a5 konferenciis masalebi 00 -...

axali umaRlesi saswavlebeli

N E W U N I studentTa mesame samecniero

konferenciis Tezisebis krebuli

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2016

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saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare Tamar gardafxaZe — samarTlis doqtori, profesori,

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis reqtori saredaqcio kolegiis wevrebi: daviT geferiZe — samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli

profesori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis dekani

anna maruaSvili — ekonomikis doqtori, profesori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis dekanis moadgile

manana nanitaSvili — ekonomikis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis biznesis administrirebis programis xelmZRvaneli

marine donguzaSvili — doqtoranti, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis leqtori

qarTuli enis redaqtori -

filologiis doqtori valeri kvantriSvili © krebuli, 2016

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2016

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-22-856-8

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xviCa gogia

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis

studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori maia Wania

molaparakebis organizeba da

problemis gadawyveta

msoflio TanamegobrobaSi aqtiuri cxovreba mraval saerTaSoriso problemas warmoSobs, romelTa gadawyve-

ta mxolod civilizebuli saSualebiT _ diplomatiuri molaparakebiT aris mizanSewonili. saerTaSoriso dave-

bis mSvidobiani gziT gadaWra saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principia. molaparakeba urTulesi procesia,

romlis drosac adamianebi gamoxataven interesebs, afiq-

sireben sakuTar poziciebs da eZeben gadawyvetilebebs.

saerTaSoriso molaparakebebi mimdinareobs rogorc or-

mxriv, aseve mravalmxriv doneze. qarTul diplomatiaSi termin molaparakebas erTi mniSvneloba aqvs: raime sakiT-

xze SeTanxmebis misaRwevad gamarTuli azrTa gacvla-ga-

mocvla. Sedegis mixedviT molaparakeba aris nayofieri da unayofo. gadawyvetilebis mixedviT molaparakeba Se-iZleba iyos urTierTdaTmobiTi da Tvisebri siaxlis.

rogorc ar unda ganvmartoT molaparakeba, saboloo jam-

Si igi sadavo an SesaTanxmebeli sakiTxebis gadawyvetis Tanamedrove civilizebuli saSualebaa. magaliTad, civi omi. es aris meore msoflio omis Semdgomdroindeli geo-

politikuri ideologiuri da ekonomikuri dapirispireba sabWoTa kavSirsa da aSS-s Soris. rom ara molaparakeba dRes mTels msoflioSi ganukiTxaoba iqneboda.

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molaparakebis organizeba, rogorc aRiniSna, saxel-

mwifoTa Soris politikuri sakiTxebi mudmivi diplomatu-

ri warmomadgenlobis meSveobiT regulirdeba. gacilebiT Tavisufalia saqmiani partnioris arCeva, Tumca, misi ara-

marto moZebna, aramed saimedoobis TvalsarisiT, finansu-

ri mdgomareoba metad aqtualuria. mis gasarkvevad da in-formaciis misaRebad SesaZlebelia ori gza. pirveli _ sa-

qarTvelos savaWro-samrewvelo palatis informaciis Sek-reba da damuSaveba, ucxoeTis saelCoebis ekonomikuri gan-yofilebebis, qveynis komerciuli bankebis, specialuri sacnobaro masalebis gamoyeneba. es yvelaferi Sromateva-

di samuSaoa. igi dakavSirebulia mraval satelefono sau-

barTan da faqsebis gagzavnasTan.

meore _ sazRvargareTis sainformacio specialuri firmebis momsaxurebaTa gamoyeneba. aseTi firmebi calke-

ul kompaniaTa saqmianobis amsaxvel mravalferovan masa-las floben. yvelaze aqtualuria potenciuri partnio-

ris Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis drois dadgena. es saWi-roa ucxo firmis gasacnobad, rom gamoiricxos mosalod-

neli gaugebroba, fuWad ar daikargos dro da Tanxebi arasasurvel partniorTan urTierTobis SemTxvevaSi. es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom molaparakebis dawyebamde sa-imedo informaciebi movipovoT kompaniis ukeT gasacno-

bad, raTa Semcirdes xarjebi da mewarmeobiTi saqmianoba momgebiani gaxdes.

molaparakebis mosamzadeblad saWiroa molaparake-

bis dagegmva, radgan monawileebi Sexvedraze profesiu-

lad da fsiqologiurad moemzadon. ra Tqma unda, uSua-

lod molaparakebis msvlelobisas SesaZlebelia bevri ram Seicvalos, magram winaswar kargad mofiqrebuli da momzadebuli molaparakebis SemTxvevaSi, riskis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad mcirea.

miznis dasaxva, es aris is, riskenac molaparakebis mo-

nawileebi miiswrafvian, rac undaT ganaxorcielon, rasac surT miaRwion. mizani SeiZleba iyos konkretuli an ab-

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straqtuli, saboloo an Sualeduri. saubris ZiriTadi mi-zani informaciaTa gacvlaa, amitom gansaxilvel Temebze winaswar Tanxmdebian: sasaubro Temis SeTanxmeba; gansa-

xilveli sakiTxebis moniSvna da organizaciuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta. molaparakebis organizaciuli momzadeba gu-

lisxmobs delegaciebis formirebas da molaparakebaze qcevis strategiuli meTodebis SerCevas. delegaciebis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi Semadgenlobebis gansaz-

Rvraze mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas. ormxrivi mola-

parakebebis dros, rogorc wesi, monawileTa ricxobrivi Tanasworobis princips iTvaliswineben.

fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs Sexvedris adgilis SerCevas. sakuTar qveyanaSi Tu stumrad, radgan maspinZe-li mxare Semdeg upiratesobas iRebs, srulad akontro-

lebs situacias da molaparakebis msvlelobebze zemoqme-

debis mraval saSualebas flobs. mag: molaparakebis oTa-

xis SerCeva, kulturuli programis miznobrivad Sedgena,

aseve maspinZeli Tavs ufro damajereblad grZnobs.

erovnul qveyanaSi molaparakebis Catarebas upirateso-

basTan erTad garTulebac aqvs. kerZod, informaciis uqonlobis motiviT, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis gadadeba naklebad SeuZlia: stumar-maspinZlobis eTikidan gamom-

dinare, maspinZeli mxare garkveul daTmobaze unda wavi-des. molaparakeba SesaZloa Catardes neitralur adgil-

zec.

molaparakebis Catarebis dro da adgili, aseve sasa-ubro ena, monawileTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT SeirCeva.

amasTan, erT-erTma mxarem meores Tavs ar unda moaxvios Tavisi winadadeba. molaparakebis drois Secvlis Sem-

TxvevaSi, aucilebelia yvela monawilis winaswari Setyo-

bineba. molaparakebis magidaze ar unda iyos araviTari zedmeti nivTi, dokumenti. aucilebelia bloknotebi,

zog SemTxvevaSi leptopebi, mineraluri wylebi da bokle-

bi. magidaze SesaZlebelia iyos yvavilebi dabal larna-

kebSi.

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molaparakebis momzadebis procesSi xSirad tardeba TaTbirebi, sadac detalurad ganisazRvreba monawileTa raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi Semadgenloba, dgindeba molaparakebis amocana, mizani da Catarebis taqtika. garda amisa, ucxoeTis delegaciis miRebis organizaciuli mxare gulisxmobs: mosawvevebis dagzavnas, stumarTa daxvedras,

sastumroSi dabinavebas, miRebis saxeobis gansazRvras, me-

nius SerCevas, oficialuri sityvis momzadebas, suvenire-

bis SeZenas, stumrebis gacilebis organizacias, xarjTaR-

ricxvis daangarSebas, saTanado Tanxebis gamoyofas da sxva. TiToeuli zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta gar-

kveul garemoebaTa mxedvelobaSi miRebas moiTxovs. miRe-

bis drois SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom is saxel-

mwifo religiuri dResaswaulis, dasvenebisa da erovnuli glovis dReebSi ar Sedges.

erTi SexedviT ise Cans, TiTqos pozicia da interese-

bi erTgvarovania, radgan molaparakebis monawileTavis Sexedulebas bolomde icavs, igi amiT sakuTar pozicias gamoxatavs. realurad es ase ar aris.

interesi adamianis miswrafebaa, moTxovnilebaa, xolo pozicia misi principia, riTac igi Tavis interess icavs.

pozicia ufro konkretulia da naTeli, interesi ki xSirad faruli, ZneladSesacnobi da araTanmimdevruli.

warmatebis misaRwevad molaparakebis monawileebi,

metwilad interesebis da ara poziciebis Tanxvedras cdi-

loben. roca mxareebi sakuTar poziciebs myarad icaven,

es niSnavs, rom maT sawinaaRmdego interesebi aqvT, ro-

gorc aRvniSne, interesi xSirad farulia, igi rTuli ka-tegoriaa.

molaparakebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa isic,

rom mxareTa interesebi, SesaZloa, nawilobriv emTxveo-

des erTmaneTs. swored interesebis Tanxvedra ganapiro-

bebs mxareTa molaparakebas SesaZlebels, xolo gansxva-vebuloba, stimuls aZlevs maT molaparakebis Casatareb-

lad. partniorTa interesebis sruli Tanxvedris Sem-

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TxvevaSi molaparakebis gziT sakiTxis ganxilva saWiro aRar xdeba, aseT viTarebaSi mxareebi erToblivad moqme-

deben.

saintereso iqneba gagacnoT Tu rogori molaparake-

bis kultura da maxasiaTeblebia sxvadasxva qveynebSi.

amerikuli stili

aSS-Si damoukidebloba da Sinagani Tavisufleba ga-moixateba, rom mas SeuZlia saqmian Sexvedraze jinsebiT gamocxaddes an kidev amerikel mecniers ar moeridos damTavrebamde datovos samecniero konferencia. ameri-

kelis gambedaoba molaparakebis procesSi gadawyvetile-

baTa miRebis mzadyofnaSi mdgomareobs. zogjer gambeda-

oba kompromisiT gamoixateba, romelic dasavleTis kul-

turaSi keTili nebis gamoxatulebaa, problemis gadawyve-

tis erT-erTi gzaa.

Tavdajerebuloba amerikuli kulturisTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa. amerikelis pirdapiroba mola-

parakebis dawyebis dros dokumentebiTa da konkretuli winadadebebiT mzadyofnaSi vlindeba. saqmiani molapara-

keba amerikelebTan SedarebiT xanmoklea _ naxevari saa-Tidan erT saaTamde. gauTvaliswinebel garemoebebs ame-rikeli biznesmenebi uaryofiTad aRiqvamen, radgan winas-war dagegmvas da riskis minimalur zRvramde Sefasebas arian miCveulebi. saqmian urTierTobebSi amerikelebis demokratizmi araoficialur atmosferoSi molaparake-

bisa da saubris dros vlindeba. saqmiani urTierToba ame-rikuli stilis maRali profesionalizmiT xasiaTdeba.

maTi delegaciis yoveli wevri ama Tu im dargis profesi-

onalia.

8

iaponuri stili

iaponel biznesmenebTan saqmiani urTierTobis damya-

reba sakmaod rTulia, miTumetes, mimoweriTa da satele-

fono saubrebiT. amis mizezi mravalia: pirveli _ erov-

nul bazarze moqmedi bevri patara da saSualo firma saq-mianobas iaponur enaze warmarTavs da maTTan kontaqti Tarjimnis Carevas moiTxovs; meore _ iaponeli mewarmee-

bi metismetad wesierebi arian, valdebulebebs didi pasu-

xismgeblobiT ekidebian da amisTvis partnioris mxridan amomwurav informacias moiTxoven; mesame _ iaponur fir-

mebSi moqmedebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis rTuli proce-

dura, rac SekiTxvaze opertiul pasuxs aZnelebs; meoTxe

_ ucnobebTan saqmiani kavSiri ar uyvarT; dasasruls, ia-

ponelTa erovnuli xasiaTi upiratesobas pirad urTier-

Tobas aniWebs. iaponel biznesmenebTan pirveli saqmiani Sexvedris

dros miRebulia firmis Sesaxeb nabeWdi informaciis gac-

vla.

saqmiani Sexvedrebi ramdenime etapad tardeba: misalmeba; gansaxilveli sakiTxebis CamoTvla; azris

mSvidad gamoTqma; erTmaneTis Sexedulebebze mxareTa re-

aqcia; mxareTa mier Sedegebis Sejameba.

ucxoel biznesmenTa gasakvirad iaponelebi molapa-

rakebas warmarTaven neli tempiT, auCqareblad. Sexved-

ras meorexarisxovani, ganyenebuli sakiTxebis garCeviT iwyeben da mTavar Temaze mxolod garkveuli drois Sem-deg gadadian. rac ufro mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, umniS-

vnelo detalebs miT ufro met yuradRebas aqceven. swo-

red amaSia iaponelTa saidumloeba.

iaponelebi ceremonialis mxares kolosalur mniSvne-lobas aniWeben. maTi azriT, yovelgvari molaparakeba Taviseburi ceremoniaa. am dros saWiroa TavSekaveba da moTmineba.

iaponuri saqmiani eTikis normebiT, maRali zneobis

9

adamianad iTvleba ara is, vinc Tavis poziciaze myarad dgas, aramed visac kompromisi, anu daTmoba SeuZlia.

iaponeli menejerebi brZanebebs ar iZlevian. isini ga-sakeTebel saqmes xelqveiTebs faqizad mianiSneben. iapo-

nelebi mravalmxriv molaparakebas eridebian. isini saqmi-ani sakiTxebis detalur ganxilvas araoficialur atmos-

feroSic cdiloben.

iaponelebis mcdeloba ar iwvnion damarcxeba _ uf-

ro Zlieria, vidre gamarjvebis survili, amitom molapa-

rakebis procesSi risks yovelnairad Tavs arideben. wa-

rumateblobis SemTxvevaSi maTi prestiJi, reputacia ib-Raleba.

iaponelebi partniorebTan piradi urTierTobis gan-viTarebas did yuradRebas uTmoben, amitom araoficia-

lur Sexvedrebze problemas ufro detalurad ixilaven.

maTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa sazogadoebrivi azri-

sadmi mgrZnobiaroba da yvelaferSi sizuste. iaponeli yovelTvis yuradRebiania, usmens mosaubres, uRimis da xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavsac uqnevs, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom yovelTvis SeTavazebuli mosazrebis momxrea. gacnobisas savizito baraTebi gadaicema orive xeliT. maTTvis dama-

xasiaTebelia Zlierad gamoxatuli tradiciuloba. iapo-

nelebi biznesSi qalebs TiTqmis ar akareben, molaparake-

baSi monawileobis uflebas ar aZleven, saqmiani partnio-

ri qalebisadmi undoblobas iCenen.

qarTuli stili

qarTvel biznesmenebTan saqmis daWera martivia, rad-

gan Cvens qveyanas bevri investori sWirdeba. qarTuli mo-

laparakebis stili sul raRac 24 wels iTvlis da axal-

gazrdaa sxvadasxva erebTan SedarebiT. saqarTveloSi mo-

laparakeba ar mTavrdeba mxolod magidasTan, molapara-

kebis Semdgom ki tradiciebisamebr vlindeba qarTuli stumarTmaspinZloba. qarTvelebis molaparakebis stili

10

Taviseburia, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc evropu-

li, aseve dasavluri Strixebi, Tumca aqarTuli tradi-

ciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. molaparakebis dawyebas Tan sdevs sxvadasxva kuriozuli momenti, romelic ama Tu im qveynis tradiciebis damaxasiaTbeli Tvisebaa. erT-erTi aseTi momenti ki saqarTvelos yofil premier-ministrs axal zelandiaSi SeemTxva.

amrigad, molaparakebas msoflio civilizebul na-

wilSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. saerTaSoriso molapa-

rakebebi, romlebic mimdinareobs rogorc ormxriv, ise

mravalmxriv, doneze iTxoven sxvadasxva qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTiketis normebis dacvas, imdenad, ram-

denadac am SemTxvevaSi molaparakeba warmatebuli iqneba.

11

Tornike devaZe ksu, saqarTvelo socialur mecnierebaTa fakulteti specialoba _ Jurnalistika

bakalavriatis safexuris me-4 kursi seqcia: socialuri mecniereba xelmZRvaneli: nino mindiaSvili, filologiis akademiuri doqtori, ksu-s asocirebuli profesori

grigol robaqiZis publicistika

(erTi aspeqti) eris kulturul ganviTarebaSi umniSvnelovanes

rols qarTuli Teatri TamaSobs. qarTuli profesiuli Teatri (1850-1856), erovnuli realisturi Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani kera, daaarsa da misi ideuri, SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsi gansazRvra poetma da dramaturgma giorgi erisTavma.

qarTul Teatrsa da xelovnebas did yuradRebas aq-cevda grigol robaqiZe. is iyo qarTveli mwerali, publi-

cisti, sazogado moRvawe, Tanamedrove qarTuli da ger-

manuli fsiqologiuri romanis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. evropaSi ganaTlebamiRebuli grigol robaqiZe, rom-

lis msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi gavlena iqonia cnobilma germanelma filosofosma nicSem, XX sa-ukunis 10-iani wlebidan gamodis asparezze da imTaviTve misi yuradRebis arealSi eqceva qveynis umniSvnelovanesi problemebi: socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri, kul-

turuli da a.S. am etapze CvenTvis saintereso iyo misi publicistu-

ri werilebi Teatrze. am Temas g. robaqiZem araerTi sain-

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tereso werili miuZRvna, maT Soris: `dramatuli studia~,

`Teatri da musika~, (`Zmebi karamazovebi~), `Teatri da mu-

sika~ (sezonis gaxsna), `Teatri da musika~ (qarTuli drama,

`darispanis gasaWiri~, `irines bedniereba~), `Teatri da xelovneba~ (`berdo-zmania~), `Teatri da musika~ (`samSob-

lo~), `qarTuli Teatri~, `rusTavelis Teatri~, `tfili-

sis Teatrebi~ (qarTuli drama), `Teatri kentavri~ ,piska-toris Teatri~.

grigol robaqiZisTvis Zalian mtkivneuli iyo Teatri da xelovneba. is yovelTvis ambobda, rom xelovneba Teat-

ris gareSe, an piriqiT, warmoudgeneliao. arc kritikas erideboda, Riad akritikiebda Teatralur warmodgenebs, kargsac da cudsac advilad arCevda.

Teatri sicxea, gaoceba da aRfrTovanebaa, ase axasia-Tebs publicisti qarTul Teatrs. artistis mTavar Rir-

sebad gulwrfelobasa da silaRes miiCnevs: `roca artis-

ti scenaze gamodis, igi Tavs ise unda grZnobdes, rogorc sadoReT gamarTuli cxeni~ (Teatri kentavri).

kaCalovis saRamoze grigol robaqiZe aRniSnavda, rom cnobil da gaxmaurebul ambavs, TiTqos artistebi leqsebs ver kiTxuloben, es Sexeduleba kaCalovs daumsxvrevia, igi am mxriv arc possarts da arc moqnil sandro moissis Camo-

uvardeboda. momajadoebeli xma, sirbile, lirizmi da qa-luri intuicia mwerals Teatris ideuri mxaris gaazrebaSi exmareboda (Teatri da musika `kaCalovissaRamo~).

`aris karmen~ da aris `sevilieli dalaqi~. erTsac da meoresac is Tviseba aqvs, rom arc erTma maTganma ar icis Tu ra aris mowyena. TeatrisTvis es yvelaferia~. karmenis sulSi warmoCenili qarTuli temperamenti, sicocxle zustad asaxavs `gruzinul~ genias. arc `sevilieli dala-

qi~ Camouvardeba mas, artistizmiTa da sixalisiT. is sim-Zimes aqrobs da silaRes siciliT anavardebs. (Teatri da musika~ sevilieli dalaqi~).

`me Zlier miyvars realizmi xelovnebaSi, realizmi dasuli fantastiurobamde~, _ dostoveski. swored rea-

13

lobis SegrZneba uyvarda grigol robaqiZes, romelic qarTul suls, cxovrebiseul primitiul aqtebs Tvalwin warmoudgenda. Tumca, dasZenda, rom dostoevskis kiTxvis dros pirdapir gadadioda fantastikaSi.

`darispanis gaWirvebac~ ar moswonebia, àr iyo damak-

mayofilebeli~, ase Seafasa. tempi davardnili, neli rit-

mi da `dabeJili~ saRamo. am yvelafris mizezad vaso bar-

novi dausaxelebia, romelic darispanad mogvevlina. Tum-

ca, ìrines bednierebis~ dadgmiT aRfrTovanebul mwe-

rals es yovelive daviwyebia. masSi bunebrivi, qarTuli suli daunaxavs. arc imeruli oda gamorCenia, mis win nam-dvili TuTis xe, erTis sityviT `yvelaferi naturaluri kargia~ (Teatri da musika qarTuli drama `darispanis ga-

Wirveba~, ìrines bendiereba~). mwerali `berdozmanias~

literaturul cdad afasebs da dausruleb sxeulad.

ìgi aris filosofiuri dafiqreba dramatuli formiT gaxsnili~. Tumca, dramis kompozicia ar moswons. `miwisa~

da `cis~ dapirispireba SeuZleblad miaCnia. arc fabulis dialeqtika moswonebia. `miTologiuri Secnoba SanSiaSvi-lis dramaSi ar aris naTeli, xazebi am Semecnebis ganyene-baSi rCebian. aq aris sqema allegoriisa da arasxeuli sim-bolosi~ (Teatri da xelovneba `berdo-zmania~).

Tavis publicistur werilebSi xSirad SexvdebiT iseT Sefasebebs, rogoricaa: àrjansaRi hiumori~, `stilidan amovardna~, `Sinagani sibece~ da a.S. Tumca, yaraCoRelis portrets ar axasiaTebs zedmeti emociuroba, is ufro Zveli Tbilisis profilis naxatia. yvelaferi erTmaneTSi ireva, ewyoba, lagdeba da sabolood erT stilSi jdeba. av-qsenti cagarelis mier aTamaSebuli yaraCoReli `zRvarga-

dasulia~ (qarTuli drama `rac ginaxavs veRar naxav~). grigol robaqiZe xSirad ambobs, rom Teatri unda ga-

imarTos soflad, is unda iyos socialur garemoze adap-

tirebuli, xalxis yofa-kulturas unda asaxavdes, ig-

rZnobodes, rom is namdvilad qarTulia, realuri da li-

riulia. ~Teatri unda gaimarTos soflad. damtevi xuTi

14

aTasi suliT. warmodgenebi: gazafxulis gasuls da Se-

modgomis damdegs~ (qarTuli Teatri). qarTuli TeatriT Seyvarebul mwerals, kiTxvis niSne-

bic aRar aqvs, fiqrobs, rom Teatri `gamagrebuli xerxema-

lia~. `salomeis~ pesronaJiT Sepyrobils miuwvdomeli sur-

vilebi axsendeba, magram is mainc àrabunebrivi~ da wregada-

sulia~. `salomeis~ gamarTlebac SeiZleba, yvavilebiT, Rvi-

niT da isteriuli vnebiT. Tamar WavWavaZem `salomeis~ yofa SesaniSnavad gadmosca. is dajildoebuli iyo energiiT, gam-tarunarianobiT, xmiT, SexedulebiT da bevri sxva ramiT...

