants cannot trade freely

Divisions within society Religious divisions

PuritansArminians

Class divisionsParliament supporters: “Country,” poorKing supporters: court, titled nobles

Charles I (r. 1625-1649) and the Fall of Absolutism

1625: forced loans on landowners w/o Parliament consent

1626: jails those who do not comply with loans1628: Petition of Right passed1629: Parliament dissolved1634: Ship Tax 1637: forced Prayer Book on Scotland

Scots rebel1639: Forced London to pay for war

Parliament will, only if they can reconvene1640: Parliament reconvened, refused to pay, and are

dissolved again

Divisions within Parliament

Parliament refuses to pass laws

Charles calls the army in

SidesCavaliersRoundheads

War of words

Beginnings of the English Civil War

Battle of Marston Moore

Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army

Divisions within Parliament 1. religious

Presbyterians Independents

2. reformersLevellersDiggers

Death of the King

Parliament triumphs

Government of Oliver Cromwell (r. 1649-1658)Domestic policyForeign policy

Charles II (r. 1661-1685)Navigation ActsDutch WarsColonization of US and Canada

James II (r. 1685-1688)Resurgence of Catholicism Glorious Revolution

Restoration of the Monarchy

Handed to William and Mary (r. 1688-1702)

Limitations on the crown

Role Parliament plays

Implications for the future

The English Bill of Rights, 1688

The Dutch Republic

Background and Structure to the Dutch State

Background Incorporated into the Holy

Roman Empire in 800 Passed off to Spanish rule in

1555 Split in 1581 Northern half recognized

independence in 1609 Southern half recognized

independence in 1648Structure

Oligarchies States General

Definition Duties

Stadholders

1609- Amsterdam Public Bank OpensShifting attitude towards the profession of

bankingFertile land is good for economyRise in populationBuilding of canalsTulip production

The Expanding Economy

The Dutch East India Trading Companies

Expand markets to Europe and East Indies

Specialize in Bulk Goods

The Role of Dutch Merchants

1. ReligionPromote Religious tolerationHuguenot MigrationJewish migration

2. Attitudes towards…HomelessnessEconomyDutch success

Dutch Culture

Wars with England drained the Dutch economy

Invasions of Louis XIVSouthern half partitioned to Austria in 1713Shift in Government control

Decline of Dutch Republic

Government structure kept one from gaining too much power

Do not want to repeat the government of their mother country

General attitudes towards culture and humanity prevented an absolute leader from rising up

Became successful on their own – without government intervention

What made them immune to absolutism?

The Ottomans

1350: Attempts for Hungary1423: Venice1462: Romania and Eastern Europe1526: Hapsburg Empire1672: Poland1700s: various wars with Russia

Major Battles with the Europeans

1618-1648

The Thirty Years War

Precipitated by Religious divisions and politics

Last “War of Religion”

Cripples the HRE – no united Germany

Creates better defined system of sovereign states

At the end of the war, France, Spain, and England gain prestige.

Spanish and HRE influence diminishes

Big Picture

The Holy Roman Empire

HRE is a loose confederation of over 1000 states and cities

Federal StructureEmperor is head of state Chancery for foreign policyImperial Diet – Parliament

Peace of Augsburg

Background

Order established at Peace of Augsburg is challenged byIntroduction of CalvinismKings breaking Provisions

Emperors/princes try to roll back Protestant RightsRudolf II (r. 1576-1612)Ferdinand II Archduke of Austria

Transylvania and Hungary revoltRudolf challenged by brother Matthias (r. 1612-

1619)Protestant League (1608) and Catholic League

(1609) are formed in response to religious tension

Origins

Start of the War/Bohemian Phase(1618-1625)

Ferdinand, King of Bohemia, imposes limits on Protestants

Defenestration of Prague, 1618

Bohemian crown offered to Calvinist Frederick of Palatinate

Ferdinand II becomes emperor in 1619 Secures help from Spanish

and Catholic League Wins battle of White

Mountain 1620, gaining control of Bohemia, Central and East HRE.

Danish Phase (1625-1630)Christian IV of Denmark

invades looking to help Protestants and to gain territory

Defeated by Albrecht Wallenstein, Bohemian noble and best Catholic general

Treat of Lubeck, 1629Ferdinand becomes even

more repressiveProtestants expelled/lands

confiscatedEdict of Restitution, 1629

Catholic successes alarm Protestant countriesGustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden

Motivated by:FaithTerritorial gainDesire to kick butt

Gains territories back 1629-1632Wallenstein recalled

Battle of Lutzen, 1632Adolphus dies, Catholics regain territories

Swedish Phase (1629-1635)

French Phase (1635-1648)French had been

aiding Protestants throughout war

Finally enter war directly in 1635 by declaring war on Spain and sending troops to Germany

Cardinal Richelieu’s justification Raison d’etat

Protestants make a comeback because of the French

Tired of war, they try to make peaceSpain bankrupt/Civil WarSweden losing troops/unhappy populationEngland in Civil War (1642)German princes, Catholics and Protestants

devastated by years of war

End of War

Redraws map of EuropeDutch United Provinces recognizedSwitzerland recognizedSweden gains German territoriesFrance gains Alsace

Treaty reinforces autonomy of German statesDecide own religion and foreign policyHoly Roman Emperor only has control over Austria

No country can declare war based on Catholicism or Protestantism

Reinforced the idea of sovereign territorial states with fixed borders

Treat of Westphalia, 1648