ìoqaan~ axali qarTuli Zalaa da is zustad gadmos-

cems Teatrisa da xelovnebis yofiT movlenebs. rac See-xeba akaki vasaZes, `mdidari JestikulaciiT~ Tavs iwonebs.

avtors TvalTaxedvidan `salomeis~ mokvlis scenac ar epareba, ramdenjerme sinaTlis Caqroba da anTeba, rac zedmetad miiCnia. saerTo jamSi, am piesaSi monawile msaxi-obebi zustad gadmoscemen qarTuli yofierebis mankier Tu umanko detalebs (rusTavelis Teatri `salomei~ _ os-

kar uaildis). `cxovreba, rogor TamaSi da TamaSi, rogorc saxioba~,

ase afasebs grigol robaqiZe `gayras~ da etnografis uwo-

debs. `qarTul yofaSi SeWra `moqalaqis~ tipisa Zalian xmieri da xalisiani moqalaqis figura mZafria, rogorc mamali pilpila. `gayraSi~ swored `moqalaqis SemoWraa mniSvnelovani~. Tumca, naturalizmsa da primitivizms, Soris àreulebs~ kote marjaniSvilis dadgmac ar gamor-

CeniaT mxedvelobidan. ìnteresTa TamaSis~ Teatri, avtors Teatrad miaCnia

da ambobs: ìnteresTa TamaSis~ Teatri uTuod Teatria am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT. magram yvelas Tavisi ge-mo aqvs, da ar SemiZlia aqve ar ganvacxado, rom es `Cemi~ Teatri ar aris. Teatri unda iyos dakodili kentavrebis gavardna. mgoni, es ufro Seefereba qarTul rassasa da datemperaments~ (tfilisis Teatrebi).

qarTuli sityvis bunebis garkveviT `Caciklul~ mwe-

15

rals, qarTuli mwerloba axsendeba. erenburgis `fenomo-

logias~ evropis Tanadroul kulturas uwodebs da deta-

lebSi ganmartavs: `evropam dahkarga `miwa~. roca `miwa-

ze~vlaparakob, bevrs es materia hgonia. ase rom iyos, ma-Sin evropa miwa iqneboda, radgan igi materiaa mxolod (`gmiri qarTul scenaze~).

politikis SeWras kulturaSi, 1914 wels abralebs, romelic sulier da ekonomikur tradiciaze iyo damyare-

buli. xelovnebas `Tavisuflebis idilias~ uwodebs da aRniSnavs: `xelovnebis ganTavisufleba am mdgomareobi-

dan SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xe-lovneba ar moerideba, Tanadrouli socialuri yofis wi-naaRmdeg brZola gamoacxados~ (piskatoris Teatri).

didi vnebiT gaJRenTil dramas, arc Tavisi jiquri xedviT Camouvardeba vneba, romelSic kargad Cans xelov-

nebis, rogorc eris sulieri sazrdos peripetiebi. Tumca, avtori imasac dasZens, rom Teatri, rogorc kulturuli yofis namdvili sarke, zogjer ararealur samyaroSi ga-dadis.

`Teatri ki sicxea, gaoceba da aRfrTovaneba, xelov-

neba ki Sinagani cixe-simagre, romlis damorCilebac da sa-Tavisod gamoyeneba bevrs ZaluZs~, _ ambobs publicisti.

neta, `damorCilebasa da saTavisod gamoyenebaSi~ ras gu-

lisxmobda is?!... daskvna:

warmodgenil publcistur naSromebSi, grigol roba-

qiZe Teatrisa da xelovnebis umTavres Rirebulebad `si-

laRes~, `gulwrfelobas~ da `Tanamedroveobas~ miiCnevs. mas Znelad warmoudgenia xelovneba Teatris gareSe, an pi-riqiT. albaT, xorcieli mSvenierebis gadmocema ufro advilia, vidre sulieri samyarosi, romelSic dabudebu-

li `qimerebi~ arxeinad navardoben. is sispetake, rac Te-

16

atralur warmodgenas amSvenebs `adekvaturobaa~, swore-

dac, rom mas eris sworad azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi mTa-

var rols xelovnebas miiCnevs. `xelovneba da Teatria, TviTrealizmi da am realizmidan areklili sinamdvile~.

amdenad, vfiqrobT, rom umniSvnelovanesia is weri-

lebi, romlebSic g. robaqiZe Tavis xedvas ayalibebs Te-

atrsa da xelovnebaze. calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom publicistma garkveuli sadinari misca qarTuli xelov-

nebis ganviTarebas, rac misi publicistikis am mimarTu-

lebaSi cxadad warmoCinda.

17

xviCa gogia


studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori maia Wania

komerciuli bankebi da saqarTvelos

sabanko sistema

banki aris sakredito-safinanso dawesebuleba, rome-

lic umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs qveynis ekonomikaSi.

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva sakredito dawesebulebebis, maT Soris bankebis arsebobas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs.

iberiasa da kolxeTis samefoSi Zv.w.aR. VI s-Si ga-moCnda sxvadasxva saxis zarafebisa da mevaxSeebis insti-

tutebi, romlebic dRevandeli sabanko sistemis winamor-

bedebs warmoadgendnen. XIII saukunis meore naxevridan mas Semdeg, rac saqarTevlo ganuwyvetliv brZolebis arenad iqca, raime saxis sakredito dawesebulebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb masalebi istoriul wyaroebSi aRar moipoveba.

saqarTveloSi bankis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia ilia WavWavaZis saxelTan. 1873 wlis maisSi bankebis wesdebis SemuSavebis dasaCqareblad da sabanko saqmeebis Sesaswav-lad igi daviT yifianTan da dimitri yazbegTan erTad ga-emgzavra ruseTSi. bankis wesdeba rusebma dagvimtkices 1874 wlis 28 maiss, imJamindelma finansTa ministrma rei-

ternma, romelsac ewoda Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saad-

gilmamulo wesdeba. 1875 wlis Tebervlidan amoqmedda Tbilisis banki, romelsac 30 wlis manZilze 1905 wlis 23 Tebervlamde saTaveSi ilia WavWavaZe edga.

18

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis Tanamedroveoba 1991 wlidan iwyeba, rodesac Cven nanatri damoukidebloba movi-

poveT. banki gaxda avtonomiuri, damoukidebeli, komerciu-

li dawesebuleba, rac misi arsis mTavar arguments warmoad-

gens. saqarTvelos sabanko sistema dayofilia sam ZiriTad struqturad: erovnuli, anu centraluri banki; komerciu-

li banki da sxadasxva mikrosafinanso organizaciebi. centraluri banki nebismier ganviTarebul saxelmwi-

fos safinanso-sakredito sistemis sakvanZo elements warmoadgens. komerciuli banki sakredito sistemis erT-erT mniSvnelovan rols warmoadgens. banki sakredito organizaciaa, romelsac erTobliobaSi Semdegi saxis operaciebis ufleba gaaCnia:

1) iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebisTvis sabanko anga-riSebis gaxsna da saxsrebis anabrebSi mozidva.

2) investiciebis mozidva da sxvadasxva saqmeebSi fu-

lis dabandeba. ra Tqma unda banki, arc qarxanaa, arc fabrika, magram

mas, rogorc nebismier sawarmos, Tavisi produqcia gaaC-nia. bankis produqts warmoadgens sagadasaxado saxsrebis formireba, agreTve kreditebis, grantebis mravalfero-

vani momsaxureobis gaweva. sabanko sistema Semdegi saxis mimdinare da strate-

giuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad gamoiyeneba: ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa infliciis regulireba sagadasaxado balansis regulireba

komerciuli bankebi sakredito sistemis ZiriTad rgols warmoadgens. isini praqtikulad yvela saxis saban-ko operaciebs axorcieleben, aseve saangariSsworebo-sa-komisio da savaWro-sakomiso operaciebs asruleben, faq-

toringul da lizingur operaciebs axorcieleben, saz-

RvargareTis filialur qsels aqtiurad afarToeben da mravalerovnul sabanko sindikatebSi monawileoben.

19

komerciuli banki warmoadgens iuridiul pirs, rom-

lis samarTlebrivi organizaciuli forma aris saaqcio sazogadoeba misi Seqmnis wesi ki SemdegSi mdgomareobs.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze komerciuli bankebis regis-

traciis, gaxsnisa da likvidaciis wesi saqarTvelos parla-

mentis mier 1995 wlis 23 ivniss damtkicda. bankebis mier yve-la operaciis ganxorcieleba mxolod erovnuli bankis mier gacemuli licenziis safuZvelze aris SesaZlebeli.

licenzirebis procesis sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoad-

gens Sesaqmneli sakredito dawesebulebis Sesaxeb Semdegi saxis informaciebis analizi: bankis ZiriTadi aqcionere-

bis Semadgenloba, investirebuli kapitalis sawyisi wya-roebi, xelmZRvanelobis kompetenturoba. erovnuli ban-ki sabanko licenziebs gascems mxolod am dadgenili we-siT. am licenziis Tanaxmad, komerciul bankebs ufleba eZlevaT awarmoon sabanko operaciebi rogorc saqarTve-

los teritoriaze, aseve mis farglebs gareT. komerciu-

li bankis partniorebi SeiZleba iyvnen, rogorc reziden-

ti, aseve ararezidenti fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romelTa monawileoba ar ikrZaleba saqarTveloSi moqme-

di kanonmdeblobiT. axladSeqmnili bankebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs sawesdebo fondis sidides, misi Sevsebis formasa da vadebs, rasac gansazRvravs centraluri ban-kis Sesabamisi normatuli aqti.

sabanko licenziis misaRebad warmodgenil Suamdgom-

lobas Tan unda erTvodes Semdegi dokumentebi. • bankis registraciis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo dadgeni-

lebis notariulad damowmebuli asli. • bankis notariulad damowmebuli wesdeba • damfuZnebelTa krebis oqmi, romelic unda moicav-

des: bankis sameTvalyureo sabWos, sarevizio komisiisa da direqtoratis arCevnebs, mTavari buRaltris daniSvnas, bankis aqcionerebs Soris sawesdebo fondis wilobriv ga-danawilebas Tanxobriv da procentul gamoxatulebaSi.

20

fizikur pirebze: saxeli, gvari sacxovrebeli adgili, saqmianoba profesia, Sromis wignakis amonaweri, damowme-

buli bolo samuSao adgilidan. iuridiul pirebze _ sapasporto monacemebi damowme-

buli Sesabamisi saelCos mier, sagadasaxado deklaracia, saregistracio dokumentebis notariulad damowmebuli aslebi, auditoriuli organizaciis daskvna misi finansu-

ri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, momsaxure bankidan cnoba anga-riSis arsebobis Sesaxeb da sagadasaxado davalebis asli sawesdebo fondSi Setanil Tanxaze.

banki, rogorc mogexsenebaT, aris fuladi mimoqce-

vis sferos ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeuli. igi kredi-

torebisagan msesxeblebisaken da gamyidvelisagan myidve-

lebisaken fuladi saxsrebis gadaadgilebaSi Suamavlis rols asrulebs.

komerciuli bankis ZiriTadi funqciebia: Suamavloba kreditebSi, dagrovebis stimulireba meurneobaSi, Suamav-

loba damoukidebel subieqtebs Soris gadaxdebSi da fasi-

an qaRaldebTan operaciebSi. bankis sidide damokidebulia rogorc msxvili, aseve mcire danazogebis mobilizebaze.

bankebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, upirveles

yovlisa, ganisazRvreba imiT, rom maT SeuZliaT: Seqmnan sagadasaxado saSualebebi. bankebi kredi-

torebis saxiT axal fulad masas qmnian. gamouSvan sagadasaxado saSualebebi mimoqcevaSi.

bankebi klientis angariSze sakredito fulis moculobis Canawerebs axorcileben.

ganaxorcielon sagadasaxado saSualebebis amoRe-

ba mimoqcevidan. bankebi msesxeblis mier kreditis dafar-

vis realizebas axorcieleben. amrigad, bankebi dakreditebis meSveobiT ekonomikis

ganviTarebis stimulirebas axorcieleben. saqarTveloSi komerciuli bankebis aqtivobebi 1991

wlidan iwyeba. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebi dRiTid-

21

Re izrdeba da sxvadasxva ucxour birJebze Sedis. 2009 wels `saqarTvelos bankma~ did warmatebas miaRwia da londonis safondo birJaze moipova adgili, saqarTve-

los banks ki 5 wlis Semdeg `Tibisi banki~ mihyva da dRes saqarTvelos umsxvilesi bankebi evropis bankebTan aqtiu-

rad TanamSromloben. `respublika banki~ _ es banki gawev-rianebulia frangul-Sveicariul jguf sosiede-Jene-ralSi.

maS ase, saqarTvelos bankebis reitingi FORBES GEORGIA-s, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankisa da ERNEST YOUNG-is TanamSromlobiT Forbes-is ivnisis nomerSi sa-qarTvelos sabanko seqtoris reitingebi gamoqveynda. ban-kebis Sefaseba 3 ZiriTadi indikatoris mixedviT moxda:

• sruli aqtivebi • gacemuli sesxebi • kapitali Sefasebebi erovnuli bankisa da saqarTvelos sta-

tistikis erovnuli samsaxuris sajaro statistikur in-formaciaze dayrdnobiT gakeTda.

pirveli xuTi banki sruli aqtivebis mixedviT: saqarTvelos banki Tibisi banki liberTi banki respublika banki prokredit banki

gacemuli sesxebis mixedviT saqarTvelos banki li-

derobs mTliani sasesxo portfels 3.2 miliard larze me-tiT, rac 2014 wlis Semdeg 11%-iani zrdis Sedegia.

saqarTvelos banki Tibisi banki banki respublika liberTi banki prokredit banki

22

kapitalis zrdis yvelaze swrafi tempi `bazis bankma~ daafiqsira (126%) da amave kriteriumiT SefasebaTa siaSi me-7 adgilze moxvda, ramac 2013 welTan SedrebiT 2 pun-

qtiT daawinaura. `saqarTvelos banki~ am indikatoris mi-xedviTac pirvelia, Tumca pirvel xuTeulSi zrdis tem-

pis mixedviT `qarTu banki~ yvelaze swrafad gaizarda da 2015 wels 80%-iT meti kapitali daagrova. `qarTu banki~ pirvel xuTeulSic moxvda.

saqarTvelos banki Tibisi banki banki qarTu liberTi baki resbublika banki

amgvarad, saqarTveloSi komerciuli bankebis for-

mirebisa da saqmianobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom sabanko sistemaSi Camoyalibda mTeli rigi dadebiTi tendenciebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

1. pirveli, sabanko reforma ganxorcielda, rac ga-moixateba komerciuli bankebis raodenobrivi Semcirebis fonze maTi xarisxobrivi maCveneblis gaumjobesebiTa da konkurentunariani garemos SeqmniT;

2. inflaciuri procesebis marTvis safuZvelze Se-

narCunebuli iqna sxva valutebis mimarT laris gacvliTi kursis stabiluroba;

3. stabiluri gacvliT kursze dayrdnobiT sabanko sistemisadmi mosaxleobis ndobis umniSvnelo amaRleba-

mac dadebiTi zegavlena moaxdina depozitebisa da sakre-

dito dabandebebis zrdaze, bankebis kapitalizaciis mo-

culobebis gadidebaze; 4. minimaluri sawesdebo kapitalis etapobrivma

zrdam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba bankebis konsolidaciisa da gamsxvilebis procesi.

23

gogita inasariZe

samcxe-javaxTis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis iuridiuli fakultetis samar-

Tlis specialobis II kursis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori malxaz lomsaZe

amnistiis da Sewyalebis samarTlebrivi

aspeqtebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi

amnistiisa da Sewyalebis idea odiTganve iyo cnobili. igi momdinareobda xelisuflebaTa uflebidan da ukav-

Sirdeboda qveynis cxovrebaSi momxdar RirsSesaniSnav

movlenebs gansakuTrebul TariRebs. amnistiasa da Sewya-lebaze, rogorc saxelmwifo suverenitetis aucilebel niSanze, mravali dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sefasebaa ga-

moTqmuli. Zveli Cineli filosofiis mamebi aRniSnavdnen, rom Tu kanoni moiTxovda sasjelis mizRvas, xelmwife ki cremlebs Rvrida, amiT is Tavis kacTmoyvareobas gamoxa-

tavda da ar mmarTvelobda1. Sewyalebis winaaaRmdegi iyo kanti, igi mis gamoyenebas mizanSewonilad Tvlida. maSin Tu vneba TviT suverens miadgeboda da safrTxe am Sem-TxvevaSi xalxis uSiSroebas ar daemuqreboda2.

istoriaSi aris faqtebi, roca Sewyalebis idea disku-

siis sagani gamxdara, magaliTad: safrangeTSi Sewyalebis aqtiT sasjels gadaurCnen cnobili damnaSaveebi fuliTa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan mtkice kavSiris sa-SualebiT, rasac mosaxleobis uaryofiTi rezonansi moyva da Sewyalebis muxli 1791 wels sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-

sidan amoiRes. aseTi momentebi arasodes ar SeiZleba ga- 1 Zveli Cinuri filosofia, 1973, gv. 264-265. 2 kanti, narkvevebi, eqvstomeuli, t. 4 gv. 263.

24

moiricxos, magram amnistiasa da Sewyalebas aRiarebs uam-

ravi demokratiuli qveynebis kanonmdebloba. saqarTve-

los konstituciiT saqarTvelos prezidents miniWebuli aqvs msjavdebulebis Sewyalebis ufleba. amnistiis ga-

mocxadebis kompetencia ganekuTvneba parlaments. profesor malxaz lomsaZis miTiTebiT, sasjelis mox-

disagan msjavdebulis ganTavisufleba, agreTve danaSau-

lis sasjelis Semsubuqeba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlos. am wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgens iseTi SemTxveva, rode-

sac sasjelisgan ganTavisufleba an sasjelis Semsubuqeba aministiiT da SewyalebiT xdeba1. amnistia da Sewyaleba ga-nixileba rogorc saxelmwifos mxridan gamoxatuli huma-

nuri aqti. amnistia da Sewyaleba sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da sasjelisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZ-

velia, riTac adamians eZleva Sansi daibrunos Tavisufle-

ba, pirovnuli Rirebulebebi da gamoadges sazogadoebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom amnistiasa da Sewyalebas Soris arse-

bobs mravali saerTo niSani, mainc gaaCniaT araerTi ganmas-xvavebeli niSnebi. amdenad mizanSewonilad vTvli ganvixi-loT TiToeuli maTganis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi.

amnistia berZnuli sityvaa (amnestia), rac niSnavs pati-

ebas. igi warmoadgens ganTavisuflebis Sereul formas, romlis ZaliTac SesaZlebelia rogorc sisxlisamarTleb-

rivi pasuxismgeblobisgan, ise sasjelisagan ganTvisufle-

ba. saqarTvelos ssk m. 77-e muxlis ZaliT, amnistias acxa-

debs saqarTvelos parlamenti individualurad ganusaz-

Rvrel pirTa mimarT, amnistiis aqtiT damnaSave SeiZleba ganTavisufldes sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis-

gan, xolo msjavdebuli ganTavisufldes sasjelisgan an misTvis daniSnuli sasjeli SeiZleba Semcirdes, an Seicva-

los msubuqi sasjeliT. sasjelmoxdils amnistiis aqtiT SeiZleba moexsnas nasamarTleoba. aRniSnul muxlSi Tval-

Sisacemia sityva `damnaSave~. mimaCnia, rom igi gamarTlebu-

1 m. lomsaZe, saq. ssk., 2013, gv.163.

25

lad araa miTiTebuli, radgan, rogorc viciT piris cnoba damnaSaved mxolod sasamarTlos prerogativaa da damnaSa-

ved SeiZleba iwodos braldebuli Tu mis mimarT arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, romelTa uflebebic daculia saerTaSorisod aRiarbul 1948 wlis 10 dekembris deklaracis me-11 muxlis 1-li nawiliT da aseve 1966 wlis 16 dekembris saerTaSoriso paqtis me-14 muxlis me-2 nawiliT, TviTeul pirs, visac brali edeba sis-xlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi, ufleba aqvs iTvle-

bodes udanaSaulod manam, sanam misi braleuloba ar dam-

tkicdeba sasamarTlos mier gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT. Cvens sinamdvileSi ki amnistia SeiZleba gavrceldes ro-

gorc braldebulze, aseve gansasjelze da msjavrdebul-

zec. kargi iqneba Tuki braldebulisa da gansasjelis Sem-TxvevaSi Caiwereba, rom piri SeiZleba ganTavisufldes am-nistiis aqtiT, rogorc muxlSia miTiTebuli.

amnistia, rogorc wesi, vrceldeba mxolod im damna-

Saveebze, romelic damTavrda amnistiis aqtis iuridiuli Zalis SeZenis momentamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom amnistiis aqtiT sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba mkacri wesebiT ekide-

ba am mniSvnelovani aqtis gamocemas, iyo iseTi SemTxveve-

bi, roca amnistiis aqti ar SeiZleba miCneuli iqnes samar-

Tlianad da humanurad, magram zogjer sasjelisgan gaTa-

visufldnen mZime danaSaulis Camdeni msjavrdebulebi, maSin roca igi ar Sexebia naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebulebs. (saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos 1992 wlis amnistia), ramac sazogadoebis guliswyroma daimsa-

xura. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi igi normatiuli xasiaTisaa, ese igi, vrceldeba individu-

alurad ganusazRvrel pirTa wris mimarT, exeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis gansazRvris raodenobas procesua-

lurad nebismier stadiaze. igi savaldebuloa rogorc samarTlebrivi organoebisTvis, aseve amnistirebulebis-

Tvis. gamonakliss warmoadgens Tu amnistirebuli piri Tavs ar cnobs damnaSaved da moiTxovs saqmis sasamar-

26

Tlos wesiT gadasinjvas. aministiis aqtiT sisxlis samar-

Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis an sasjelisagan gaTavisuf-

lebis iuridiul safuZvels warmoadgens sisxlis samar-

Tlis saqmis Sewyvetis dadgenileba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amnistiis aqtiT SesaZloa

moixsnas nasamarTloba. ratom `SesaZloa~ da ara auci-

leblad amiT xom amnistiis humanuroba ufro efeqturi iqneba, amnistirebuli Tavs Tavisuflad igrZnobs da ve-ravin miuTiTebs mis nasamarTlobaze. Sewyalebas xSirad `kerZo amnistias~ uwodeben, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblad igi gamoiyeneba im pirTa mimarT, romlebic Tavs cnoben damnaSaved, inanieben Cadenil danaSauls da pirad an ne-bismier pirTa meSveobiT Sewyalebis TxovniT mimarTaven saqarTvelos prezidents1.

saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e muxlis 1-li pun-

qtis p qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos prezidenti Se-iwyalebs msjavrdebulT, rac niSnavs imas, rom Sewyaleba vrceldeba im pirTa mimarT, romlebzec arsebobs saqar-

Tvelos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni. prezidentis mier ganxorcielebul aqts safuZvlad udevs samarTlebrivi, moraluri, zneobrivi kriteriume-

bi da humanizmis principebi, romelTa erToblioba saxel-

mwifo politikis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. msjavrdebulTa Sewyalebis samarTlebriv safuZvels war-

moadgens saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 27 martis brZanebulebaa Sewyalebis wesis damtkicebis `Sesaxeb~, romelic detalurad gansazRvravs Sewyalebis Txovnis da Suamdgomlobis ganxilvas, saqarTvelos prezidentisaT-

vis wardgenis wesTa proceduras, mxedvelobaSi miiReba Cadenili saSiSroebis xasiaTi da xarisxi, adrindeli nasa-marTleoba, sasjelis moxdis vada, qceva, ojaxuri piro-

bebi da sxva. siaxlea is garemoeba, rom uvadoa Tavisuf-

1 saq. prezidentis 2014 w. 27 marti, N 120 brZanebuleba; igive muxli 3, muxli 7.

27

lebaaRkveTili, romelic sapatimroSia 25 wlidan da 15 weli ukve aqvs moxdili, eqvemdebareba Sewyalebas.

zemoaRniSnuli brZanebulebis ZaliT prezidenti kvlav rCeba upirobod, yovelgvari kriteriumebis gareSe Seiwyalos piri. kargi iqneboda miTiTebuli yofiliyo Tu ra unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. amnistiisa da Sewyalebis aqtiT ganTavisufle-

buli pirebis SeswavliT gamoikveTa, rom Sewyalebis gamo-

yenebis praqtika ufro efeqturia, vidre amnistia. amnis-tiasa da Sewyalebas Soris arsebuli msgavsebis miuxeda-

vad, maT Soris sagrZnobi gansxvavebaa. pirveli _ Sewyaleba ar atarebs normatiul xasiaTs.

igi warmoadgens konkretul SemTxvevaSi samarTlis gamo-

yenebis aqts. meore _ Sewyaleba xorcieldeba konkretulad gan-

sazRvrul pirTa mimarT. mesame _ Sewyalebis aqti aris piris sasjelis Semdgo-

mi moxdisagan ganTavisuflebis iuridiuli safuZveli. amnistiis gamoyenebis dros aucilebelia im Sesabami-

si organos aqti, romelsac amniistiis realizebis pasu-

xismgebloba ekisreba. Sewyaleba atarebs erTjerad xasi-aTs, amnistiis gamoyeneba ki sakmaod xangrZliv periods moicavs da moiTxovs policiis, prokuraturis, sagamoZi-

ebo samsaxurebisa da sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis Zalisxmevis moTxovnas.

warsulSi Cveni istoridan cnobilia, rom `sasjeliTa misjils SemdgomSi damnaSaves, rasakvirvelia, mefisaTvis, viTarca uzenasi xelisuflebiT mosils da msajulisaT-

vis SeeZlo danaSaulebis `Seneleba~anu patieba eTxova1. saistorio Txzulebidan Cans, rom mefes araerTxel aseTi aja da vedreba, erTgulebis ficis CamorTmevisa da Tav-

mdebTa dadgomis Semdgom Seusmenia da sasjeli upatiebia. gavixsenoT Tundac daviT aRmaSenebelis mier Sewyalebu-

1 iv. javaxiSvili, TxuzulebaTa tomi 7, gv .358.

28

li liparit baRvaSis ambavi da aseve cnobilia istoriaSi daviT narinis mier raWis erisTavis kaxaberisaTvis Camor-

Tmeuli mamulis dabruneba, Seundo ficTa mier. Cven ganvixileT kanonismieri Sewyalebuli adamianTa

saqmebi, romlebic samarTlebriv normebzea dafuZnebuli, magram samarTalTan erTad aseve mniSvnelovania moralu-

ri da zneobrivi aspeqtebi, radgan samarTalTan erTad mniSvnelovania moraluri da zneobrivi normebis gaTva-

liswineba. rogorc Cveni patriarqi mogviwodebs, viyoT gaWirvebaSi myofi adamianebis mimarT ufro mimtevebelni, radgan yvelaze didi madli da yvelaze didi Rvawli mite-

vebaa.

29

goga kvaracxelia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-

tis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori manana zubiaSvili

saqarTvelos _ rogorc agraruli qveynis

ekonomikuri potenciali

saqarTvelo odiTganve agraruli qveyanaa. mas mniS-

vnelovani wvlili Seaqvs qveynis ekonomikis ganviTare-

baSi. amas adasturebs misi wili qveynis mSp-Si, rac 2015

wlis monacemebiT 9,2%-s Seadgens. igi umniSvnelod Ca-

morCeba mrewvelobis wils mSp-Si.

aRsaniSnavia, rom soflis meurneobas qveynisaTvis

aqvs ara mxolod ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, aramed socia-

luric. kerZod, soflis meurneobis zrda mWidrodaa da-

kavSirebuli siRaribis daZlevasTan. 2015 wlis monaceme-

biT am maCvenebelma Seadgina 10,01%, rac CamorCeba wina

periods, kerZod, 2014 wels iyo 11,6%, 2013 wels ki 9,7%.

soflis meurneobis produqtebiT vaWrobas SeuZlia

mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana qveynis mTeli ekonomikis

ganviTarebaSi, rameTu qarTuli sofeli gamoirCeva Ta-

visi ekologiurad sufTa produqciiT.

biznesis warmatebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs re-

sursebis efeqturad gamoyenebas. Tumca, dRes qveyanaSi

problemas warmoadgens is, rom jer-jerobiT ar aris

Seqmnili srulyofili samewarmeo garemo da mewarmeob-

rivi unari, romelic agrobiznesmens unda gaaCndes. ris

gamoc, igi rogorc warmoebis faqtori xSirad gamouye-

30

nebeli rCeba. amasTan erTad, agrobiznesis ganviTareba

da sursaTiT mosaxleobis uzrunveyofis problemis ga-

daWra mniSvnelovnadaa dakavSirebuli agraruli seqto-

ris mTavari Semadgeneli nawilis _ soflis meurneobis

warmoebis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli resursuli da

mTlianad sawarmoo potencialis Sefasebasa da gamoyene-

baze. resursuli potencialis Sefasebis da efeqturad

gamoyenebis problema rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania,

rogorc meTodologiuri, ise praqtikuli Tvalsazri-

siT. saWiroa problemis Seswavlisadmi sistemuri midgo-

ma, yvela resursis potencialSi CarTvis Teoriuli da-

sabuTeba.

erovnuli meurneobis arcerTi dargi ar xasiaTdeba

resursebis iseTi nairsaxeobiT da maTi struqturis

cvlilebiT, rogorc soflis meurneoba. swored es gan-

sazRvravs am dargis dinamikuri da myari ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobebs. saWiroa resursebis saxeebisa da rao-

denobis gansazRvra, rameTu isini iwveven potencialis

struqturul cvlilebebsa da ganviTarebas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dReisaTvis qveynis agraruli seq-

toris umetesobas warmoadgenen mcire, ojaxuri mewarme

fermerebi (mcirebiznesmenebi). maT ar SeuZliaT seqto-

ris monopolizeba _ bazarze zemoqmedeba sabazro fase-

biT da, rac mTavaria, maT ar SeuZliaT konkurencia ga-

uwion agrobiznesSi dasaqmebul msxvil fermerebs, kom-

paniebs, Suamaval struqturebs da a. S.

amas xels uSlis soflad sabazro infrastruqturis

araTanabari ganviTareba. bazari garkveuli azriT, Tvi-

Ton warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganawilebi-

sa da moxmarebis regulators.

Cemi azriT, dRevandeli situaciidan gamomdinare

aucilebelia, rasac saxelmwifo (mTavroba) akeTebs amo-

qmedeba wvrili ojaxuri meurneobebis, wvrili, saSualo

da msxvili fermerebis, firmebis, agrobiznesmenebis,

kompaniebis, korporaciebis da sxv. mxolod bazarze ze-

31

moqmedebis, misi regulirebis meTodebis xvadasxvanairia.

saxelmwifo am mizniT iyenebs sagadasaxado, sakredito

da sxva SeRavaTebs, proteqcionizms (subsidirebas), ise-

Ti ekonomikuri politikis gatarebas im dargebisadmi,

romelTa ganviTarebiTac yvelaze metad aris daintere-

sebuli sazogadoeba (mevenaxeobis, mexileobis, meCaieo-

bis, mecitruseobis, mecxoveleobis da, upirveles yov-

lisa, marcvlis warmoeba). saxelmwifos mier xdeba dad-

genili sabaJo gamosaRebebisa da produqciis eqspor-

tis licenziebis kontroli, da Tu saWiroa, mimarTavs administraciul-samarTalzemoqmedebasac. sasoflo-sa-

meurneo nedleulisa da sursaTis bazris normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroa agrobiznesmenebs gaaC-

ndeT Semdegi ZiriTadi pirobebi:

1. vawarmooT nedleuli, produqti, saqoneli, ara saerTod, aramed mxolod iseTi xarisxis, rom SesaZle-

beli iyos misi gayidva, iseTis, rogorsac moiTxoven myidvelebi da Tanxmdebian maT Sesyidvaze;

2. produqcia unda iyos personificirebuli sa-

kuTreba. igi SeiZleba iyos piradi, saaqcionero, koo-

peraciuli an sxva, magram unda yavdes konkretuli me-

patrone, romelic kanonierad flobs mas da aqvs misi gankargvis ufleba, eweva sakuTrebis Tavisi wilis gan-kargvis risks;

3. bazris yvela monawiles unda hqondes sawarmoo da komerciuli saqmianobis SedarebiTi Tavisufleba,

raTa patiosani konkurencia gauwion erTmaneTs; ra Tqma unda, es araa bazrisaTvis saWiro yvela piroba,

mxolod ZiriTadia da realurad jer arc moqmedebs.

agrarul seqtorSi arsebobs uamravi SezRudva, gansa-

kuTrebiT, kerZosakuTrebis, mewarmeebis waxalisebis,

patiosani konkurenciis dacvis da sxva. agrarul ba-

zarze sruli Tavisufleba jer ar aris da arc SeiZ-

leba iyos, Tundac im mizeziT, rom sazogadoeba sa-

xelmwifo marTvis aparatis meSveobiT, iZulebulia da-

32

icvas Tavi kerZo mesakuTreebis TviTnebobisagan, ro-

melsac mivyavarT miwis ganiavebisa da gamofitvisaken,

Semosavlebis mkveTri diferenciisa da sxva damRupve-

li Sedegebisaken.

amitom, agrarul seqtorSi sabazro ekonomikis Sem-dgomi ganviTarebisaTvis, saWiroa moqmedebdes agraru-

li biznesis regulirebis sxvadasxva meqanizmi, srul-

yofili qnas kanonmdebloba kerZo sakuTrebaze, sufTa konkurenciaze, unda xdebodes produqciis (brendis)

dacvisaTvis serTifikatebisa da patentebis gacema,

srulyofili unda iqnas sagadasaxado, sakredito, Se-

RavaTebis da dazRvevis sistema da sxva. bazarze warmatebisaTvis, biznesis sferos SerCevi-

sas, saWiroa davicvaT rigi wesebi, kerZod:

1. sawarmo unda ecados hqondes bazarze monopo-

lia romelime saxis produqciaze, raTa dominirebdes iq am produqciis xarisxiT, romlis analogic am ba-

zarze ar iqneba; 2. sasurvelia, rom biznesis ganviTareba iyos Se-

fardebiT damoukidebeli ekonomikuri ciklis fazebi-

sagan, anu unda uzrunvelyofdes brunvis daCqarebas ara marto warmoebis aRmavlobis, aramed misi dacemis periodebSic;

3. ferma, firma, kompania saWiroebs mogebis maRali normis da dakveTebis tempebis zrdas. amisaTvis Tval-

yuri unda vadevnoT, rom amaRldes Cvens produqciaze ganmeorebiTi dakveTebis wili, radgan es biznesis imi-jis zrdis maCvenebelia;

4. unda vecadoT fermisaTvis gamudmebiT SevqmnaT produqciis gasaRebis axali bazrebi da nu CavebRauWe-

biT mxolod erTs. axali bazris Seqmna SeiZleba war-

moebis diversifikaciiT, produqciis axali saxeebis ga-moSvebiT an Zvelis srulyofiT. unda gvaxsovdes, rom roca vipoviT sakuTar adgils (niSas) bazarze, auci-

leblad gamoCndeba viRac, vinc Seecdeba Segvecilos

33

da gagviwios konkurencia. amitom yovelTvis unda ve-

ZioT Semdegi (sxva) saTadarigo adgili, romelzec SeiZ-leba pereorientacia. imisaTvis, rom ferma, firma, kom-

pania gavides bazarze, saWiroa:

• gaaCndes horizontaluri (anu sxva firmebTan da sawarmoebTan) kavSiris damyarebis garkveuli xarisxis Tavisufleba;

• hqondes resursebiT sakmarisi uzrunvelyofa;

• gansazRvros sakuTari pozicia bazarze komerci-

uli riskis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, romelic dakavSire-

bulia konkurenciasTan;

• miiRos sapatento dacvis ufleba sakuTar sabaz-

ro produqciaze, agreTve xarisxis sertifikati;

• organizacia gaukeTon produqciis warmoebisa da gasaRebisaTvis saWiro infrastruqturas, anu biznesis materialur-teqnikur uzrunvelyofas. teqnikur-ekono-

mikuri strategiisa da sabazro taqtikis damuSaveba xels Seuwobs fermas, firmas da maT sawarmoebs sabo-

lood monaxon TavianTi Tavi bazarze.

rogorc amboben, ar aris biznesi (miTumetes, agro-

biznesi) riskis gareSe. mTavari riski dakavSirebulia investiciis SerCevis strategiasTan. investireba xom,

esaa kapitalis dabandeba mewarmoebaSi. saWiroa gan-

vsazRvroT, ramdeni unda gadavixadoT masalebis, ned-

leulis, manqana-mowyobilobebis, muSaxelis Sromis anazRaurebaze da a. S., raTa maTi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi eqsploataciis Semdeg, gvqondes sasurve-

li Semosavali, anu ganvsazRvroT amogebis vada dis-

kontriebis (fulis erTeulis dRevandeli da xvalin-

deli fasebis mxedvelobaSi miReba) meTodiT. msoflio praqtikaSi aseT angariSs momavali Semosavlis diskon-

tirebas uwodeben, xolo saZiebel sawyis Tanxas _ dis-

kontirebul, anu mimdinare Rirebulebas.

34

lana gelaSvili

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis II kursis bakalavriatis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori avTandil xazalia

informaciis Tavisufleba

saxelmwifo, rogorc rTuli biurokratiuli erTeu-

li, warmoadgens sajaro uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcie-

lebeli institutebis sinTezur erTobliobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs qveynis mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis efeq-

tur realizebasa da saxelmwifos sistemur mdgradobas. Tanamedrove civilur samyaroSi demokratiuli Rirebu-

lebebis pativiscema dafuZnebulia suverenuli saxelmwi-

fos ideaze. e. w. saxalxo suverenitetis principi, rome-

lic araerTi qveynis uzenaesi kanoniT aris normatiulad gansazRvruli, warmoadgens yoveli ganviTarebuli sa-

xelmwifos institucionalur qvakuTxeds. saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sivrceSi saxalxo suverenitetis idea aR-

qmulia e. w. saerTaSoriso aRiarebis umniSvnelovanes in-dikatorad. samarTlianad unda aRiniSnos, rom am mxriv saqarTvelos konstitucia mowodebis simaRlezea da sru-

lad akmayofilebs im `standartebs~, romlebic evropu-

li samarTlis ojaxisTvis substanciuri mniSvnelobis ka-tegorias warmoadgens. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis pirveli nawili adgens, rom saqarTveloSi xeli-

suflebis wyaroa xalxi da rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi. 1. sa-

35

xalxo suverenitetis principi, erTi mxriv, gulismobs

sajaro xelisuflebis angariSvaldebulebas Tavisi moqa-

laqeebis winaSe da, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis SesaZleblobas, CarTuli iyos saxelmwifos marTvis po-

litikur-samarTlebriv procesebSi. (sajaro xelisufle-

bis samoqalaqo kontroli). informaciis Tavisufleba, swored samoqalaqo kontrolis umniSvnelovanesi aspeq-tia, rac sajaro dawesebulebebidan informaciis xelmi-

sawvdomobas gulisxmobs da romelic warmoadgens saxel-

mwifos mier mosaxleobasTan angariSvaldebulebisa da misi saqmianobis gamWvirvalobis garants. samecniero li-

teraturaSi farTod aris mxardaWerili mosazreba, rom `sasicocxlod aucilebelia, sazogadoebas xeli miuwvde-

bodes saxelisufleblo dawesebulebebSi dacul infor-

maciaze~. 2. vinaidan sazogadoebrivi azri da damkvidre-

buli Sexeduleba yovel konkretul sakiTxze, mniSvne-

lovnad gansazRvravs demokratiuli sistemis funqcioni-

rebis xarisxs. aRniSnuli qmedeba SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc xelisuflebis SeboWvis erT-erTi saSualeba. 3. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principi swored saxelmwifo xelisuflebis samarTliT boWvasa da individualuri Ta-

visuflebis uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobs, romlis yovel-

dRiur rutinul pirobebSi realizeba sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba. informaciis Tavisuflebis instituti erT-erTi maTgania. informaciis Tavisufleba, rogorc konstituciuri ufleba, Tanamedrove civiluri samyaros umniSvnelovnesi monapovaria.

swored saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sajarooba, gam-

Wirvaloba da gaxsniloba, is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia,

romlebic fundamenturad gansazRvraven qveynis demok-

ratiuli principebiT progresuli winsvlis xarisxs. am procesebSi umniSvnelovanesia yoveli individis, rogorc samarTalsubieqtis CarTuloba, imdenad, ramdenadac `so-

cialuri aqtivoba~ xelisuflebis marTvis yoveldRiur

36

procesSi iZleva sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi stabilurobis garantias.

informaciis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi reguli-

reba saerTaSoriso da Sida kanonmdeblobiT informaciis Tavisufleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi kategoria, norma-

tiuli saxiT aris reglamentirebuli, rogorc qveynis uzenaes kanonSi -konstituciaSi, aseve Sida kanonmdeblo-

baSi. informaciis Tavisuflebis cneba. rogorc ukve aRi-

niSna, informaciis Tavisufleba konstituciuri ufle-

baa. informaciis Tavisufleba Tavisi arsiT gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTanaa mWirdo kavSirSi. aRniSnuli ufleba gulisxmobs adamianisTvis miniWebul SesaZleblobas, mii-Ros da gaavrcelos informacia, ideebi, sajaro xelisuf-

lebis Carevis miuxedavad. aRniSnuli normis mixedviT,

adamians Tavisuflad SeuZlia miiRos da gaavrcelos in-formacia. Tavis mxriv, amgvar uflebaSi ar igulisxmeba adamianis pativisa Tu Rirsebis Semlaxveli faqtis gav-rceleba. igi miuTiTebs mxolod saxelmwifos valdebu-

lebaze, moqalaqeebs ar dauyenos e. w. `informaciuli filtri~. informaciis Tavisuflebaze saubrisas aucile-

belia aRiniSnos, rom kanonmdebloba legaluri defini-

ciis saSualebiT erTmaneTisgan mijnavs sajaro da sai-dumlo informacias. sajaro informacia _ oficialuri dokumenti (maT Soris, naxazi, maketi, gegma, sqema, foto-

suraTi, eleqtronuli informacia, video da audio Cana-werebi) anu sajaro dawesebulebaSi daculi, agreTve sa-jaro dawesebulebis an mosamsaxuris mier samsaxurebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli, damuSavebuli, Seqmnili an gagzavnili informacia; saidumlo informa-

cia-sajaro dawesebulebaSi daculi, agreTve sajaro da-

wesebulebis an mosamsaxuris mier samsaxurebriv saqmiano-

basTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli, damuSavebuli, Seqmnili an gagzavnili informacia, romelic Seicavs personalur mo-

nacemebs, saxelmwifo an komerciul saidumloebas.

37

sajaro informacia. sajaro an nebismieri informa-

cia, romelic daculia sajaro dawesebulebaSi da ar Sei-cavs saidumlo monacemebs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos sportisa da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa saministros wliuri biujeti da misi programuli ganawileba. sajaro infor-

macia calke samarTlebriv institutad saqarTvelos zo-

gadadministraciul kodeqsSia mowesrigebuli (`kanoni, kanonSi~), romlis safuZvelzec sajaro informaciis ga-moTxovis SesaZlebloba wesrigdeba. sajaro informaciis gamoTxova demokratiul saxelwifoSi sazogadoebisTvis miniWebuli nebadarTuli uflebaa. sajaro informaciis gamoTxovis uflebis matarebeli subieqti SeiZleba iyos `yvela~, raSic, Tavis mxriv, rogorc fizikuri, ise iuri-

diuli piri moiazreba. sajaro informaciis miRebis moT-

xovna vrceldeba nebismier sajaro dawesebulebaze, rom-

lis gamoTxovisas aucilebeli ar aris pirma miuTiTos mi-si miRebis motivsa da mizanze, rac im faqtze mianiSnebs, rom pirs sajaro informacia SesaZlebelia sxvaTa samar-

Tlebrivi interesebis realizaciisTvisac sWirdebodes. szak-is 28-e muxli gansazRvravs sajaro informaciis xel-

misawvdomobis princips da adgens, rom sajaro informa-

cia Riaa, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa da dadgenili wesiT personalur monacemebs saxelmwifo an komerciul saidumloebas mikuTvnebuli informaciisa.

aRniSnul normaSi vawydebiT e. w. antagonistur ur-

TierTSesityvebas, vinaidan qarTuli ena termin sajaroSi semantikurad moiazrebs TavisTavad Rias, yvelasTvis xelmisawvdoms, Sesabamisad, albaT arc Tu ise mizanSewo-

nilia sajaroobis Riad da daxurulad urTierTdiferen-

cireba. sajaro informaciaze saubrisas, upirveles yov-

lisa, unda movaxdinoT misi dayofa ramdenime saxed, ris Sedegadac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba msjeloba sakiTxze, Tu romeli saxis informaciis gacemaa nebadarTuli saqar-

Tvelos kanonmdeblobT.

38

Tu saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praq-

tikas moviSveliebT, SevniSnavT, rom gamoiyofa sajaro informaciis oTxi saxe:

a) informacia, romelic Tavad informaciis miRebis msurvels Seexeba;

b) oficialur wyaroebSi daculi informacia, rome-

lic misi miRebis msurvels ar Seexeba, magram maTi miReba kanoniT dadgenili wesiTaa SesaZlebeli;

g) informacia, romelic saxelmwifo, komerciul an profesiul saidumloebas Seicavs;

d) oficialur CanawerebSi arsebuli monacemebi, rom-

lebic iseT kerZo sakiTxebs Seexeba, rogoricaa − jan-

mrTeloba, finansebi da sxva sakiTxebi. zemoT moyvanili oTxi kategoriidan mxolod `g~ kategoriaSi arsebuli in-formacia ar aris xelmisawvdomi mesame pirebisTvis, sxva SemTxvevaSi, igi nawilobriv SeiZleba gasajarovdes. maga-liTad, saxelmwifo saidumloebis Semcveli informacia − am SemTxvevaSi, konkretul monacemebs saxelmwifo sai-

dumloebis grifi imitom aqvs miniWebuli, rom ar moxdes maTi gasajaroeba. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba saxelmwi-

fo saidumloebis faqtis dadgenisas informaciis gacemas krZalavs. analogiuri situaciaa komerciuli an profe-

siuli saidumloebis Semcvel informaciazec, romlis ga-cemisas dairRveva fizikuri, Tu iuridiuli piris ufle-

ba. sajaro dawesebulebaSi daculi yvela sxva saxis in-formacia warmoadgens sajaro informacias.

saidumlo informacia. informaciis Tavisufleba,

rogorc adamianis ufleba, SeiZleba rig SemTxvevebSi Se-izRudos. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi konstituciuri normebi unda Seesabamebodes adamianis uflebebis saerTa-

Soriso aqtebs, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia adamianis ufle-

baTa evropuli konvencia. adamianis uflebis SezRudva unda moxdes sajaro interesebis dasacavad, romlis dro-

sac saxelmwifom ar unda daarRvios Tanazomierebis prin-

cipi, raTa ar ganxorcieldes kerZo Tu sajaro interese-

39

bis despotizmi. Sesabamisad, Tu arsebobs adamianis uf-

lebebis SezRudvis aucilebloba, igi ganxorcielebul unda iqnes mxoloddamxolod sajaro dawesebulebebis mi-er. swored, aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania ganmarte-

bul iqnes, Tu ra saxis monacemebis miReba ar SeuZlia Ti-

Toeul Cvengans? imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifos saqmianoba garkveul SemTxvevebSi gamJRavnebas ar eqvem-debareba, kanoniT daSvebulia misi gasaidumloeba. saqar-

Tvelos kanonmdebloba ki, informaciis gasaidumloebis ramdenime ZiriTad saxes iTvaliswinebs: pirad, saxelmwi-

fo, komerciul, profesiul saidumloebasa da aRmasru-

lebel privilegias. piradi saidumloeba. adamianis piradi cxovreba xel-

Seuvalia da aravis aqvs masSi Carevis ufleba, garda sa-qarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxve-

vebisa. swored, aqedan gamomdinare, piradi saidumloeba saxezea, rodesac monacemebi sajaro dawesebulebaSi mo-

muSave im pirzea Seqmnili, romelic ar warmoadgens Tanam-

debobis pirs. magaliTad, sajaro samarTlis erT-erTi qvedanayofis umcrosi specialisti. Tu sajaro informa-

ciis momTxovnma am piris Sesaxeb moiTxova monacemebis mi-Reba, sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia pirvel rigSi swored am pirs hkiTxos, Tu ramdenad aqvs survili, gas-ces sakuTari monacemebi sajaro informaciis saxiT mesame pirebze. Tu pirma Tanxmoba ar ganacxada, sajaro dawese-

buleba valdebulia gaasaidumloos igi, vinaidan swored am subieqtis uflebaa airCios surs Tu ara identifikaci-

is saSualebebis mqone monacemebis gasajaroeba. aRniSnu-

li sakiTxi 2012 wlis 25 maisis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebe-

bis ganxorcielebamde metad problemuri xasiaTis gax-

ldaT. saqme imaSi mdgomareobda, rom personalur mona-

cemTa dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis miRebamde, am sakiTxis maregulirebeli normebi srulad iyo warmodge-

nili szak-Si. aRniSnuli urTierTobis momwesrigebeli normebi `orazrovan~ xasiaTs atarebda. kerZod, azrTa

40

sxvadasxvaobas iwvevda sakiTxi, Tu ra igulisxmeboda pi-ris mier personaluri monacemebis pirad saidumloebad miCnevis sakiTxis `gadawyvetaSi~ da rodis unda mieRo mas es gadawyvetileba. winaswar unda miemarTa aseTi monace-

mebis mflobel sajaro dawesebulebas da

• ecnobebina, rom am piris Sesaxeb arsebul monace-

mebs miiCnevda pirad saidumloebad, Tu: personaluri mo-

nacemebi TavisTavad pirad saidumloebad iTvleboda da • piris mier maTi pirad saidumloebad miCnevis sakiT-

xis gadawyvetaSi igulisxmeboda, rom dauSvebeli iyo am piris nebarTvis gareSe misi gacema. sakiTxis aqtualobasa da problemurobaze metyvelebda sasamarTlo praqtika da is gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic msgavsi tipis saqmeebze gamoqondaT samive instanciis sasamar-

Tlos. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, problema 2012 wlis 25 mai-sis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Semdgom aRmoifxvra, ro-

desac dadginda, rom personaluri monacemebis Semcveli informacia TavisTavad piradi saidumloebaa da misi gasa-jaroeba `uflebamosili~ piris nebarTvis (an calkeul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis) gareSe dauSve-

belia. pirad monacemebze ufleba warmoadgens individis TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, rodesac mas SeuZlia Tavad gansajos, Tu rodis gaxdes igi cnobili sazogadoebis-

Tvis. swored, aqedan gamomdinare, personaluri monaceme-

bi aucileblad unda iqnes sajaro dawesebulebis mier ga-saidumloebuli, Tu misi gacema individs Tavad ar surs.

saxelmwifo saidumloeba. gansxvavebiT piradi sai-

dumloebisgan, saxelmwifo saidumloebis Semcveli mona-

cemebis arsebobisTvis aucilebelia, rom am dokuments miniWebuli hqondes Sesabamisi grifi. saxelmwifo saidum-

loebis Semcveli monacemebis dacvis wess aregulirebs specialuri kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, aseT dokumente-

bad CaiTvleba Tavdacvis, ekonomikis da sagareo urTier-

Tobebis, dazvervis, saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da marT-

lwesrigis sferoSi arsebuli monacemebi. Tu sajaro da-

41

wesebuleba CaTvlis, rom moTxovnili informacia saxel-

wmifo saidumloebaa, maSin sajaro informaciis momTxov-

nas aucileblad unda miawodos miniWebuli grifis nomeri da ganumartos mas, Tu ra mizeziT ar asajaroebs moTxov-

nil dokumentebs. sajaro dawesebulebis mxridan amgvari ganmartebis gakeTebis SemTxvevaSi absoluturad daculi iqneba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT regulirebuli qce-

vis Sesabamisi wesi. komerciuli saidumloeba. komerciul saidumloebas

mikuTvnebuli monacemebi am saqmianobis warmmarTveli pi-ris `nou-haua~. aRniSnul kategoriaSi ar SeiZleba Sevi-des monacemebi, konkretuli iuridiuli piris direqto-

ris (Tavmjdomaris) saxelisa da gvaris Sesaxeb. amasTan,

komerciul saidumloebad ar CaiTvleba administraciu-

li organos saqmianobis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi, igi aucileblad kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis Tu sxva mewarmeTa Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes monacemebs. administra-

ciuli samarTlis sferoSi bolo periodSi ganxorciele-

buli cvlilebebi naTeli dasturia imisa, rom samarTali ar aris statikuri mecniereba da is mudmiv ganviTarebasa da srulyofas saWiroebs. am azris marTebulobas adastu-

rebs komerciuli saidumloebis instituti, da szak-is moqmed redaqciaSi arsebuli misi momwesrigebeli norme-

bi. szak-is 272 muxlSi warmodgenilia komerciuli sai-

dumlos cneba da misi regulirebis farglebi:

1. komerciuli saidumloeba _ informacia komerciu-

li faseulobis mqone gegmis, formulis, procesis, saSua-

lebis Taobaze an nebismieri sxva informacia, romelic ga-moiyeneba saqonlis sawarmoeblad, mosamzadeblad, gadasa-

muSaveblad an momsaxurebis gasawevad, an/da romelic war-

moadgens siaxles, an teqnikuri Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovan Sedegs, agreTve sxva informacia, romlis gamJRavnebam Se-saZloa ziani miayenos piris konkurentunarianobas.

2. informacia administraciuli organos Sesaxeb ar warmoadgens komerciul saidumloebas.

42

3. informaciis wardgenisas piri valdebulia miuTi-

Tos, rom es informacia misi komerciuli saidumloebaa. sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia 10 dRis vadaSi komer-

ciul saidumloebad miiCnios am muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli informacia, garda im SemTxvevisa, ro-

ca informaciis Riaobis valdebuleba dadgenilia kano-

niT. Tu informaciis wardgenisas sajaro dawesebuleba ar miiCnevs am informacias komerciul saidumloebad, igi iRebs gadawyvetilebas misi Riaobis Taobaze, rasac dau-

yovnebliv acnobebs Sesabamis pirs. gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bidan 15 dRis Semdeg informacia xdeba Ria Tu pirma, rom-

lis sakuTrebacaa es informacia, am vadis gasvlamde zem-

dgom administraciul organoSi, xolo saqarTvelos sap-roceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT _ sasamarTlo-

Si ar gaasaCivra informaciis Riaobis Taobaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba, rac dauyovnebliv unda acnobos sajaro dawesebulebas.

4. nebismier pirs aqvs ufleba, zemdgom administraci-

ul organoSi, xolo saqarTvelos saproceso kanonmdeb-

lobiT dadgenili wesiT _ sasamarTloSi gaasaCivros in-formaciis komerciul saidumloebad miCnevis sakiTxi.

5. sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia sajaro rees-

trSi Seitanos informacia mesame piris an sajaro dawese-

bulebis mier komerciuli saidumloebis moTxovnis, moT-

xovnis TariRis, momTxovnis vinaobisa da misamarTis Sesa-xeb. mTavari problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom im SemTxve-

vaSi, Tu piris mier miwodebuli informacia ar iqneba miC-neuli komerciul saidumloebad, maSin administraciuli organo mas gansazRvul vadaSi gaasajaroebs. Tu am moqme-

debas sistemurad mivudgebiT, maSin davrwmundebiT, rom aseTi gadawyvetileba, erTi mxriv, arRvevs piris konsti-

tuciur uflebebs da, meore mxriv, ukargavs mas sajaro xelisuflebisadmi ndobas. vTvliT, rom problemis aRmo-

safxvrelad aucilebelia kanonmdeblobaSi Sevides cvli-

leba da aRmWurveli normis dawesebiT, `SesaZlo komerci-

43

uli informaciis matarebel~ pirebs mieceT ufleba, ukan gamoiTxovon informacia, im SemTxvevaSi Tu administra-

ciuli organo ar miiCnevs maT komerciul saidumloebad. meore mxriv, aseT uflebas unda Seesabamebodes adminis-

traciuli organos valdebuleba, ar gamoaqveynos infor-

macia piris moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi. profesiuli saidumloeba. profesiuli saidumloe-

bis Semcveli monacemebi ar SeiZleba exebodes uSualod administraciuli organos saqmianobas. igi warmoadgens kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirisa Tu fizikuri pirebis Sesaxeb informacias, romlis gamJRavnebis SemTxvevaSic ziani miadgeba piris profesiul reputacias.

aRmasrulebeli privilegia. azak-is 29-e muxlis mixed-

viT, aRmasrulebeli privilegiis uflebiT sargebloben sajaro dawesebulebaSi momuSave pirebi. Tu sajaro dawe-

sebulebaSi konkretul sakiTxze mimdinareobs msjeloba, misi gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, masSi monawile pirTa vinaoba yovelTvis ar xdeba sajaro. administraciu-

li organo Tavadaa valdebuli, gaasaidumloos igi, Tu sa-xeze ar eqna pirTa uSualo Tanxmoba, amgvari monacemebis gacemis Taobaze. gamonaklis SemTxvevas warmoadgens is ga-remoeba, rodesac gadawyvetilebis momzadebaSi uSualod saxelmwifo-politikurma Tanamdebobis pirma miiRo mona-

wileoba da Tu gansaxilveli sakiTxi qveynis usafrTxoebas ar exeboda. magaliTad, saqarTvelos sportisa da axal-

gazrdul saqmeTa saministroSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba (ganacxadis gagzavnis Taobaze), romelic TbilisSi 2015 wlis axalgazrduli olimpiadis Catarebas exeba. aRniSnu-

li gadawyvetilebis momzadebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT saxelmwifo-politikur Tanamdebobis pirebs (magaliTad, ministrs). aRmasrulebeli privilegiiT yvela is piria da-

culi, romelic gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi uSualod mona-

wileobda. maTi monacemebi sajaro dawesebulebam auci-

leblad unda gaasaidumloos, vinaidan sxva SemTxvevaSi dairRveva piris kanonieri ufleba.

44

daskvna

demokratiul saxelmwifoSi adamianis uflebebis dacva sajaro dawesebulebebis upirvelesi prerogativaa.

saxelmwifo, rogorc admianis uflebis dacvis upirvele-

si institucionaluri garanti, mowodebuli unda iyos adamianur RirebulebaTa da `zneobriv~ faseulobaTa dacvasa da pativiscemaze. sazogadoebrivi CarTuloba xelmwifos marTvis politikur da samarTlebriv proce-

sebSi is umniSvnelovanesi indikatoria, romelic demok-

ratiuli RirebulebebiT qveynis progresuli winsvlisa da sistemuri mdgradobis umniSvnelovanesi garantia. in-formaciis Tavisufleba, rogorc samarTlebrivi katego-

ria, swored am ganviTarebis procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, imdenad, ramdenadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aZlevs saSualebas, mudmivi kontrolis qveS hyavdes saja-

ro xelisufleba. aseTi `kontroli~ ki erTgvari preven-

ciaa monokratiisa da avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis yo-

velgvari gamovlenisa. naSromSi araerTxel aRiniSna sa-marTlis, misi calkeuli institutebis ganviTarebisa da srulyofis mniSvneloba. saxelmwifo mudmivad mowodebu-

li unda iyos samarTlebrivi sistemis gaumjobesebasa da `idealizaciisken~, vinaidan swored es gaxlavT erTader-

Ti gza demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxlemwifos aSe-nebisa.

vimedovneb, rom kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesi kvlavac gagrZeldeba da uaxloes momavalSi aRmoifxvreba is cal-

keuli mosazrebiT problemuri sakiTxebi, romlebic aferxeben, samarTlis institucionaluri srulyofis process.

45

mariam davlaSeriZe

samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis iuridiuli fakulte-

tis samarTlis specialobis III kursis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori daviT geferiZe

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris

urTierToba

evrokavSiri aris mravalseqtoriani integraciis gan-

viTarebuli forma, romelic 28 demokratiuli saxelmwi-

fos unikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri gaerTianebaa, misi kompetencia vrceldeba wevri-saxelmwifoebis ekono-

mokaze, mrewvelobaze, moqalaqeTa uflebebze, sagareo da saSinao politikaze. evrokavSiri miznad isaxavs mSvidobis, keTildReobisa da Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas. xolo, rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, mis saxelmwifoebriobas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs da am mxriv is evropis bevri qveyni-sagan gamoiCeva. geografiuli, politikuri, kulturuli da RirebulebaTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo ev-ropis ganuyofeli nawilia. saqarTvelos Camoyalibeba ev-ropuli tipis liberalur-demokratiul saxelmwifod da evrokavSirSi etapobrivi integracia qveynis sagareo da sa-Sinao politikis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa. samwuxa-

rod, saqarTvelo ar aris evrokavSiris wevri. evrokavSi-

ris wevri SeiZleba gaxdes evropis nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelic aRiarebs demokratias, kanonis uzenaesobas, icavs sakuTari moqalaqeebis konstituciur uflebebs, ga-aCnia gamarTuli da konkurentunariani sabazro ekonomika, iziarebs evrokavSiris politikur da ekonomikur miznebs.

46

saqarTvelo ki ekonomikurad ar aris dawinaurebuli. sa-qarTvelos ekonomika imdenad sustia, rom qveyanas ar See-uZlia mosaxleobas Seuqmnas uzrunvelyofili pirobebi ekonomikuri kuTxiT. gazrdilia umuSevarTa ricxvi, qveya-nas ar aqvs myari da konkurentunariani ekonomika. aseve, qveyanaSi aris okupirebuli teritoriebi, romelic ufro metad asustebs qveyanas, ukargavs teritoriul mTliano-

bas. saqarTvelo susti ekonomikisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis ar arsebobis gamo ver Sedis evrokavSirSi. mag-ram unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs So-

ris dadebulia sxvadasxva SeTanxmebebi, aseve saqarTvelo CarTulia evrokavSiris programebSi.

evrokavSirsa da saqarTvvelos Soris urTierToba 1992 wels daiwyo, rogorc ki saqarTvelom sabWoTa kavSi-ris daSlis Semdeg damoukidebloba aRadgina. evrokavSi-

ri erT-erTi pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia iyo, ro-

melmac saqarTvelos daxmarebis xeli gamouwoda. XX sau-

kunis bolo aTwleulSi saqarTveloSi socialur-ekono-

mikurma viTarebam ukidures niSnulebs miaRwia. saqarTve-

los mosaxleobis cxovrebis done mkveTrad daeca da si-Raribem globaluri movlenis saxe miiRo. swored am peri-

odSi, 1992 wlidan saqarTvelo evrokavSiris TACIS-is programaSi CaerTo. es iyo `teqnikuri daxmarebis prog-

rama~ grantebis saxiT. programis ZiriTad mizans warmo-

adgenda axalbeda demokratiuli qveynebis sabazro eko-

nomikaze gadasvla da demokratiuli ganmtkicebis proce-

sisaTvis xelSewyoba. teqnikuri daxmarebis garda, 1993 wlidan, saqarTvelo finansur da humanitarul daxmare-

bebsac iRebda. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobaTa ZiriTad samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens `partnio-

robisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba~ (PCA), ro-

melic luqsenburgSi 1996 wlis 22 aprils gaformda. am SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvra saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris urTierTobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis samarTlebri-

vi CarCo. im periodis saqarTvelosTvis ganakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda politikuri dialogis warmarTvas,

47

vaWrobis ganviTarebasa da investiciebis mozidvas, soci-

alur-ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisTvis xelSewyobas. 2003 wels SemuSavda evrokavSiris samezoblo poli-

tika, romelic miznad isaxavs evrokavSirsa da mis mezo-

bel qveynebs Soris politikuri, ekonomikuri da kultu-

ruli urTierTdaaxloebis procesis mxardaWeras. saqar-

Tveloze ki `evrokavSiris samezoblo politika~(ENP) gavrcelda 2004 wlidan, romelmac xeli Seuwyo kavSire-

bis Camoyalibebas TanamSromlobis axal sferoebSi da sa-qarTvelos mizans, mieRwia meti daaxloebisaTvis evropis ekonomikur da socialur struqturebTan. 2005 wels ev-rokavSirma saqarTvelos mianiWa preferencirebis zogadi sistemiT (GSP+) sargeblobis ufleba, romelic iTvalis-

winebs saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi eqsportirebuli sa-qonlis sabaJo gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebasa da ta-

rifebis calmxrivad Semcirebas. 2008 wels evrokavSirma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ruseT-saqarTvelos omis SeCerebaSi. evrokavSiris SuamavlobiT xeli moewera cec-

xlis Sewyvetis e. w. eqvspunqtian SeTanxmebas. aseve, 2008 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTveloSi amoqmedda evrokavSiris monitoringis misia, romlis ZiriTad amocanas warmoad-

genda eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis procesze dakvirveba. evrokavSiri aqtiurad uWers mxars saqarTve-

los okupirebuli regionebis aRiarebis politikas. 2009 wels safuZveli Caeyara evrokavSiris `aRmosavleT par-

tniorobis~ iniciativas da xeli moewera Sesabamis dekla-

racias.~aRmosavleT partniorobis~ mizani aris evrokav-

Sirsa da mis mezobel qveynebs Soris (maT Soris aris sa-qarTveloc) politikuri dialogis gaRrmaveba da ufro mWidro ekonomikuri integracia, energousafrTxoebis ganmtkiceba da xalxTa Soris kontaqtebis ganviTareba.

2009 wels, aseve, saqarTvelom xeli moawera deklara-

cias evrokavSiris `partnioroba mobilurobisaTvis~ far-

glebSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, romlis mizania xeli Seuw-

yos evrokavSiris qveynebSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis le-

galurad dasaqmebas. 2010 wels saqarTvelosa da evrokav-

48

Sirs Soris daiwyo SeTanxmebaze molaparakeba, romelic moicavs `Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis~ Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas (DCFTA). es SeTanxmeba Tanam-

Sromlobis gaRrmavebas iTvaliswinebs iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa: politikuri dialogi da reforma, sagareo usafrTxoeba, ekonomikuri TanamSromloba, vaWroba, mar-

Tlmsajuleba. am SeTanxmebis ratifikacia saqarTvelos parlamentis mier moxda 2014 wlis 18 ivliss. vinaidan es SeTanxmeba gzas uxsnis saqarTvelos saqonelsa da momsaxu-

rebas evrokavSiris Sida bazarze da qveyanaSi investicie-

bis mozidvis axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis. 2013 wels evro-

komisiam aRiara saqarTvelos mezRvaurebis treningebisa kompetenciis damadasturebeli serTifikatebi, ris Sede-

gadac qarTvel mezRvaurebs, evrokavSiris qveynebis dro-

Sis qveS mcurav gemebze dasaqmebis ufleba miecaT. 2012 wels evrokavSirma da saqarTvelom daiwyes TanamSromlo-

ba e.w. `savizo dialogis~ farglebSi, romlis saboloo mi-zania savizo procedurebis liberalizacia da evrokavSir-

Tan uvizo mimosvla, rac saqarTvelosTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis matarebelia, radgan warmoadgens evrokav-

SirTan Semdgomi daaxloebis efeqtian meqanizms. Cemi azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom CvenTvis misaRebia

is Rirebulebebi, romelsac efuZneba evrokavSiri, wina planzea wamoweuli adamiani, misi Rirseba da saxelmwifo damoukidebloba, sanacvlod evrokavSirisaTvis ar aris misaRebi is ekonomika da pirobebi, rac saqarTveloSia Seqmnili, amitom saqarTvelo ver Seva evrokavSirSi manam, sanam ar gaaZlierebs Tundac ekonomikas, rac droSi sak-maod gawelili procesi iqneba da SesaZlebelia kargi Se-degiT verc dasruldes. Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom evrokav-

SirTan daaxloeba yvela ZiriTad sferoSi qveynis ganvi-Tarebis axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis. evrokavSiri saqar-

TvelosTvis warmoadgens im gaerTianebas, romelic xels Seuwyobs Cveni qveynis mravalmxriv ganviTarebas ekonomi-

kur, politikur Tu samarTlebriv sferoSi. amitom kar-

gia, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi rom TanamSromloben saqar-

Tvelo da evrokavSiri.

49

salome Sengelia

soxumis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis iuridiuli fakul-

tetis III kursis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori avTandil xazalia

administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis

saSualebebis gamoyenebis

samarTlebrivi problemebi

mmarTvelobis organoTa yoveli qmedeba da misi Sinaar-

si gansazRvrulia administraciuli samarTlis normebis meSveobiT. es normebi ki pirdapir damokidebulia konsti-

tuciaze rogorc saqarTvelos uzenaes kanonze, primatze. administraciuli organoebi ewevian sajaro saqmianobas, romelic gamotaxulebas hpovebs maT mier administraciul-

samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemasa Tu aRsrulebaSi. administraciuli samarTali samarTlis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani dargia da saintereso sakiTxebs moicavs, Tumca CemTvis yvelaze saintereso Tema aris administra-

ciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis prob-

lema, es sakiTxi moicavs: sxva pirisaTvis individualur administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis dava-

lebas, jarimas, uSualo iZulebas. administraciuli war-

moebis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi vlindeba mis aRsrulebaSi. individualuri administra-

ciul -samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT vxvdebiT garkveul xarvezebs. individualur administra-

ciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebu-

li normebi moTavsebulia szak-is XII TavSi. szak-is debulebebi vrceldeba mxolod individua-

50

lur administraciul-samarTlebriv aqtebze, xolo nor-

matiul administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis aRsru-

lebis meqanizmi sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT ganisazRvre-

ba, magaliTad, administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa ko-

deqsi, romelic adgens sanqciebs sxvadasxva normatiuli aqtebiT dadgenili valdebulebebis SeusruleblobisaT-

vis. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis umavlesoba imperatiuli xasiaTisaa da amitom maTi aRsruleba sakma-od problemuria Teoriuli da praqtikuli Tavalsazri-

siT. amasTan, yvela adamianma unda icodes Tavisi uflebe-

bis Sesaxeb, raTa SeZlos maTi xelyofisagan dacva. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aq-

tis aRsrulebiT, samarTlebrivi funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi Seicavs aqtis gamomcemis privilegias, anu SesaZleblobas, moqalaqis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, mis xelT arsebuli kanoniT dadgenili saaRsrulebo saSua-

lebebis gamoyenebiT TviT aRasrulos es aqti. adminitraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis

gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi

sityva `aRsruleba~ ase ganimarteba: sasamarTlos, uflebamosili piris gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio na-wilSi dadgenili valdebulebis sisruleSi moyvana. cxa-

dia, kanonmdebloba zustad gansazRvravs saxelmwifo or-

ganoTa gadawyvetilebis nebayoflobiTi Tu iZulebiTi aRsrulebis procedurebsa da wesebs.

individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aq-

tis aRsruleba aris administraciuli warmoebis mniSne-lovani etapi. administraciuli warmoebis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegebi vlindeba mis aRsru-

lebaSi. aRsrulebis cnebaSi moiazreba moqalaqis an sxva samarTlis subieqtebis sajaro-samarTlebrivi valdeb-

lebebis iZulebis wesiT ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba.2

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi gamocemuli yve-

51

la administraciuli aqti miznad unda isaxavdes moqala-

qeTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas. amitom adminis-

traciuli aqtis aRsrulebis yvela saSualebas dadebiTi Sedegebi unda mosdevdes rogorc TviT administraciuli organos, ise im piris mimarT, romlis mimarTac aris es aq-ti gamotanili.

administraciuli organo uflebamosilia individua-

luri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis nebayoflo-

biTi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb pirisTvis micemuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg miiRos zomebi individualuri administraciul-sa-marTlebrivi aqtis aRsasruleblad. aseT SemTxevevaSi or-

ganos SeuZlia gamoiyenos aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi saSualeba. szak-is 169-e muxlis Tanaxmad, administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebia: 1) sxva pirisTvis administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis davaleba; 2) jarima; 3) uSualo iZuleba. administraciuli organo uf-

lebamosilia gamoiyenos aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis mxo-

lod is saSualeba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia Tavis ga-dawyvetilebaSi aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, amas-Tanave kanonmdebeli moiTxovs, rom airCios uzrunvelyo-

fis mxolod iseTi saSualeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs administraciuli aqtis yvelaze swarafad da naklebi dana-

xarjebiT Sesrulebas, amasTan zians ar miayenebs sazoga-

doebas da Sesabamis pirs. aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis sa-Sualebis gamoyeneba unda Sewydes individualuri administraciul-samartlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebisTana-

ve.2 3 7

dasaxelebuli formebidan administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis sajarimo forma da uSualo iZuleba aris administraciuli aqtis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis formebi. sxva pirisaTvis administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis dava-

leba SeiZleba aRsruldes rogorc administraciuli or-

ganos urTierTdaxmarebis wesiT, ise romelime fizikuri pirisTvis administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis davalebis wesiT. aRsrulebis procesis dawyebis safuZvelia gadaw-

52

yvetileba individualur administraciul-samarTlebri-

vi aqtis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, romelic kidev erTxel afrTxilebs individualuri administraci-

ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis adresats, aZlevs ukanasknel Se-saZleblobas, nebayoflobiT aRasrulos aqti da amasTan, ganumartavs mis mimarT konkretulad ra iZulebiTi Ro-

nisZieba iqneba gamoyenebuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis nebayoflobiT Se-usruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. Tu ar iqneba aRsrulebis uz-

runvelyofis gadawyvetileba, administraciuli organo individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsasruleblad ver mimarTvas veraviTar iZulebis zo-

mebs. faqtobrivad, individualuri adaministaciul-sa-marTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmia-noba qmnis administraciuli warmoebis calke saxes. ga-

dawyvetileba individualuri administraciul-samar-

Tlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT werilobi-

Tia. kanonma aseve gansazRvra, rom gadaudebel SemTxveva-

Si, rodesac safrTxe eqmneba saxelmwifo an sazogadoeb-

riv uSiSroebas, mosaxleobis janmrTelobas, adamianis si-cocxles, rodesac sxavagvarad SeuZlebelia danaSauleb-

rivi qmedebis aRkveTa, aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesa-xeb gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamoices zepirad, rac mniS-vnelovnad aCqarebs individualuri adaministaciul-sa-marTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiT-

xebis gadawyvetas. 2 administraciuli organos mier gamotanili dadgeni-

lebis mizania misi aRsruleba, romelic calke stadias warmoadgens. dadgenileba administraciul saqmeze unda aRsruldes moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. kerZod, Tu dadgenileba moqalaqisaTvis uflebis miniWebas exeba, igi gamotanisTanave unda aRsruldes. Tu administraci-

ul dasjas _ maSin misi aRsrulebisa da ZalaSi SesvlisaT-

vis saWiroa gasaCivrebis vadis gasvla.6

53

axla ki uSualod SevexoT administraciuli aqtis aR-

srulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebriv prob-

lemebs. daviwyoT iqidan, rom szak SesaZleblad Tvlis administraciuli aqtis aRsasruleblad uflebamosileba-

Ta delegirebas sxva organoebisaTvis, rac ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 29 oqtombris kanons `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ da 2004 wlis 11 Tebervlis kanons `saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~. amitom administraciuli aqti unda aRsruldes im organos mier, romelmac igi gamosca, radgan man sxvaze ukeT icis sakiTxis arsi da specifika, ris gamoc ukeTesad SearCevs aRsrulebis vadas, saxes da wess. im SemTxvevaSi Tu administraciul organos ar gaaC-nia sakmarisi codna an Sesabamisi dokumentebi saerTod ar unda gamosces aseTi administraciuli aqti. marTalia,zem-

dgom organos ufleba aqvs baTilad cnos qvemdgomi orga-

nos aqti, magram es SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxevaSi, roca igi Seicavs baTilobis romelime pirobas an ar Seesa-bameba mTavrobis programas an saxelmwifo politikas. ami-tom, szak-is 162-e muxlis me-3 nawili da 162-e muxlis me-2 nawili unda iqnes Secvlili da gauqmdes uflebaTa dele-

girebis wesic da im uflebamosili organos SezRudvis uf-

lebac, romelic pasuxismgebelia administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebaze. aq mizanSewonili iqneboda gaTvaliswinebu-

li yofiliyo diskreciuli uflebamosilebisa da adminis-

traciuli organos uflebebis SezRudvis dauSvebloba.4

diskreciuli uflebamosileba-uflebamosileba, ro-

melic administraciul organos an Tanamdebobis pirs ani-Webs Tavisuflebas sajaro da kerZo interesebis dacvis safuZvelZe kanonmdeblis Sesabamisi ramdenime gadawyve-

tilebidan SearCios yvelaze misaRebi gadawyvetileba.3

diskreciuli uflebamosileba administraciuli or-

ganos uflebamosilebaTagan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia. kerZo interesebi SeiZleba zogjer saxelmwifos interesebs Seewiros. kanonieri individualuri administraciul-samar-

54

Tlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis procesSi SesaZloa ziani miad-

ges mesame pirs. magaliTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsasruleblad policiam Seamtvria mezoblis kari. buneb-

rivia, am dros miyenebuli ziani unda anazRaurdes. amdenad, administraciuli aqtebis aRsrulebis dros TiToeuli konkretuli situacia kompleqsurad unda iqnes Seswavli-

li, gaazrebuli da mxolod amis Semdeg unda moxdes aRsru-

lebis uzrunvelyofis iZulebis RonisZiebis gamoyeneba. rac Seexeba administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebas ja-

rimis saSualebiT _ misi mizani aris is, rom pirma neba-yoflobiT Searulos administraciuli aqti. szak-is 171-e muxli adgens jarimis saerTo Tanxas fizikuri pirebis mimarT 1000 laramde, iuridiuli pirebis mimarT 5000 la-

ramde. magram mTel rig SemTxvevebSi iuridiuli pirebi jarimis am Tanxis miuxedavad ar aRasruleben administraciul aqtebs, vinaidan administraciuli aqtis Seusrulebloba maT met mogebas aZlevs, vidre jarimis gadaxda. Tu jarima ver uzrunvelyofs administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebas, saWiroa sakiTxs sxvagvarad mivudgeT. kerZod, gaizardos jarima iuridiuli pirebis mimarT sa-samarTlos gadawyvetilebiT im odenobiT, rac saWiroa

administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebisaTvis, xolo Tu esec ar ikmarebs, unda Seicvalos igi iZulebiTi aRsrulebiT.

4 aseve unda aRiniSnos is faqti, sadac am muxlis me-7

nawilSi saubaria imaze, rom, jarimis Tanxa Cairicxeba Sesa-bamis saxelmwifo an teritoriuli erTeulis biujetSi~. aseTi wesi ewinaaRmdegeba administraciuli aqtis aRsru-

lebisaTvis jarimis gamoyenebis miznebs. mocemul SemTxve-

vaSi jarima gamoiyeneba administraciuli aqtis aRsasru-

leblad da misi mizanic aqtis aRsrulebaa. adgilobriv an respublikur biujetSi jarimis Caricxva imitomaa dauSve-

beli, rom es jarima unda iqnes gamoyenebuli administraciuli aqtis aRsasruleblad. jarimis Tanxis Caricxva administraciuli organos specialur angariSze aucilebelia am aqtis droulad aRsrulebis da ara biuje-

55

tis Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT, swored amitom es Tanxa unda Cairicxos administraciuli aqtis aRmasrulebeli organos angariSze, administraciuli aqtis aRsasruleb-

lad saWiro RonisZiebebis gasatareblad. amasTan, gaumar-

Tlebelia rodesac kanoni ar miuTiTebs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi Cairicxeba jarima respublikur biujetSi da ra SemTxveva-

Si adgilobriv biujetSi. ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saqarTvelos 1999 wlis 16 aprilis kanoni `saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb~ debulebebi jarimis aRsrulebis Sesa-xeb, vinaidan administraculi aqtis aRsrulebisaTvis ga-moyenebuli jarima sxva miznebs isaxavs da amitom igi sxva wesiT aRsruldeba.

4 rac Seexeba uSualo iZulebas, is individualuri admi-

nistaciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis yvelaze mkac-

ri formaa. aRsrulebis uSualo iZulebis gziT ganxorcie-

lebis policiisTvis davalebis SemTxvevaSi, `policiis Sesa-xeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad, policiis muSakebs aqvT fizikuri iZulebis, aseve xelborkilebisa da sxva spe-cialur saSualebaTa gamoyenebis uflebac. Cveni kanonmdeb-

loba garkveul Sesworebebs saWiroebs. magaliTad, saqar-

Tvelos kanonSi `policiis Sesaxeb~ weria, rom samsaxureob-

rivi movaleobis dros policiels ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos fizikuri iZuleba, specialuri saSualebebi da samsaxure-

obriv-saStato iaraRi (xelborkili, rezinis xelketi, crem-

lsadeni gazi, fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis Suq-bgeriTi mowyobiloba, eleqtroSokuri saSualeba da sxv.)4

amgvari saSualebebis gamoyeneba zRudavs adamianis pirad Tavisuflebas da Rirsebas, rac dauSvebelia demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi. amitom aseTi saSualebebi mxo-

lod ukidures SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyenebodes.1

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ewinaaRmdegeba saerTa-

Soriso aqtebs adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb. uke-

Tesia Tu administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis konkretu-

li formebi CamoTvlili iqneba zogad administraciul kodeqsSi, raTa administraciulma organom da misma Ta-

56

namdebobis pirebma ar Selaxon moqalaqeTa uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi.

`policiis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi policiis TanamSromels unda SeezRudos uSualo iZulebis gadame-

tebuli zianis momtani xerxebis gamoyeneba, radgan amiT laxavs adamianis uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs.

aseve mniSvnelovania individualuri administraci-

ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, kerZod, Tu aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebul xar-

jebs gaiRebs is piri, romelsac evaleba individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsruleba. ro-

gorc cnobilia, szak-is da administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi ar iTvaliswineben saxelmwifo baJs saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas da es unda See-xos aseTi xasiaTis administraciul aqtebsac maTi aRsru-

lebis dros. administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebasTan da-

kavSirebulma xarjebma ar unda daamZimos piris mdgoma-

reoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi piri uars ityvis Tavisi ka-nonieri uflebebisa da interesebis ganxorcielebaze. amitom saxelmwifom materialuri daxmareba unda gauwios xelmokle pirebs administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebisas. saxelmwifo valdebulia aiRos Tavis Tavze es xarjebi rac demokratiuli saxelmwifos saerTo moTxovnaa.

4 aseve mniSvnelovania szak-is 175-e muxlis 4 nawili,

sadac saubaria imaze, rom `pirisagan Tanxis iZulebiT amoReba, qonebaze yadaRis dadeba warmoebs saaRsrulebo furclis safuZvelze, `saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. Tumca, xSiria sa-aRsruleblo furcelSi arsebiTi Secdomebis daSvebis faqtebic. magaliTad, saaRsruleblo furcelSi Secdo-

miT uTiTeben araswor misamarTs an araswor saxels. `sa-aRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 21-e muxlis mesame nawilis `v~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, saaRsru-

lebo furcelSi unda aRiniSnos kreditorisa da movalis

57

dasaxeleba da maTi rekvizitebi. xSirad, aseTi aqtebi sa-Civrdeba sasamarTloSi, iTxoven saaRsruleblo aqtebis baTilad cnobas. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT ki aseTi saq-mis ganxilva sasamarTlos qvemdebare araa. arsebobs mo-

sazreba, rom saaRsruleblo furceli, rogorc qarTuli, aseve germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, ar warmoadgens ad-

ministraciul-samarTlebriv aqts. amisTvis mas aklia xse-nebuli aqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, pirvel yovli-

sa ki gamocemuli araa administraciuli organos mier. sa-kiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad unda gasaCivrdes aseTi aqti, jer isev pasuxgaucemelia. aRniSnuli ki arRvevs isev ada-

mianis uflebebs, radgan ar aZlevs mas Tavisi uflebisa da interesis dacvis saSualebas.

4

daskvna

Cven ganvixileT administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi. ker-

Zod, SevexeT aRsrulebis arss, individualuri adminis-

traciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebs: sxva pirisaTvis individualuri administraciul-samar-

Tlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis davalebas, jarimas, uSualo iZulebas. Sesabamisad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT am sferoSi arsebul xarvezebze da vimsjeleT maTi Sevsebis gzebze.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis sa-Sualebebis gamoyenebis formebi Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi srulyofas moiTxovs. saWiroa ufro metad iyos gaTva-

liswinebuli aRsrulebis demokratiuli safuZvlebi, ra-

Ta daculi iyos moqalaqeTa uflebebi da interesebi.

58

Teona janibegaSvili

Tbilisis humanitaruli saswavlo

universitetis samarTlis fakulte-

tis mesame kursis studenti

xelmZRvaneli:

profesori daviT geferiZe

Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi erT-

erT mniSvnelovan da problemur sakiTxs warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTalSi. Zalis gamoyenebis Tema, sa-

erTaSoriso samarTalSi aqtualuri gaxda 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTma daarRvia sa-

erTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi da gana-

xorciela agresia suverenuli saxelmwifos mimarT.

meoce saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, sa-

erTaSoriso sazogadoeba cdilobs, rom maqsimalurad SezRudos Zalis gamoyeneba da maqsimalurad SeinarCu-

nos saxelmwifos suvereniteti. gaeros wesdeba erT-

erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxad Zalis gamoyenebas asaxe-

lebs da imperatiulad awesebs, rom Zalis gamoyeneba akrZalulia.

gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad,

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevri Tavs ikavebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ZaliT muqarisa an misi gamoyenebisgan rogorc nebismieri saxelmwifos teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobisa da politikuri damou-

kideblobis winaaRmdeg, aseve gaerTianebuli erebis miznebTan SeuTavsebeli raime sxva saxiT. aqedan gamom-

dinare, akrZalulia ara marto omis dawyeba, aramed ne-

59

bismieri saxis samxedro, ekonomikuri, finansuri, savaW-

ro da sxva zomebis gamoyeneba sxva saxelmwifos dap-

yrobis an misi politikis daqvemdebarebis mizniT. ase rom, gaero iyenebs sityvas `Zalis gamoyenebas~ da ara

`oms~, vinaidan `Zalis gamoyeneba~ farTo cnebaa da igi moicavs nebismier Zalismier formas. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebisa da principebis Sesabami-sad saxelmwifoebi movaleni arian Tavi Seikavon agre-

siuli omebis propagandisagan.

rodesac, agresiul omze vsaubrobT, unda vaxsenoT

1946 wlis rezolucia da gaeros 1970 wlis deklaracia saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis Sesaxeb. agresiu-

li omis dagegmva, momzadeba da gaCaReba, niurbergis da tokios saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalebis wes-

debisa da generaluri asambleis 1946 wlis 11 dekem-

bris rezoluciiT, saerTaSoriso danaSauladaa aRiare-

buli da damnaSaves sastiki pasuxismgebloba emuqreba.

rac Seexeba 1970 wlis deklaracias, igi Seicavs Ziri-

Tad debulebebs, romlebic aviTarebs gaeros wesdebis principebs da ganmartavs saxelmwifos valdebulebebs.

yoveli saxelmwifo movalea Tavs ikavebdes Zalis-

mieri muqaris an Zalis gamoyenebisagan meore saxelwi-

fos arsebuli saerTaSoriso sazRvrebis darRvevis mizniT an saerTaSoriso davebis da saxelmwifo saz-

RvrebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.

yoveli saxelmwifo Tavs unda ikavebdes ZaliT damuqrebisa da Zalis gamoyenebisagan iseTi saerTaSo-

riso demarkaciuli xazebis darRvevis mizniT, rogori-

caa dazavebis xazebi, romlebic gansazRvrulia Sesaba-misi SeTanxmebiT, romlis mxarea es saxelmwifo an ro-

melsac es saxelmwifo unda icavdes sxva raime safuZ-

vlis gamo.

saxelmwifoebi movaleni arian Tavs ikavebdnen yvelanairi ZalmomreobiTi qmedebisagan, romelic TviTgamorkvevis, Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis

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uflebas arTmevs Tanasworobisa da TviTgamorkvevis principis konkretizaciaSi moxseniebul xalxebs.

yoveli saxelmwifo Tavs unda ikavebdes arare-

gularuli Zalebis an SeiaraRebuli bandebis, maT So-

ris daqiravebulTa razmebis Seqmnisagan an Seqmnis wa-

qezebisagan sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze SesaWrelad.

yvela saxelmwifo valdebulia Tavs ikavebdes sxva saxelmwifoSi samoqalaqo omis aqtebis an tero-

ristuli aqtebis mowyobis, wamqezeblobis, maTTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis an maTSi monawileobisagan, anda sakuTari teritoriis farglebSi iseTi organizaciuli saqmianobis xelis Sewyobisagan, romelic mimarTulia aseTi aqtebis Casadenad.

axla ki visaubroT imaze, Tu ra iTvleba Zalis ga-moyenebis yvelaze saSiS qmedebad. 1974 wels genera-

lurma asambleam miiRo rezolucia agresiis gansaz-

Rvris Sesaxeb. am aqtSi zustad ganisazRvra, rom agre-

sia yvelaze saSiSi qmedebaa, romelic mSvidobis wina-

aRmdeg danaSauladaa kvalificirebuli, magram yurad-

Reba unda gavamaxviloT erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, ag-

resiis samarTlebriv ganmartebaze, saerTaSoriso Tana-

megobroba 2010 wels SeTanxmda da es definicia ZalaSi

2017 wlis 1 ianvars Seva. agresiad CaiTvleba saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis gamoyeneba sxva saxelmwifos suverenitetis, te-

ritoriuli xelSeuxeblobis, an politikuri damouki-

deblobis winaaRmdeg, an gaeros wesdebiT dauSvebeli sxva romelime saxiT. yoveli saxelmwifo, romelic pir-

velad gamoiyenebs SeiaraRebul Zalas, CaiTvleba agre-

sorad, Tuki gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo sxvanairad ar Se-

afasebda am qmedebas.

agresiul aqtad CaiTvleba:

a) erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeWra an Tavdasxma sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze, nebismieri sam-xedro operacia, Tundac droebiTi, romelic aseTi Tav-

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dasxmis Sedegia, sxva saxelmwifos teritoriis an misi na-wilis aneqsia Zalis gamoyenebiT.

b) erTi saxelmwifos mier sxva saxelmwifos terito-

riis dabombva an am mizniT iaraRis gamoyeneba.

g) erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier sxva saxelmwifos navsadgurebis an napirebis blokada.

d) saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Tavdasxma sxva saxelmwifos saxmeleTo, sazRvao an sahaero Zalebze.

e) erTi saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, romlebic imyofebian sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze am saxelmwi-

fosTan SeTanxmebis ZaliT, ukanasknelis uSiSroebis wi-naaRmdeg gamoyeneba an SeTanxmebis vadis Sewyvetis Semde-

gac am saxelmwifos teritoriaze datoveba.

v) erTi saxelmwifos qmedeba, romelic aZlevs sxva sa-xelmwifos saSualebas gamoiyenos misi teritoria mesame saxelmwifos winaRmdeg agresiis CadenisTvis.

z) erTi saxelmwifos mier an misi saxeliT sxva saxel-

mwifos teritoriaze SeiaraRebuli bandebis, jgufebis, regularuli an daqiravebuli Zalebis Segzavna, rasac im-denad seriozuli saxe aqvs, rom isini agresis sxva saxeo-

bad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

rasakvirvelia, es sia ar aris amomwuravi. deklaracia xazs usvams am garemoebas da andobs uSiSroebis sabWos TviTon daadginos qmedeba, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos agresiad.

raSi mdgomareobs uSiSroebis sabWos diskreciuli uflebamosileba?

gaeros wesdebis 39-e muxlis mixedviT uSiSroebis sabWo gansazRvravs mSvidobisaTvis nebismieri safrTxis Seqmnis, mSvidobis xelyofis an agresiis faqtebs da iRebs rekomendacias, an gadawyvetilebas Tu ra saxis RonisZie-

bebs gamoiyenebs 41-e da 42-e muxlebis Sesabamisad, saer-

TaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dasacavad. wesdeba aniWebs sabWos Zalauflebas saerTaSoriso

mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dasacavad da aRsadgenad.

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39-e muxlis ZiriTadi mizania, gansazRvros, ra SemTxve-

vebSi SeuZlia uSiSroebis sabWos am Zalauflebis gamoye-

neba. uSiSroebis sabWo gansazRvravs mSvidobisaTvis ne-

bismier damuqrebas, mSvidobis nebismier darRvevas anda wyvets, Tu rogori zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli 41-e da 42-

e muxlebis Sesabamisad saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da uSiS-

roebis mxardasaWerad. axla ki ganvixiloT Tu ras gulisxmobs wesdebis 41-e

da 42-e muxlebi.

41-e muxlis Tanaxmad: uSiSroebis sabWo uflebamosi-

lia gadawyvitos, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebasTan daukavSirebeli rogori zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli misi gadawyvetilebebis Sesasruleblad da mas SeuZlia mos-

Txovos organizaciis wevrebs am zomebis Sesruleba. es zomebi SeiZleba moicavdnen ekonomikur urTierTobaTa,

sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, ra-

dio an kavSirgabmulobis sxva saSualebaTa srul an nawi-

lobriv gawyvetas, agreTve diplomatiur urTierTobaTa gawyvetasac. xolo gaeros wesdebis 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad:

Tuki uSiSroebis sabWo Tvlis, rom 41-e muxliT gaTvalis-

winebuli zomebi ar iqneba sakmarisi, anda ukve aRmoCnda arasakmarisi, igi uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos iseTi qmedebani sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo ZalebiT, romle-

bic aucilebeli iqneba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da uSiS-

roebis aRsadgenad. aseTi qmedebani SeiZleba moicavdnen demonstraciebs, blokadas an organizaciis wevrobis sahaero, sazRvao anda saxmeleTo Zalebis sxva operaciebs.

mocemuli muxlebis analizidan gamomdinareobs, rom iZulebiTi zomebis gasatareblad uSiSroebis sabWom 39-e muxlze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli rekomendaciis garda, mi-

TiTeba unda gaakeTos 41-e da 42-e muxlebze. 42-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sabWos SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Zala rogorc SezRudulad, ise sruli masStabiT. Tuki uSiSroebis sab-Wo CaTvlis, rom miRebuli zomebi araa sakmarisi da yvela zoma amowurulia, igi gadadis Zalis gamoyenebaze.

63

Tanamedrove samarTali krZalavs ra agresiul oms,

rogorc sagareo politikis saSualebas, amave dros yo-

vel saxelmwifos uflebas aniWebs mis politikur damou-

kideblobaze an teritoriul mTlianobaze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos `individualuri an ko-

leqtiuri Tavdacvis~ ufleba, e. i. SeiaraRebul Tavdas-

xmas daupirispiros an sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, an mokavSire qveynebis Zalebi. mas SeuZlia sxva saWiro dax-

marebac moiSvelios. gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebis 51-e muxlSi naxsenebi fraza `individualuri da koleqtiuri Tavdacva~ martivi gasagebi araa. praqtikaSi ganasxvaveben Tavdacvis oTx saxes.

a) individualuri Tavdacva, ganxorcielebuli indi-

vidualurad.

b) individualuri Tavdcva, ganxorcielebuli ko-

leqtiurad.

g) koleqtiuri Tavdacva, ganxorcielebuli indivi-

dualurad.

d) koleqtiuri Tavdacva, ganxorcielebuli koleq-

tiurad.

pirveli gulisxmobs imas, rom Tu erTi saxelmwifo Tavs esxmis meore saxelmwifos, Tavdasxmis obieqti sa-xelmwifo Tavad reagirebs Setevaze. meore gulisxmobs imas, rom agresori Tavs esxmis ramdenime saxelmwifos er-

Tdroulad an Tanmimdevrulad, Tavdasxmis obieqti qvey-nebi ki uflebamosilni arian mimarTon TavdacviT Ronis-

Ziebebs. mesame gulisxmobs, rom Tavdasxmas individua-

lurad SeiZleba upasuxos im saxelmwifom, romelzec ar ganxorcielebula Seteva, magram is Tavdasxmis Sekavebis mizniT exmareba dazaralebul qveyanas. dabolos, meoTxe saxe gulisxmobs, rom koleqtiuri Tavdacva xorcielde-

ba koleqtiurad, anu ori an meti saxelmwifo erTobli-

vad exmareba dazaralebul qveyanas. koleqtiuri Tavdacva ufro metia, vidre individua-

luri Tavdacvis ufleba, radgan koleqtiuri Tavdacvis

64

uflebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT erToblivad SesaZlebe-

lia winaaRmdegobis sabolood daZleva. ase rom, wesdeba odnavadac ar uaryofs individualuri an koleqtiuri Tavdacvis uflebis realizaciis SesaZleblobas uSiSroe-

bis sabWos mier saTanado RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebamde.

rodesac Cagruli koloniuri eri an xalxi, ganTavi-

suflebisaTvis mSvidobiani saSualebebis amowurvis Sem-deg, iZulebulia mimarTos iaraRs, es brZola ar SeiZle-

ba dakvalificirdes, rogorc agresiuli omi, igi samar-

Tliani SeiaraRebuli brZolaa, TavdacviTi omia. am Sem-TxvevaSi kolonizatorTa cda, CaaxSon erovnul-ganmaTa-

visuflebeli moZraoba ama Tu im qveyanaSi, agresias war-

moadgens.

am gamonaklisis garda, arc erT saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba Tavs daesxas meore saxelmwifos, ragind WeSmari-

tad samarTliani ar unda iyos is motivebi, romlebic karnaxoben aseTi prevenciuli zomebis aucileblobas. is,

vinc pirveli aswevs maxvils _ agresoria. mxolod gaeros aqvs ufleba miiRos saTanado zomebi, SeiaraRebuli Zale-

bis gamoyenebis CaTvliT, rodesac amas uSiSroebis sabWo daadgens.

daskvnis saxiT Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zalis gamoyeneba seriozul Sedegebs iwvevs da Sesabamisad pasu-

xismgeblobis sakiTxic dgeba im saxelmwifos mimarT, ro-

melic gamoiyenebs Zalas. Cems mier ganxiluli Tema naT-

lad daganaxebT, rom ruseTi agresoria, romelmac daar-

Rvia saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli sayovelTao principebi. man gamoiyena agresia, konkretulad ki, gamo-

iyena SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, romliTac daarRvia saqar-

Tvelos suvereniteti da teritoriuli xelSeuxebloba.

Cemi mizani iyo, naTlad damenaxebina is problemuri Teme-

bi, romlebic dResdReobiT arseboben da aucilebel gan-xilvas moiTxoven.

65

zina murjikneli samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis iuridiuli fakultetis sa-marTls specialobis III kursis stu-

denti

xelmZRvaneli:

profesori malxaz lomsaZe

adamianis uflebebi da policia

adamianis uflebebis koncefcia bunebiTi koncefciis

doqtrinidan gamomdinareobs, romlisTvisac ZiriTadia, dabadebiTi adamianuri Rirsebis cneba. am koncefciis mi-xedviT sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs, kanoniT miniWebu-

li uflebebis garda, aqvs ZiriTadi uflebebi _ swored imitom, rom isini adamianebad daibadnen. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, xelisuflebas imdeni ufleba aqvs, ramdensac mas kanoni aniWebs, (SezRuduli Zalauflebis principi), xo-

lo adamians aqvs yvela is ufleba, romelsac ar ukrZa-

lavs kanoni. adamianis uflebebSi or ZiriTad jgufs ga-moyofen: materialur da saproceso uflebebs. materia-

luri uflebebi moicaven _ pirad, anu samoqalaqo ufle-

bebsa da Tavisuflebebs, politikur, ekonomikur, socia-

lur da kulturul uflebebs. pirad, anu samoqalaqo uf-

lebebsa da Tavisuflebebs miekuTvneba: yvela adamianis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, moqalaqeobis ufleba, si-

cocxlis, pativisa da Rirsebis, Tavisuflebis xelSeuva-

li uflebebi, sityvis, azris, sindisis da religiis Tavi-

sufleba da a.S. saproceso uflebebi ki adamianisaTvis mikuTvnebuli moqmedebis meTodebi da masTan dakavSire-

buli institutebia, romelTa daxmarebiTac adamiani da-

66

culia xelisuflebis TviTnebobisagan. adamianis ufle-

baTa dacvis saproceso garantiebs miekuTvneba, agreTve, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, ombudsmenis (saxalxo dam-

cveli) instituti, referendumis mowyobis ufleba da a.S. adamianis uflebebi pozitiuri samarTlis, anu im

normaTa erTobliobis mimarT, romlebic saxelmwifos mi-er aris dadgenili, pirvelad wyarod cxaddeba, xolo sa-xelmwifos mier Tavisi kanoniT am uflebaTa ugulebel-

yofa marTlsawinaaRmdego, uzurpaciis aqtad iTvleba. adamianis uflebebi politikuri normebia, romlebic

gansazRvraven Tu rogor unda epyrobodnen mTavrobebi da institutebi adamianebs. isini Cveulebrivi zneobrivi normebi ar aris, romlebic mxolod pirovnebaTaSoris qcevas Seexeba (rogorebicaa: tyuilisa da Zaladobis ak-rZalva). isini ukrZalaven mTavrobebs diskriminacias moqmedebebisa da politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi da avaleben maT, aRkveTon diskriminaciis rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro formebi. adamianis uflebebi mravalricxova-

ni (ramdenime aTeuli) ufroa, vidre mcireodeni. jon lo-

kiseuli sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis ufle-

bebi mcirericxovani da abstraqtulia im uflebebTan Se-darebiT, romlebic dRes miiCneva uflebebad (magaliTad samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, monobis gauqmeba, ga-naTlebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa, genocidis akrZalva) adamianis uflebebi icaven adamianebs Rirsebis da ZiriTadi interesebis Selaxvisagan. adamianis mravali ufleba Tanamedrove problemebs Seexeba da axlaxan aris Seqmnili.

saerTaSoriso samarTali gadamwyvet rols aniWebs

adamianis uflebebs, raTa igi globalurad xelmisawvdomi iyos .

adamianis uflebebi saerTaSoriso normebia, romle-

bic moicaven yvela saxelmwifosa da dRes mcxovreb yvela adamians. adamianis uflebebs warmoadgenen minimalur

67

standartebs. maTi mizani saSinelis Tavidan acileba uf-

roa, vidre saukeTesos miRweva. uflebebi xSirad maval-

debulebeli xasiaTi aqvT da avaldebulebs TavianT adre-

satebs, romelTac garkveuli valdebulebebi da pasuxis-

mgebloba akisriaT. adamianis uflebebi ZiriTadad im sa-xelmwifos mTavrobas akisreben valdebulebebs, sadac pi-ri cxovrobs an imyofeba.

aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaracia (1776) acxadebs, rom xalxs `maTi Semoqmedis mier aqvs miniWebuli~ `sicoc-

xlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ bune-

biTi uflebebi. am gagebiT, RmerTi uzenaesi kanonSemoqme-

dia da mis mier aris dadgenili adamianis ZiriTadi ufle-

bebi. adamianis uflebebis RmerTis nebisadmi mikuTvneba ukiduresad mravalferovan samyaroSi ar uzrunvelyofs maT praqtikul simyares. samarTalSi asaxva erovnul an saerTaSoriso doneze gacilebiT myar statuss uzrun-

velyofs praqtikuli miznebis misaRwevad. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uflebebi ZiriTadad saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da sxva saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi meoradi anu `damatebiTi,~ adresatebi arian. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axorcieleben saxelmwifoTa mxardaWeras, xelSewyobas da zogjer kritikasac maT mier TavianT movaleobaTa Sesrulebis xelSewyobis mizniT.

adamianis uflebebi saerTaSoriso samarTliTa da Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobiTaa dadgenili. adami-

anis uflebaTa samarTlebrivi dacva uSualo SexebaSia policiis saqmianobasTan da mis ganuyofel nawils warmo-

adgens. policias Tavisi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas mo-

eTxoveba ara mxolod pativi sces, aramed qmediTad daic-

vas adamianis uflebebi. amasTanave, kanonis uzenaesobaze damyarebul demokratiul saxelmwifoSi policiis saqmia-nobis efeqturoba swored adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da am uflebebiT sargeblobis xarisxzea damokidebuli.

marTebs imoqmedos kanonis Sesabamisad da yovelTvis

68

unda icavdes dadgenil procesualur wesebsa da saxel-

mZRvanelo miTiTebebs. policiis yvela muSaki pirovnu-

ladaa pasuxismgebeli Tavis qmedebebsa Tu umoqmedobaze. amasTanave policiis xelmZRvanelobas ekisreba umniSvne-

lovanesi roli uzrunvelyos mis xelqveiTTa qmedebebis Sesabamisoba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis standartebTan.

evrosabWos deklaraciis policiis Sesaxeb kanonis me-12 muxli moiTxovs policiis mier Zalis mxolod ga-marTlebul farglebSi gamoyenebas, xolo me-13 muxli-policiisaTvis naTeli da zusti miTiTebebis micemas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor da ra viTarebaSi SeuZliaT maT iara-

Ris gamoyeneba. samarTaldamcavi sferos moxeleTa qcevis kodeqsi

miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier, rom-

lis me-3 muxli moiTxovs Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi policiis mier aucileblobisa da Tanazomierebis princi-

pebis dacvas. am muxlis komentarSi naTqvamia, rom poli-

cia uflebamosilia mimarTos Zalas mxolod im zomiT, romelic gamarTlebulia danaSaulis aRkveTisa an damna-

SaveTa Tu danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa kanonieri dapatimre-

bis aucileblobiT. aRniSnuli muxli agreTve moiTxovs, rom cecxlsasroli iaraRi gamoiyenon mxolod maSin Tu danaSaulSi eWvmitanili policias SeiaraRebul winaaR-

mdegobas uwevs, an safrTxeSi ayenebs sxvebis sicocxles da rodesac naklebad eqstremaluri zomebis miReba sakma-risi ar aris eWvmitanilis dasakaveblad.

mniSvnelovania imis gacnobiereba, rom: 1. policias gansakuTrebuli roli akisria sicocxlis uflebis dac-

vaSi-sicocxlis ukanono xelyofis, magaliTad mkvlelo-

bis, aRmkveTi zomebis miRebisa da mkvlelobis saqmeebis yovelmxrivi gamoZiebis meSveobiT. 2. Zalis kanonieri ga-moyeneba mniSvnelovania policiis saqmianobis efeqturad da warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis, xolo Zalis ukanono ga-moyeneba saziano gavlenas axdens policiasa da sazogado-

ebas Sors urTierTobaze.

69

yoveli policieli valdebulia: Zalisa da cecxlsas-

roli iaraRis gamoyenebamde mimarTos sakiTxs mSvidobia-

nad gadaWris yvela SesaZlo xerxs, pativi sces kanons da Seasrulos normatiuli wesebi da miTiTebebi Zalisa da iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, kargad esmodes, rom misi mo-

valeobaa ar daemorCilos aranair brZanebas an miTiTebas, romelic pirovnebis wamebas an mis mimarT aramarTebul mopyrobas moiTxovs.

yoveli policieli pasuxismgebelia: danaSaulis mo-

nawileobisa an danaSaulis ganzraxvis eWvis safuZvelze pirovnebis dakavebisas imoqmedos mxolod obieqtur faq-

tebsa da informaciaze dayrdnobiT, ganuxrelad Seasru-

los dakavebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela wesi, procesua-

luri moTxovna da uzrunvelyos dakavebul pirTa ufle-

bebis dacva. policias mniSvnelovani roli akisria Tavisufali

gadaadgilebis uflebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis arCe-

vis Tavisuflebis dacvaSi da moeTxoveba yovelgvari dis-

kriminaciis gareSe saTanado reagireba moaxdinos am uf-

lebisa da Tavisuflebis darRvevaTa Sesaxeb Semosul yve-la saCivarze.

msoflio RirebulebaTa dacva mniSvnelovnadaa damo-

kidebuli policiis saqmianobaze. magaliTad, policiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa uzrunvelyos sazogadoeb-

rivi wesrigis dacva, raTa ar moxdes adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa, ganmtkicdes kanoniereba da xeli ar SeeSalos demokratiuli politikuri procesebis ganxorcielebas.

amave dros aucilebelia, rom policia Tavad scemdes pa-tivs da xelmZRvanelobdes adamianis uflebebis, kanonis uzenaesobisa da demokratiuli principebis dacvis inte-

resebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es Rirebulebebi Seila-

xeba swored im adamianebisa da uwyebebis mier, romlebic Tavad arian mowodebuli daicvan isini yovelgvari xel-

yofisagan. yovelive es mkafiod warmoaCens, Tu raoden mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba policiis xelmZRvanelobas

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da rogoria misi pasuxismgebloba am RirebulebaTa jero-

vani dacvis uzrunvelyofaSi. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT Seqmnil

organoTa daskvnebsa da gadawyvetilebebSi araerTgzisaa xazgasmuli policiis mier kanonis pativiscemisa da dac-

vis, sxvadasxa procesualuri moTxovnebis savaldebulo Sesrulebis aucilebloba. policia ganuxrelad unda xelmZRvanelobdes kanonis moTxovnaTa dacvis, Tanazomi-

erebisa da diskriminaciis dauSveblobis pricipebiT. mxo-

lod aseTi midgoma uzrunvelyofs policiis mier saerTo evropuli Rirebulebebis dacvas, ganmtkicebas da am Ri-

rebulebaTa saerTo policiur Rirebulebebad damkvid-

rebas. policia mkacrad disciplinirebuli, ierarqiuli

struqturaa. yovelive es ganapirobebs imas, rom sxvadas-

xva qveyanaSi Camoyalibebuli policiuri praqtika mrava-

li saerTo niSniT xasiaTdeba. SesaZloa amas xels uwyob-

des agreTve policiuri saqmianobis mzardi internacio-

nalizacia. magaliTad, dRes gaeros samSvidobo misiebSi gverdigverd TanamSromloben mravali qveynis policiuri Zalebi: qveynebs Soris dadebuli ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis egidiT miRebuli doku-

mentebi sxvadasxva qveynis policias Soris codnisa da ga-mocdilebis gaziarebis saSualebas iZleva. garda amisa, sxvadasxva qveynis policiuri uwyebebi sul ufro mWid-

rod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan iseT danaSaulebebTan brZolos saqmeSi, romlebmac saerTaSoriso ganzomileba SeiZines.

policiis yvela xelmZRvaneli piri valdebulia uz-

runvelyos, rom mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofma policie-

lebma efeqturad, kanonis dacviTa da humanuri damokide-

bulebiT Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. am mizniT, policiis xelmZRvanelobas moeTxoveba maRali profesionalizmiT warmarTos da gaakontrolos xelqve-

iTebis muSaoba.

71

srulyofil samyaroSi policia ar iqneboda saWiro. samwuxarod, Cven arasrulyofil samyaroSi vcxovrobT, gviZneldeba Tanaarseboba da amitom policia Tanamedro-

ve sazogadoebis sruliad aucilebeli nawilia. policia gvWirdeba imisTvis rom:

• Tavidan agvacilos da gamoavlinos danaSauli; • SeinarCunos an daicvas sazogadoebrivi wesrigi; • daexmaros adamianebs kritikuli mdgomarebis

dros; policielebi ar arian socialuri muSakebi _ es ar

Sedis maTi pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi, maT saamisod arc resursebi aqvT da arc momzadebulebi arian. magram policielebs mudmivi kontaqti aqvT sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgenlebTan da amitom SeiZleba gaxdnen par-

tniorebi yvela adamianisaTvis usafrTxoebisa da dacvis uzrunvelyofis erTobliv mcdelobaSi. policiis mniS-

vnelovan movaleobad SeiZleba CavTvaloT bavSvebis uf-

lebaTa dasacavad da ojaxebSi Zaladobis aRsakveTad gan-saxorcielebeli RonisZiebebic. sul ufro meti aRiareba aqvs policiis moRvaweobas qalebis mimarT Zaladobis wi-naaRmdeg. Tu uwin Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo, rom policie-

lebi uars ambobdnen maT mier `Sinaur~ an `piradi urTier-

Tobebis sferod~ wodebul problemebSi Carevaze, dRes policiis TanamSromlebs sagangebod amzadeben dazara-

lebulze zrunvisa da sisxlis samarTlis Tavdasxmis sa-fuZvelze agresoris pasuxisgebaSi gadacemisaTvis. garda amisa, Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom policielebis sityvebi da saqcieli TvalSisacemad antirasistuli iyos da rom policielebma TavianTi movaleobebi kulturuli da de-

likaturi formiT Seasrulon. policielebs kanoni aZlevs uflebas, gamoiyenon Za-

la, ataron iaraRi, daakavon da daapatimron adamianebi, aseve gaCxrikon adamianebi, avtomanqanebi da Senobebi. es is arsebiTi uflebebia, romelTa saSualebiTac policie-

lebi asruleben TavianT funqciebsa da movaleobebs. po-

72

licias sWirdeba, rom mas endobodes is sazogadoeba, ro-

melsac igi emsaxureba. kargi policieloba niSnavs poli-

cielis unar _ Cvevebisa da Tavis profesiaSi gamocdile-

bis da kargi saqcielis, anu kanonisa da adamianis uflebe-

bis pativiscemis erTobliobas. Zalze mniSvnelovania po-

liciis yvela TanamSromlis profesiuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba: policiels unda SeeZlos danaSaulSi eWvmi-tanilTa imgvarad dakiTxva, rom SesaZlebeli iyos dakiT-

xvis Sedegad informaciis mopovebac da dakavebulTa mi-marT cudi mopyrobis gamoricxvac. saWiroa, agreTve, darwmunebis, molaparakebisa da Suamavlobis unar-Cveve-bis ganviTareba Zalis gamoyenebis SezRudvis mizniT. sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac advokatebi amtkiceben, rom maT klientebs aRiareba Zalis gamoyene-

biT _ policiis ukanono qmedebis meSveobiT _ gamostyu-

es. swored amitom aris aRiarebuli, rom gamoZiebis sxva saxeebSi momzadeba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa mtkicebu-

lebaTa kanonieri gziT da efeqtianad SegrovebisaTvis. yovelTvis iarsebeben adamianebi, romlebic Seecde-

bian policiis TanamSromelTa moqrTamvas, raTa maT ar Seasrulon TavianTi movaleobebi. policiis Sesaxeb dek-

laracia Zalze mkacria am sakiTxis mimarT da policiele-

bisagan moiTxovs Tanmimdevrul, miukerZoebel Rirseul muSaobas, gansakuTrebiT ki korufciis yvelanairi gamov-

linebisagan Tavis Sekavebas da misTvis winaaRmdegobis ga-wevas.

Zalze mniSvnelovania imis gaTviTcnobiereba, rom adamianis uflebebi yvela adamianisaTvis aris gansaz-

Rvruli da rom policiis TanamSromlebma TavianTi mova-

leobebi adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSi CamoT-

vlili nebismieri mizeziT diskriminaciis gareSe unda Se-asrulon. gaxsovdeT, rom Semdegi adamiani, visi uflebe-

bic dairRveva, SeiZleba iyos Tqveni axlo naTesavi, kole-

ga, uaxloesi megobari _ da Tqvenc ki. rogor warmomidgenia momavlis policia? _ imisaTvis,

73

rom policiis samsaxuris momavali naTeli iyos da mas mxars uWerdes sazogadoeba, saWiroa garkveuli cvlile-

bebis ganxorcieleba da am cvlilebebis marTva. policiis TanamSromelTa samsaxurSi ayvanisa da SerCevisas, Cemi az-

riT, saWiroa adamianis xasiaTis gaTvaliswineba: SeuZlia Tu ara kandidats daicvas adamianis uflebebi? aucilebe-

lia SemuSavdes samsaxurSi ayvanis iseTi strategia, rome-

lic uzrunvelyofs qalebis, mamakacebis, religiuri, eT-

nikuri da sxva umciresobebis wevrTa dasaqmebas im pro-

porciiT, romliTac isini sazogadoebaSi arian warmodge-

nili. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs policielTa momzadebas samsaxurSi ayvanamde da maTi kvalifikaciis amaRlebas.

sabolood ki, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas da ga-mocdilebis gaziarebas didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia policiis yvela organizaciisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyofi-

li iqnes am organizaciaTa struqturis prqtikuli muSao-

bis Sesabamisoba policiis saqmianobis saerTaSoriso standartebTan. policielebs ar SeuZliaT mxolod saku-

Tari ZaliT ebrZolon danaSauls da daamyaron sazogado-

ebrivi wesrigi, isini didi procesis monawileni arian da amitom saWiroa mudmivi dialogi am procesSi CarTul sxva partniorebTan _ mTavrobasTan, socialur samsaxu-

rebTan, ganaTlebis sistemasTan da mTlianad sazogadoe-

basTan. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeZleben policiis Ta-

namSromlebi TavianTi movaleobebis Sesrulebas da adami-

anis uflebebis sferoSi kargad momzadebuli da windaxe-

duli damcvelebis saxiT muSaobas.

74

arCil bregvaZe

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: asocirebuli profesori

manana aladaSvili

menejeris roli turistuli sawarmos

marTvis procesSi

sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi nebismieri firmis warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia menejerTa saqmianobaze. Tanamedrove pirobebSi menejmenti biznesis ganuyofeli nawilia, radgan mizanmimarTuli menejmenti biznesis efeqturad warmarTvis safuZvelia. es gansakuT-

rebiT igrZnoba turistul sawarmoebSi, radganac isini damokidebuli arian iseT gareSe faqtorebze, rogoricaa: turistuli momsaxurebis bazris Zlieri konkurencia, sa-erTaSoriso damokidebulebebis gauareseba, turistuli regionebis ekologiis moSla, ris gamoc turistuli fir-

mebis saqmianobis sawarmoo-sameurneo parametrebi Rrma

Seswavlas moiTxoven. turistuli sawarmos warmatebuli saqmianoba SesaZ-

lebelia mxolod Tanamedrove marTvis xerxebisa da teq-

nologiebis gamoyenebiT, romelic xels uwyobs konkuren-

tuli upiratesobis SenarCunebas, turproduqtis moT-

xovna-miwodebis daregulirebas, stabiluri gayidvebis uzrunvelyofas, mudmivi klientebis formirebas da Se-narCunebas, aseve turistuli sawarmos efeqtian marTvas.

turistuli sawarmos marTva sxva sawarmoTa marTvis analogiuria, magram mas gaaCnia Taviseburebani, romelic dakavSirebulia momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan saxelSek-

75

rulebo damokidebulebaze, aseve marTva gamoirCeva mene-jeris unariT _ daarwmunos potenciuri turisti SeTava-

zebuli momsaxurebis sargeblianobasa da xarisxis maRal doneze, vinaidan turistuli produqtis xarisxi damoki-

debulia momwodeblebze, drosa da miwodebis adgilzec. turistuli produqti ar inaxeba, amitom mogzaurobaze klientis uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi misi Secvla sxva klien-

tiT umokles droSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. turizmis menejmentis efeqtianoba ganixileba ekono-

mikuri, socialur-kulturuli da ekologiuri Tvalsaz-

risiT. qveynis ekonomikaze turizmi zemoqmedebs rogorc

pirdapir, roca turistebis mier Casvlis adgilze daxar-

juli fuli qmnis Semosavals, aseve iribad. irib, anu meo-

rad efeqts turizmi axdens maSin, roca turisti mogzau-

robisas, garda pirdapiri danaxarjebisa, Tavisufal fuls xarjavs sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT.

turizmis socialur-kulturul gavlenas qveyanaze miekuTvneba qveynebs Soris kulturuli informaciis gac-

vla. Semosuli turistebis interesma qveynis kulturul memkvidreobaze SeiZleba gamoiwvios adgilobrivi mosax-

leobis Rirsebis grZnobis amaRleba, rac astimulirebs erovnuli tradiciebis dacvasa da SenarCunebas. aseve tu-

rizmis efeqturi menejmenti ganapirobebs samuSaos Ses-rulebis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi donis amaRlebas.

turizmis menejmentis ekologiuri efeqtianoba ki

moicavs garemoze zemoqmedebis minimizirebas, istoriu-

li Zeglebis dacva-restavracias, daculi teritoriebis

qselis Seqmnas, florisa da faunis dacvas da sxv., rac mniSvnelovania ara mxolod Camosuli turistebisaTvis, aramed adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom turistuli paketi iTvaliswinebs sastumros, transpor-

tis, kvebisa da garTobis momsaxureobebs da turistuli firmis menejmenti maSin aRwevs Sedegs, rodesac menejeri kargad flobs zogad menejments, romelic am SemTxvevaSi turistuli firmis menejmentis safuZvelia.

76

baqar gvazava saqarTvelos teqnikuri uni-

versiteti, biznes-inJineringis fakulte-

ti, samarTalmcodneoba, baka-

lavriati

xelmZRvaneli: fsiqologiis doqtori, profesori nino cercvaZe

arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa fsiqologiuri

Taviseburebani

warmodgenili naSromi exeba metad mniSvnelovan da

amavdroulad problemur sakiTxs, arasrulwlovan mo-

zardTa danaSaulebriv qmedebebs da maT gamomwvev mize-

zebs. dadasturebulia, rom danaSauls umTavresad Zneli mozardebi Cadian.

kvlevebi adasturebs, rom arasrulwlovan damnaSave-

TaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SemecnebiTi interesis dabali done. aseTi mozardebi formirdebian asocialuri piro-

bebis gavleniT, maT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT swavlisadmi da saerTod adamianebisadmi. isini konfliq-

turebi arian da darRveuli aqvT adamianur urTierToba-

Ta sisitema. aseTi mozardebi erTiandebian quCis jgufeb-

Si, sadac isini ikmayofileben asocialur moTxovnebs. rogorc mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, Znel mozardTa aso-

cialuri qcevebi dakavSirebulia maTi nervuli sistemis organul dazianebasTan. aseT mozardebs aqvT pirovnebis fsiqopaturi Tvisebebi da niSnebi, gamoirCevian didi STa-

gonebadobiTa da agresiulobiT. aRsaniSnavia is, rom gardamaval asakSi mozards uC-

ndeba damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba, romelic Zalian Zlieria. mozardi xSirad amayobs da yo-

77

yoCobs Tavisi saqcieliT, misTvis arafers niSnavs ufro-

sebis rCeva-darigebebi. saqmianobs imis mixedviT, Tu ra surs da ikmayofilebs moTxovnilebebs misi Sexedulebe-

bisamebr. imisaTvis, rom mozardi imyofebodes jansaR socia-

lur-fsiqologiur garemoSi sasurvelia aRmzrdels hqondes fsiqologiuri momzadeba. arasrulwlovnebi, romlebic ganicdian asakobriv cvlilebebs Sesabamisad reagireben garemoze, ris gamoc xSirad ar emorCilebian socialur da sazogadoebriv moTxovnebs. is aRmzrdelebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT fsiqologiuri gamocdileba, hgo-

niaT, rom es sagangaSo mdgomareobaa da Sesabamisad iyene-ben Zalismier meTodebs da maTi aRmzrdelobiTi stili metad mkacria. aseTi mdgomarebebis gamo mozardebi cdi-

loben Seicvalon garemo da pouloben iseT saurTierTo-

bo wres, sadac maTi midrekilebebisa, Tavisufali gaSlisa da realizaciis pirobebi iqneba. es moTxovnileba mozar-

dis danaSaulebrivi qcevis xelSemwyobi Zlieri fsiqolo-

giuri pirobaa. gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi mniSvnelovani garemoe-

bebi. mozardis pirovnebis formirebis procesis xel-

mZRvaneloba ar iqneba efeqturi sqesobriv momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli fiziologiuri da fsiqologiuri cvli-

lebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. mozardTa fsiqologiuri Taviseberebebis codna

uaRresad xels Seuwyobs danaSaulebebis gaxsnas, aras-

rulwlovanTa socializacias da maTi aRzrdis dros war-

moqmnili problemebis sworad gadaWras.

78

giorgi labartyava

samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis iuridiuli fakultetis studen-

ti

xelmZRvaneli:

profesori maia gelaSvili

turizmis sakanonmeblo regulireba

saqarTveloSi

turizms dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi gansakuTrebu-

li mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan ara marto mniSvnelovan Semosavals iZleva qveynisaTvis, aramed, imavdroulad, damatebiT kidev araerT dadebiT Sedegs ganapirobebs, maT Soris infrastruqturul ganviTarebas, biznesis sxvadasxva sferos ganviTarebas, rac Tavis mxriv, qveyana-Si investiciebis mozidvas aZlierebs da Sesabamisad mo-

saxleobis dasaqmebas zrdis. saqarTveloSi turizmis sferos Semdegi kanonebi

aregulirebs: 1. saqarTvelos kanoni `turizmisa da kurortebis Se-

saxeb~, romelic aregulirebs turizmisa da sakurorto saqmianobis sferoSi arsebul urTierTobebs;

2. saqarTvelos kanoni `kurortebisa da sakurorto adgilebis sanitariuli dacvis zonebis Sesaxeb~, aRniSnu-

li kanonis mizania bunebrivi samkurnalo resursebis Tvi-

sebebis SenarCuneba da maTi dabinZurebis, gafuWebisa da gamofitvisgan dacvis mizniT sanitariuli dacvis zone-

bis dadgena; 3. turizmis qartia, sadac saqarTvelom sakuTar

79

Tavze aiRo rigi valdebulebebi, romlebic aucilebelia Sesruldes rogorc Sida saqveyno, ise saerTaSoriso tu-

rizmis mowesrigebuli da harmoniuli ganviTarebisaTvis. turizmis qartia aseve moicavs turistis kodeqss, ro-

melSic gansazRvrulia turistTa ufleba-movaleobebi. rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, turizmis ganviTare-

ba multiseqtoruli TanamSromlobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba, amitomac Sesabamis dargobriv kanonmdeblobaSic aris garkveuli cvlilebebi gasatarebeli (mag. sagadasa-

xado sistemaSi, sagareo urTierTobaTa da Sinagan saqmeTa sistemaSi, sabanko seqtorSi), raTa moxdes turizmTan da-

kavSirebuli uzrunvelyofis infrastruqturis intensi-

uri ganviTareba da investiciebis stimulireba. kanonis garda, turizmis sferoSi Zalze mniSvnelovania kargad gaazrebuli maregulirebeli sistemis da dokumentebis Camoyalibeba. maregulirebeli CarCo unda iyos rac SeiZ-leba martivi, Tumca maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebdes ro-

gorc saxelmwifos, aseve momxmarebelTa da mimwodebelTa interesebis dacvas. xSir SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom mare-

gulirebel-makontrolebeli funqciebis delegireba un-

da moaxdinos kerZo seqtorze, mag. profesiul asociaci-

ebze (gansakuTrebiT xarisxis marTvis, sainformacio qse-lis SemTxvevaSi da a.S.). es, erTi mxriv, moaxdens saxel-

mwifo xarjebis da, meore mxriv, saxelmwifo struqtu-

rebSi korufciiT cdunebis riskebis minimizacias, aseve gazrdis ndobas da Seamcirebs rezistentulobas maregu-

lirebel sistemaSi CarTvisas. albaT optimaluri iqneba turizmis erovnuli poli-

tikisa da ganviTarebis strategiuli gegmis axali doku-

mentebis SemuSaveba, romlebic daefuZneba saqarTveloSi am mizniT Tanamedrove meTodologiiT Catarebul kvle-

vebs (maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania marketin-

guli kvlevebi) da mtkicebulebebs, aseve saerTaSoriso gamocdilebas da saukeTeso praqtikas. amgvari samoqmedo gegma erTian koordinirebul sistemaSi moaqcevs turiz-

80

mis ganviTarebisaken mimarTul yvela Zalisxmevas, rac gazrdis efeqtianobas da dazogavs resursebs da dros.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aTwleulis manZilze miRebuli kanoni `turizmisa da kurortebis Sesaxeb~, ukve veRar pasuxobs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da realiebs. Se-sabamisad, aqtualuri gaxda turizmis axali mimarTule-

bebi, axali teqnologiebi, axali moTxovnebi, amitom mi-zanSewonlad migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi turizmis gan-viTarebisaTvis aucilebelia arsebul kanonSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis Setana, raTa moxdes misi harmonizacia ro-

gorc saqarTvelos amJamindel kanonmdeblobasTan, aseve saerTaSoriso moTxovnebTan da SeTanxmebebTan.

81

nino WiTanava

ganaTlebis administrirebis

magistri

studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis arsebobis

forma saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis

Sesabamisad, umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis

studentebs eniWebaT ufleba jansaR garemoSi miiRon

ganaTleba, Tavisuflad gamoxaton sakuTari azri da mi-

iRon monawileoba universitetis marTvaSi. studentTa

interesebis da uflebebis dacvis erT-erT meqanizms

studenturi TviTmmarTveloba warmoadgens. Tumca rea-

lobaSi aRniSnuli institutis saqmianobasTan dakavSi-

rebiT yovelTvis Cndeba kiTxvebi, maT Soris, studen-

tTa azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvasTan.

vinaidan, TviTmmarTveloba rogorc instituti yovel-

Tvis moiazreboda saxelisuflo struqturebTan mWid-

ro kavSirSi, misi wevri studentebisaTvis warmoadgen-

da profesiuli warmatebis erT-erT garants. garda ami-

sa, studentebis mxridan, mudmivad ismis braldebebi

studenturi TviTmmarTvelobisTvis gadacemuli Tanxe-

bis aramiznobriv da gaumWvirvale xarjvazec. aRniSnu-

li problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mocemuli statiis mi-

zans warmoadgens, studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesa-

xeb sakanonmdeblo regulaciebis ganxilva. visaubrebT

aseve im Zireuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic arse-

82

bobs sxva qveynebisa da saqarTvelos studenturi TviT-

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb regulaciebSi.

studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis institutze, ro-

gorc studentebis mimarT angariSvaldebul organoze

saubrisas aucilebelia, rom pirdapir iyos gaTvaliswi-

nebuli ama Tu im sakanonmdeblo regulaciaSi is mniS-

vnelovani elementebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs insti-

tutis demokratiulobasa da efeqturobas. arsebobs

mosazreba, rom sakanonmdeblo Careva problemis mogva-

rebis araefeqturi gzaa. sapirispirod SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom msoflios wamyvan qveynebsa da universitetebSi ar-

sebobs saqarTvelosgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli mo-

delebi. Tavdapirvelad minda avRniSno rom umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis reitingi dgindeba

rogorc ganaTlebis xarisxiT aseve sauniversiteto

servisebis gamarTuli funqcionirebiT. reitingSi ame-

rikis SeerTebuli StatebSi arsebuli universitetebi

lideroben, romelTac moyveba didi britaneTis, kanadis,

Seveicariisa da germaniis universitetebi. raSi mdgoma-

reobs ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi?

• aRniSnuli qveynebis umravlesobaSi arsebobs

studenturi gaerTianebebi erovnul doneze, romelic

moicavs qveynis yvela universitetis warmomadgenlebs;

• erovnuli gaerTianeba adgens regulaciebs sauni-

versiteto gaerTianebebisaTvis da saxelmwifoebi aRniS-

nul saqmianobaSi minimaluri doziT erevian (an saer-

Tod uars amboben Carevaze);

• biujetis xarjva kontroldeba damoukidebeli

pirebis mier, winaswar dadgenili, mkafio meqanizmiT.

daxarjuli Tanxis Sesaxeb informacia, yvela damadas-

turebel dokumentTan erTan aris sajaro da xelmisaw-

vdomia yvela studentisaTvis;

• arsebobs studenturi gaerTianebis xelmZRvane-

lebis impiCmentis mkafio procedura, romlis ganxorci-

elebis ufleba aqvT studentebis garkveul raodenobas;

83

• xSir SemTxvevaSi, gaerTianebebi xels uwyoben

studentTa klubebis dafuZnebas, es Sedis maT valde-

bulebebSi;

• xSir SemTxvevaSi, studentTa mosazrebebs aqvT

sarekomendacio xasiaTi universitetis marTvis proces-

Si.

sauniversiteto klubebis arseboba mniSvnelovania,

magram SesaZloa klubebi ver iyos is warmomadgenlobi-

Ti organo, romelic studentebis interesebs daicavs.

„Tu studentebs undaT, rom, vTqvaT, gadasaxadi iyos

naklebi, es unda gadawyvitos TviTmmarTvelobam, gada-

saxadis damklebTa klubs xom ar gavakeTebT“. amboben

rom studentebs roca aqvT Tanxa es maT ryvnis da xSir

SemTxvevaSi privilegiasa da saSualebas aZlevs sakuTar

Tavs moaxmaron is. vfiqrob, aq gaumWirvale procedu-

rebis problema ufroa, vidre Tanxis. Tu mTavroba biu-

jets aramiznobrivad xarjavs es imas ar niSnavs rom sa-

erTod gavauqmoT. Sesabamisad TviTmmarTvelobis arse-

boba mniSvnelovania. maSin ra formiT unda arsebobdes

is dRevandel saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi? TviTmmarTve-

lobis warmomadgenlebi acxadeben, rom TviTmmarTvelo-

ba damoukidebeli da Tavisufali organoa. magram amave

dros aRniSnaven rom maTi saqmianoba universitetis wes-

debazea mibmuli, universitetis wesdeba ki ganaTlebis

kanonze. rogorc Cans Canafiqris gakeTebamde uamravi

Zalian rTuli biurokratiuli proceduris gavlaa saWi-

ro. maSin raSi gvinda organo, romelic Tavis funqcias

ver asrulebs da Tan studentebis xarjze arsebobs?

vinc ambobs, rom studenturi TviTmmarTveloba un-

da gauqmdes _ arasworia. vinc ambobs, rom studenturi

TviTmmarTveloba arsebuli formiT unda darCes, esec

ar aris swori. axali formis Seqmnisas gasaTvaliswine-

belia rom:

• studentebs ar surT maTi fuli midiodes TviT-

mmarTvelobis subsidirebaSi;

84

• studentebs ar surT, sxvam gaukeTos saqme da

urCevniaT TviTon moifiqron maTTvis sasurveli aqti-

vobebi;

• studentebs surT konkurencia.

yvela dainteresebuli mxaris CarTviT unda SeirCes

zusti forma Tu rogori iqneba universitetis marTvasa

da cxovrebaSi studentis CarTuloba. vfiqrob, saxel-

mwifo mxolod rekomendaciebiT unda Semoifarglos da

studentebs gaacnon garkveuli TviTmmarTvelobis mo-

delebi, rom SemdgomSi TviTon gaakeTon arCevani. wina-

aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xistad, kanonis doneze erT

konkretul gezs miscemen studentebs, universitetis

avtonomiis SezRudva gamova.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb;

2. saqarTvelos axalgazrda konstitucionalistTa

asociacia _ „studenturi TviTmmarTveloba msofli-

os wamyvan universitetebSi“;

3. liberali (21.05.2016) _ „gauqmdeba Tu ara studen-

turi TviTmmarTveloba“;

4. baTumelebi (31.03.2016) - unda gauqmdes Tu ara stu-

denturi TviTmmarTveloba; (http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/news/40861/#sthash.72ll4NVv.

qXKPPWRV.dpbs)

85

guranda SalamberiZe


studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori sofio moraliSvili

britanuli slengi

da Jargoni

Tu sazogadoebas gadavxedavT, TvalSisacemia, rom

civilizaciam metnaklebad yvela sfero moicva. Sesabami-

sad slengmac TiTqmis yvela profesiul leqsikaSi daim-

kvidra adgili. igi sazogadoebis nawilad iqca, amitomac misi sicocxlisunarianoba eWvgareSea. slengur enaSi mTavar rols asruleben sityvebi da sityvaSeTanxmebebi. es sityvebi moiazreba, rogorc universaluri Setyobine-

bebi, garda amisa, isini Seicaven garkveul farul, kodi-

rebul informacias. inovacia enisTvis metad mniSvnelo-

vani Tvisebaa, aqedan gamomdinare igi mniSvnelovania slengisTvisac. bevri slenguri sityva drodadro iCens xolme Tavs metyvelebaSi, Tumca Semdgom isev ukvalod qreba an sxva mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba.

gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT mraval Tanamedrove sa-

literaturo enaSi ganirCeva leqsikis sxvadasxva sti-

listuri fena. sayovelTao-saliteraturo, teqnikuri,

publicisturi, oficialur-saqmiani, samecniero stilis

leqsika. sayovelTao-saliteraturo stilis leqsika ix-

mareba adamianTa urTierTobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, sxva-dasxva situaciaSi, igi stilTaSorisia.

Jargoni (fr. jargon) ewodeba zepirmetyvelebas, rome-

86

lic ixmareba SedarebT myari socialuri jgufebis wev-rebs Soris urTierTobis dros da romelsac axasiaTebs Taviseburebebi sityvawarmoebaSi, leqsikasa da frazeo-

logiaSi. Jargoni Cndeba erTnairi socialuri mdgomare-

obis, interesebis, asakis, profesiis mqone pirTa jgufeb-

Si; misi xmarebisas aqcenti keTdeba mocemuli jgufis wevrobaze. es aris garkveuli etalonisadmi mibaZva. Jar-

gonizmebia, magaliTad, mayuTi `fuli,~ SxvarTi `eSxiani,~ `tanadi, ` Sarafi `qeifi,~ ingl.conk `cxviri,~ alky `sasme-li~ fly `Wkviani.~

zogierTi socialuri jgufi, romelic Jargons iye-

nebs, Riaa da sazogadoebis organul nawils Seadgens.

aseT jgufebSi Jargons `koleqtiuri TamaSis~ saxe aqvs. mas zogjer slengs (ingl. slang) uwodeben (mag., moswavle axalgazrdobis slengi).

slengi metyvelebis araformaluri, arastandartuli saxeobaa, romelsac axasiaTebs axladgamogonili an axali mniSvnelobiT naxmari sityvebi da gamoTqmebi. gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva dajgufebaSi (profesiuli, socialuri, asa-

kobrivi da a.S). slengi warmoadgens standartuli met-

yvelebisgan gadaxras da gansakuTrebiT popularulia

axalgazrdebs Soris. igi metnaklebad yvela socialur

seqtorSi gamoiyeneba. masSi xSirad vxvdebiT axal enob-

riv formebs an Zveli formebis axlebur adaptacias.

slengi SeiZleba warmoadgendes erTgvar saidumlo ena-sac, romelic mxolod konkretuli jgufis wevrebisTvi-

saa gasagebi. am SemTxvevaSi igi qmnis socioleqts, rom-

lis mizania saubari zogierTebisTvis miuwvdomeli gaxa-dos.

misi gamoyeneba garkveuli jgufis wevrebis amocnobi-

sa da am jgufis farTo sazogadoebisgan gamijvnis saSua-

lebaa. magaliTad, axalgazrdebi xSirad xmaroben iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa ace-accellent, chick _ a girl, cookgreat, rameTu informacia miuwvdomeli darCes sxvebisTvis. amas garda igi SesaZloa gamoiyenebodes da iqmnebodes ubra-

87

lod iumoris an eqspresiis mizniT. slengis ZiriTadi

Tematikaa: sasmel-saWmeli, fuli, emociebi, adamianis in-

teleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, garegnoba, swavlis pro-

cesi da sxv. slengi gansxvavdeba rogorc standartuli, aseve

arastandartuli metyvlebsgan, Tumca amasTanave, gar-

kveuli TvisebebiT orives emsgavseba. iseT slengur ap-likacebs, rogoricaa backy, ciggy, footy, supy, tomy Sesat-

yvisebaT Semdegi sityvebi (tobacco, cgarette, football, supermarket, tomato). slenguri sityvebi mravalmniSvnelo-

bis mqone sityvebia. standartul metyvelebaSi Bimba gu-

lisxmobs a young attractivve empty headedwoman. rogorc vxedavT, mxolod erTma sityvam moicva informacia sqes-

ze (qali), asakze (axalgazrda), garegnobaze (mimzidveli)

da inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebze. imis da miuxeda-

vad, rom slengi garkveuli fenis enad moisazreba, mainc moiZebneba iseTi sityvebi, romlebic yvelasTvis gasage-bia, mag: merd _ niSnavs `intelligent obsessive person~. metad popularulia crackers _ `crazy~.

amrigad, faqtebi adasturebs, rom slengi xdeba mra-

valricxovani. misi arcodna qmnis gaugebrobas enis Sem-swavlelebsa da mSobliur enaze mosaubreebs Soris.

88

nino didebaSvili

Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxe-

lobis saxelmwifo universitetis fsiqologiisa da ganaTlebis fakultetis fsiqologiis mimar-

Tulebis studenti.

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: ia af-

TaraSvili, Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxel-

mwifo universitetis fsiqologiis departamentis asis-tent-profesori

anoreqsiis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi

anoreqsia berZnuli sityvaa da umadobas niSnavs. ner-

vuli anoreqsia kvebiTi aSlilobaa, romlis drosac pirov-

neba mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs iwonis da kvlav ganagrZobs sakvebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams. daavadeba xasiaTdeba wonaSi daklebis pa-Tologiuri surviliTa da gasuqebis panikuri SiSiT.

nervuli anoreqsia dRevandel msoflioSi mesame yve-laze gavrcelebuli qronikuli daavadebaa 15-25 wlamde mozardebs Soris. igi ar eqvemdebareba srul gankurnebas da ukidures SemTxvevaSi fatalurad sruldeba. daavade-

bulTa 90% mozardi gogonaa, mxolod 10% kimamakaci. cnobilia, rom nervuli anoreqsia umeteswilad fsi-

qo-socialuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, amitomac aRniSnuli daavadeba fsiqologiis kvlevis sagania.

fsiqologiur daavadebaTa Soris nervul anoreqsias yvelaze maRali sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli axasiaTebs.

nervul anoreqsias aqvs sami faza: 1. pirveladi, dismorfomaniuri etapi _ pirovneba

89

mudmivad ukmayofiloa sakuTari woniT miuxedavad imisa arsebobs Tu ara amis obieqturi safuZveli. mudmivad cdilobs sxeulis koreqcias. aReniSneba dismorfomania.

2. anoreqsiuli etapi _ daavadebuli iwonis sawyisi wonis 20-50%-iT naklebs, Tumca kvlav ukmayofiloa da cdilobs kidev ufro Seamciros. miuxedavad wonaSi kle-

bisa mZimdeba fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba, rac gamoixate-

ba mwvave depresiiT. daavadebuli arasrulfasovani kve-biT gamowveuli SimSilis grZnobis daZlevis or xerxs mi-marTavs: ganagrZobs kvebiT SezRudvebs da amasTanave ga-daWarbebuli fizikuri aqtivobebiT kavdeba; iRebs sak-

vebs, Tumca cdilobs xelovnurad gamowveuli pirRebine-

biT an safaRaraTo saSualebebis didi dozebis miRebiT ganiTavisuflos organizmi.

3. kaxeqsiuri etapi _ daavadebulis wona sawyisTan SedarebiT 50%-iT an metiT aris Semcirebuli. iwyeba Sina-gani organoebis distrofia. kaxeqsiuri etapi nervuli anoreqsiis yvelaze mZime formaa. distrofikul cvli-

bebs Sinagani organoebis funqciebi gamousworebel dazi-

anebamde mihyavs, rac sikvdiliT sruldeba. zemoxsenebuli stadiebi ganpirobebulia mraval-

mxrivi simptomebiT: sakuTari sxeulis araadekvaturi aRqma; gasuqebis

panikuri SiSi; ganwyobis swrafi cvalebadoba; momatebuli agznebadoba; usafuZvlo mrisxaneba; depresia; uZiloba;

WarbTmianoba; ariTmia; kanis simSrale; kunTovani spazmebi; imunuri sistemis daqveiTeba; sifermkmTale; sisxlis mimoqcevis problemebi; amenorea; daavadebis di-

agnostirebisTvis mxolod simptomebis gamovlena ar aris sakmarisi. aucilebelia ganisazRvros pacientis sxeulis masis indeqsi.

nervuli anoreqsia gamomwvevi faqtorebis kompleq-

surobiT xasiaTdeba. biologiuri faqtorebi: genetikuri winaswargan-

wyoba; neorimediatorebis, kerZod serotoninisa da no-

90

radrenalinis dabali maCvenebeli organizmSi; midreki-

leba sismuqniken; hipoTalamusis disfunqcia; fsiqologiuri faqtorebi: perfeqcionistur-ob-

sesiuri adamianis tipi; dabali TviTSefaseba; arasrul-

fasovnebis gancda; obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba; Tav-

dajerebulobis nakleboba; ojaxuri faqtorebi: rodesac individis ojaxis

wevri an naTesavi daavadebulia nervuli anoreqsiiT, al-

koholdamokudebulia, aqvs depresia an narkodamokide-

nulia, individis daavadebis riski matulobs. cnobilia, rom identur tyupebSi, Tu erT maTgans aqvs anoreqsia me-oresTvis daavadebis albaToba 50%-ia. hildebranCis mo-

sazrebiT, anoreqsiis mizezad SeiZleba mSoblis zedmetad mkacri da perfeqcionisturi aRzrdis stili miviCnioT. cnobili fsiqoanalitikosi gvamcnobs, rom aseT SemTxve-

vebSi mozardi sakuTar sxeulsa da wonas TviTmmarTvelo-

bis gamoxatvis erTaderT saSualebad miiCnevs. wonis kon-

troliT mozardi sakuTari ususurobisa da arakompeten-

turobis SegrZnebebis kompensacias axdens. socialuri faqtorebi: modis tendenciebi; mZime

stresuli situacia; Zaladobis msxverploba; mimbaZvelo-

ba; garSemomyofebis gavlena; kulturuli stereotipebi; asakobrivi faqtorebi: 14-25 wlamde mozardi go-

gonebis 50% miiCnevs, rom zedmeti wona aqvs; mozardobis periodSi jer kidev Camouyalibebel fsiqikaze advilad axdens gavlenas yvela zemoaRniSnuli faqtori.

anTropologiuri faqtorebi: adamiani Tavidanve mimarTulia brZolisa da barierebis gadalaxvisken. ne-

rvuli anoreqsiis SemTxvevaSi pirovneba ebrZvis sakuTar madas da yvela im adamians, vinc cdilobs misi normaluri kvebis reJimSi dabrunebas. TiToeuli arSeWmuli lukma aseTi pirovnebisTvis gamarjvebaa miT ufro Tu es rTu-

lad miRweulia. aseTi `gamarjvebebi~ misi TviTsefasebis amaRlebas ganapirobebs.

91

damtkicebulia, rom anoreqsiiT daavadebulTa 1/3 bavSvobaSi seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli iyo. dabali TviTSefaseba, sircxvilis grZnoba da sakuTari sxeulis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebulis ganviTarebac am tipis pacientebSi bevrad maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba.

Cven ganvixileT mizezebi, simptomebi da fazebi, rom-

lebsac daavadebamde mivyavarT. am yvelafris mixedviT aixsneba nervuli anoreqsiis Sedegebis simZime. sagulis-

xmoa, rom drouli Carevis SemTxvevaSi daavadeba gankur-

nebadia. anoreqsiis Sedegad SesaZloa ganviTardes Rrma dep-

resia, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba, daavadebuli mi-vides suicidamde an gardacvalebamde (kaxeqsiur etapze).

mkurnalobis kursis warmatebulad gavlis SemTxvevaSic ki arsebobs riski daavdebis ganmeorebis. (simptomebi ga-mojanmrTelebis Semdegac xSirad meordeba).

kvlevebis mixedviT daavadebulTa 1/3 sruliad ikurne-

ba, agreTve 1/3-is janmrTelobis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba. darCenili 1/3-isTvis ki daavadeba qronikul xasiaTs iRebs.

anoreqsia devianturi qcevis formaa, romelic kve-biT aqtivobebSi gamoixateba. Tumca igi klasificirebu-

lia, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadeba, radgan swored fsiqo-

logiuri mdgomareobis simZime iwvevs da arTulebs ro-

gorc Tavad daavadebas, aseve mis mkurnalobas. nervuli anoreqsia fsiqologiuri daavadebaa. misi

mTavari maprovocirebeli faqtorebi da simptomebi fsi-

qologiuri procesebis darRvevas warmoadgenen. swored amitom mkurnalobis ZiriTad nawils qceviTi kognituri da ojaxuri fsiqoTerapia warmoadgens. paralelurad au-

cilebelia somaturi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba fsiqo-

aqtiuri da madis mosamatebeli medikamentebiT. fsiqoTerapiis kursis paralelurad aucilebelia

kvebiTi aqtivobebis monitoringi pacientis mxridan. ker-

Zod, man unda awarmoos dRiuri sakvebi produqtebis ti-

pis, maTi miRebis drois da miRebis garemos Sesaxeb yo-

92

veldRiuri Canawerebis saxiT. daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebis mravalgvaroba gana-

pirobebs misi mkurnalobis kompleqsur meTods, romelic aerTianebs samedicino da fsiqologiur reabilitacias. sagulisxmoa, rom daavadebis pirvel da meore fazaSi mkurnaloba umeteswilad efeqturia da sruli gankurne-

bis meti albaTobiT xasiaTdeba vidre mesame faza, rome-

lic umeteswilad fatalur Sedegamde midis mZime fizio-

logiuri mdgomareobis gamo. nervuli anoreqsia fsiqikur daavadebebs Soris sik-

vdilianobis maCvenebliT gamoirCeva. es ganpirobebulia sazogadoebaSi informatiulobis arasaTanado doniT. swored am mizeziT daavadebulTa didi nawili droulad ar mimarTavs specialiasts, amitomac Zalian mniSvnelova-

nia aRniSnul daavadebaze informcia gavceldes farTo masebSi.

informirebulobis arasaTanado donis gamo xSirad sociumis negatiuri gavlena mozardis fsiqikaze imdenad didia, rom daavadebis mizezad iqceva. gansakuTrebiT di-

dia mediis gavlena mozardebze, romelTa pirovnuli Tvi-

sebebi da fsiqikuri mdgomareoba jer kidev Camouyalibe-

beli da advilad manipulirebadia. mediisa, sazogadoebis gavlenam da socialuri sasur-

velobis efeqtma mozardis sust fsiqikaze SesaZloa Rrma kvali datovos da gamoiwvios iseTi rTuli aSliloba, rogoric nervuli anoreqsiaa.

daavadebis ganxilvis Semdeg cxadi xdeba misi gamom-

wvevi mizezebis mravalmxrivoba, Sedegebis simZime, mkurna-

lobis kompleqsuroba da sirTule. es yvelaferi ki sazo-

gadoebaSi informirebulobis zrdis aucileblobas gana-pirobebs. sociumis gavlenis Semcireba pirdapirpropor-

ciulia daavadebis gamomwvevi riskebis Semcirebis, amito-

mac nervul anoreqsiasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRleba prioritetulia daavadebis preven-

ciisa da drouli mkurnalobis tendenciis SeqmnisTvis.

93

TaTuli aladaSvili

saqarTvelos erovnuli universite-

tis pirveli kursis studenti xelmZRvaneli: saqarTvelos erov-

nuli universitetis asocirebuli profesori nino maziaSvili

turizmis adgili da roli qveynis ekonomikaSi

Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi turizmis roli mudmivad izrdeba da icvleba. mimdinareobs misi Sinagani gardaqmna. qveynebs, romlebsac turizmSi wamyvani roli ekavaT, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi ukve ikaveben meore da me-samexarisxovan adgilebs, radgan maT cvlian axali lide-

rebi. turizmi msoflio ekonomikis erT-erT wamyvan da dinamiur dargs warmoadgens. bevr qveyanaSi, turizmi did rols TamaSobs mTliani Sida produqtis da damate-

biTi samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi, mosaxleobis dasaqmebasa da saxelmwifo biujetis SevsebaSi. turizmi udides gav-lenas axdens iseT dargebze, rogoricaa: transporti da kavSirgabmuloba, mSenebloba, soflis meurneoba, farTo moxmarebis saqonlis warmoeba da sxva;

turizmis ganviTarebaze moqmedebs Semdegi faqtore-

bi: demografiuli, bunebriv-geografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri, istoriuli, kulturuli, religiuri da po-

litikur-sakanonmdeblo da sxva. msoflio turistuli organizaciis 1993 wlis monacemebiT, msoflio ekonomi-

kaSi turizmidan miRebulma Semosavlebma Seadgina 3,5 trilioni dolari, rac msoflios mTeli Sida produqtis 10,9%-is ekvivalenturia. turizmis industria ganapiro-

94

bebs didi raodenobiT samuSao adgilis Seqmnas. es niS-navs daaxloebiT 130 mln. adamianis dakmayofilebas samu-

Sao adgilebiT. mogzauroba da turizmi uzrunvelyofs ucxouri investiciebis 11%-ze mets da saxelmwifoebis xazinaSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saxiT 302 miliardi dolari Seaqvs.

msoflio turizmSi dRes mimdinare procesebidan Se-iZleba gamoikveTos Semdegi tendenciebi: saerTaSoriso masStabiT turistul produqciaze moTxovnis evolucia da misi perspeqtivebi; turistuli industriis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebis winmswrebi tempebi; qveynebis eko-

nomikur ganviTarebaSi saerTaSoriso turizmis rolis mkveTri zrda; Semomyvani da gamyvani turizmis geografi-

uli struqturis cvalebadi xasiaTi. Tavisufali droisa da mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrda, transportisa da ko-

munikaciebis intensiuri ganviTareba xels uwyobs adamia-

nis miswrafebas samyaros Secnobisadmi. mosaxleobis um-

ravlesobis survili, enaxaT sazRvargareTis kurortebi da Tvalwarmtaci mTebi, zRvisiqiTa qveynebi, veluri cxovelebi da egzotikuri buneba, wveodnen msoflioSi ganTqmul muzeumebsa da arqiteqturul Zeglebs, msof-

lios turistul bazarze XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, turistul produqtze moTxovnis arsSi, Sesam-Cnevi gardatexa moxda. Seicvala midgoma Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisadmi. moTxovnam masobrivi xasiaTi ar dakarga, igi izrdeboda SedarebiT dabali tempiT. tu-

rizmis monawileebad tradiciulad rCeboda elitaruli sazogadoebisa da saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, Se-

darebiT dabali Semosavlebis fenebi turizmSi mxolod 80-ian wlebSi CaerTo.

turistuli saqmianobis praqtikaSi gansazRvrulia qveynis ori jgufi. qveynebi, romlebic ufro met turis-

tebs agzavnian, vidre iReben da qveynebi, romlebic ufro met turistebs iReben, vidre agzavnian. mimwodebel qvey-nebad iTvlebian: aSS, germania, inglisi, belgia, dania da

95

sxva. xolo mimRebi qveynebia: safrangeTi, espaneTi, ita-

lia, ungreTi da sxva. (mto) eqspertTa prognoziT, mogza-

urobebis da eqskursiebis mudmivad mzardi moculobebis fazaSi Sedis msoflio turistuli industria, romelic gazrdis konkurencias mimReb qveynebsa da regionebs So-

ris. msoflio turizmSi ikveTeba iseTi umniSvnelovanesi tendencia, rogoricaa turistTa ganTavsebis adgilebis zrda. dasavleTis turistul bazarze jgufuri turpro-

duqtebiT sargebloben, rogorc wesi axalgazrda, mar-

toxela adamianebi, SezRuduli finansuri saSualebebis mqone turistebi, pensionerebi da momlocvelebi, ro-

melTac sTavazoben TviTmomsaxurebis formebs. turizmi ama Tu im masStabiT zegavlenas axdens ekonomikaze, sazo-

gadoebis fundamentaluri cxovrebis am mniSvnelovan sferoze da mis yvela aspeqtze. ekonomikuri mimarTule-

biT turizmi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc warmoebis sferoSi sazogadoebrivi urTierToba produqciis gac-

vlisa da ganawilebis gansazRvruli erToblioba; moce-

muli qveynis saxalxo-sameurneo kompleqsis nawili, ro-

melic moicavs warmoebisa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansazRrul dargobriv saxeebs; ekonomikuri mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis turizms, qveynis an regionis (tu-

rizmis ekonomika) dargs; sazogadoebrivi mecniereba, ro-

melic turistuli produqtis warmoebis, misi moxmarebis,

ganawilebisa da gacvlis sferoebSi Seiswavlis qcevas, aa-nalizebs im procesebs, romlebic mimdinareoben am sfe-

roebSi da prognozs akeTeben fizikuri pirebis, organi-

zaciebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis; Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic swavlobs adamianTa tu-

ristuli ekonomikuri sistemis yvela etapze momsaxure-

bis, warmoebis ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis pro-

cesSi adamianTa moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizniT ojaxis, firmis da mTlianad sazogadoebis SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi; fundamentaluri ekonomikis TvalTaxedvidan turizmi Tavis mxriv warmoadgens: eko-

96

nomikur kompleqss, romlis ganviTareba metwilad aixsne-ba multiplikatoris koeficientis zrdiT, efeqtianobis maRali doniTa da investiciebis swrafi ukugebiT, ro-

gorc garemosa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis efeqtiani saSualeba, ramdenadac es elementebi qmnian mi-si resursuli bazis ZiriTad safuZvels. praktikulad Se-Tanawyobilia meurneobis yvela dargTan da adamianis saq-mianobis yvela saxeobasTan, ramdenadac maTi diferencia-

cia da diskredituloba qmnis garemos rekraciuli po-

tencialis im gansxvavebas, romelic iwvevs adamianTa moTxovnilebas adgilisa da Semecnebis cvlilebasTan er-

Tad. amrigad, turizmi aqtiur zemoqmedebas axdens im re-

gionis (qveynis) ekonomikaze, sadac igi ZiriTadad viTar-

debada am qveynis erTobliv moTxovnis mrudi gadainac-

vlebs marjvniv. izrdeba Semosavlebi, rac Semdgom zrdis mwarmoeblurobas da mTliani Sida produqts. es gazrdi-

li makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi ki qveynis ekonomikis zrdis maCvenebelia.

97

Tea TaTeSvili

samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis biznesis administrirebis fakul-

tetis studenti xelmZRvaneli: asocirebuli profesori roin TaTeSvili

gadaxdisunarianobis resursis marTva

`fulis Sovna _ gmirobaa, misi SenarCuneba

_ sibrZne, xolo swori xarjva _ xelovneba~ /b. averbaxi/

fuli, cota gvaqvs igi, Tu bevri, marTva sWirdeba. ajobebs Cven vmarToT fuli da ara Cven gvmarTos fulma.

cxovrebis finansuri dagegmva TviT menejmentis umniSvne-

lovanesi aspeqtia pirovnebis racionaluri finansuri qceva. finansuri saxsrebi cxovrebis ZiriTadi mizani ar unda iyos, magram aseTi miznis miRwevas Tundac Cveni sa-kuTari potencialis gaxsnis mimarTulebiT fuli sWirde-

ba, romlis saSualebiT dafinansdeba: swavla, ideebi, proeqtebi; saqmis wamowyeba; saintereso saqmis moZebna da sxva.

amis garda finansuri saxsrebi uzrunvelyofen adami-

anis Sinagan komforts. amis gareSe ki adamiani aramyaria. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, romeliRac etapze ada-

mianebi midian im daskvnamde, rom maT xelSi arsebul fuls kontroli sWirdeba. amis miRweva mxolod finansu-

ri dagegmviT SeiZleba. igi saWiroa yvela ojaxisTvis, Ti-

Toeuli misi wevrisTvis, radgan Tu adamiani TviTon ar marTavs Tavis fuls, maSin fuli marTavs adamians da is mas metad qaoturs, uyairaTos da mouwesrigebels xdis.

piradi finansuri saxsrebis marTvas safuZvlad udevs fi-

nansuri qcevis ramdenime principi:

98

es principebia: fulis yvela nakadis gakontroleba danazogebis Seqmna investiciebis ganxorcieleba riskis dazRveva piradi finansuri dagegma

piradi finansebis dagegmvis specialistebi gvirCeven, rom jer CamovayaliboT miznebi da mxolod movaxdinoT prioritetebis ganTavseba. es imitom aris saWiro, rom SevZloT prioritetebis rigiTobiT dalageba. aRniSnuli sferos specialistebi gvTavazoben eizenhaueris matri-

cas (nax. 1), romelSic 4 _ kvadrati aris moTavsebuli: saswrafo da mniSvnelovani saqmeebi, arasaswrafo, magram mniSvnelovani saqmeebi, umniSvnelo da arasaswrafo saqme-ebi, saswrafo, magram ar ganvixiloT isini.

saswrafo da mniSvnelovania pirveli saWiroebis produqtebis xarji, binis qira da komunaluri gadasaxa-

debi, kreditis xarji... arasaswrafo, magram mniSvnelovani xarjebia: maga-

liTad, kerZo pirisgan aRebuli vali, romelic ar aris saswrafod gadasaxdeli Tumca aucilebelia.

saswrafo, magram umniSvnelo xarjSi Sedis gauTva-

liswinebeli xarji. aseTia magaliTad jarima. arasaswrafo da umniSvnelo xarjebi. Znelia maTi

dasaxeleba, magram periodulad isini warmoiSvebian. maT adamianis `biujetis quedebsac~ uwodeben. sasurvelia aseTi xarjebi arc davgegmoT da faqtiurad maTi arsebo-

ba ar davuSvaT. Cveni azriT, dagegmva cxovrebiseuli movlenaa, ron-

lis gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia cxovreba. Cven yo-

veldRiur cxovrebas gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobie-

reblad vgegmavT da Semdeg Tanmimdevrulad mivuyvebiT am gegmas. rogorc Cven yoveldRiur cxovrebas da moma-

vals esaWiroeba dagegmva, aseve aucilebelia msxvil or-

ganizaciebSi dagegmvac da marTvac.

99

nino cxvaraZe

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis stu-

denti


adamianis uflebebi saqarTveloSi

Seni uflebebi mTavrdeba iq, sadac iweeba sxvisi ufle-

bebi àdamianis uflebebi sayovelTaoa: isini yovelTvis da yvelgan, mTel msoflioSi erTi da igivea yvela adamianis-

Tvis. adamianis uflebebi xelSeuvalia: Tqven ver dakar-

gavT am uflebebs, iseve rogorc ver SewyvetT adamianad yofnas. adamianis uflebebi ganuyofelia: veravin wagar-

TmevT uflebas imis gamo, rom is `naklebadmniSvnelovania~ an ùmniSvneloa~. adamianis uflebebi urTierTdamokide-

bulia: adamianis uflebebi erToblivad qmnis urTierTdam-

xmare sistemas. adamianis uflebebi asaxavs adamianis Ziri-

Tad saWiroebebs. isini qmnis ZiriTad standartebs, romel-

Ta gareSe adamianebi ver icxovreben Rirseulad. adamianis uflebebis Selaxva niSnavs, adamians moepyro ise, TiTqos is ar iyos adamiani. adamianis uflebebis propagandireba niS-

navs yvela adamianis Rirsebis mimarT pativiscemis moTxov-

nas. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis dRevandeli saerTaSoriso instrumentebis werilobiTi saxiT gaformebuli winamor-

bedebia dokumentebi, romlebSic adamianis uflebebia dek-

larirebuli, rogoric aris `didi qartia~ (1215 w.), ingli-

sis uflebaTa bili (1689 w.), safrangeTis mamakacisa da moqa-

laqis uflebaTa deklaracia (1789 w.) da aSS-is konstitucia da ùflebaTa bili~ (1791w.).

(wyaro : flauersi, nensi. kompasito: saxelmZRv. ada-

100

mianis uflebaTa ganaTl. sferoSi bavSvebisaTvis/ red. da Tanaavt. nensi flauersi; saxelmZRv. momzadebaSi mo-

nawileobdnen: maria emilia brederode-santosi [da sxv.]; saboloo red. JuJana seleni; il. daiana negi; [mTarmgn.: Tamar miqaZe, ana gegeWkori; red. daviT gelaS-

vili] _ [Tb., 2009].) adamianis uflebebis dacva dRes Cvens qveyanaSi aqtu-

alobas ar kargavs. Tanamedrove msoflio adamians, sazo-

gadoebis rigiT wevrs, zrunvis upirveles obieqtad acxa-

debs. adamianis uflebebi, rogorc cneba da gageba yalib-

deba da viTardeba adamianis istoriis mTel manZilze. pirveli kodificirebuli kanonebi, romelic Seicavs ada-

mianis uflebis Sesaxeb normebs esaa; hamurabis kanonebi~, romelic 4000 wlis win Seiqmna. mas Semdeg etapobrivad ya-libdeba adaminis uflebebi. dResdReobiT yvela demok-

ratiuli saxelmwifos mizans da valdebulebas warmoad-

gens adamianis uflebebis dacva. konstitucia da saerTa-

Soriso xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebis dacvis Ziri-

Tad wyaros waroadgens. saqarTvelos konstituciis meS-vide muxlis Tanaxmad `saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamia-

nis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisufle-

bebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebule-

bebs~, konstitucia adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisufle-

bebs rogorc uSualod moqmed samarTals, ise ganixilavs, rac yvela saxelmwifo organos avaldebulebs Tavisi moq-

medeba, maT mier miRebuli yvela gadawyvetileba adamia-

nis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa standartebTan Sesabami-sobaSi moiyvanon.

aseve saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxlis Tanax-

mad: yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis wi-naSe Tanasworia ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmo-

Sobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovre-

101

beli adgilisa~. yvela zemoCamoTvlili uflebebi adamia-

nis ZiriTadi da umniSvnelovanesi uflebebia...saqarTve-

loSi adamianis uflebrivi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. qveyanaSi jer kidev bevria adamianis ufle-

bis darRvevis faqtebi. erT-erTi maTgania ojaxuri Zala-

doba. qveyanaSi irRveva konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba. idevneba gansxvavebuli religiis mqone pirebi da Tavs esxmian religiur nagebo-

bebs. ukanasknel periodSi saqarTveloSi dafiqsirda pa-timarTa mimarT araadamianuri mopyrobis faqtebi da dar-

Rveuli iqna maTi uflebebi. adamianis uflebebi dRes ir-

Rveva yvelgan, sadac stabiluri viTareba ar aris. magali-

Tad, saqarTveloSi, sadac qveynis mcxovrebTa 10-15% Ta-

vis saxlSi cxovreba ekrZaleba. arsebobs agreTve umuSev-

roba anu darRveulia Sromis ufleba. sagangaSo da SemaS-foTebelia bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis mdgomareobis kuT-

xiT. qalTa uflebebi, sityvis Tavisufleba, media saSua-

lebebi, sasamarTlo sistemis politizireba, mZime mdgo-

mareoba sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebeSi, erovnuli da religiuri umciresobebis uflebebis darRveva _ es aris sakiTxebi, romelTa mimarT gaeros adamianis ufle-

baTa sabWos rekomendaciiT, Tbilisma meti yuradReba un-

da gamoiCinos. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mud-

miv, uzenaes Rirebulebebs warmoadgens, Tumca msof-

lmxedvelobrivi arsiT saxelmwifos mier xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas aseve gulisxmobs erTaderT samar-

Tlebriv berkets. SezRuduli Zalauflebis principis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebas aqvs kanoniT Semofargluli uf-

lebamosilebani, xolo adamians aqvs yvelafris ufleba, rasac kanoni ar krZalavs. adamianis uflebebisa da Tavi-

suflebebis sakiTxi xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli saqarTve-

lo-evrokavSiris asocirebis SeTanxmebis dokumentSi. masSi Sesulia normebi kanonis uzenaesobis, adamianis uf-

lebaTa da fundamentur TavisuflebaTa pativiscemis Se-

102

saxeb. SeTanxmebaSi saubaria saqarTvelos evropuli mis-wrafebebsa da im saerTo Rirebulebebze, romelzec dgas evrokavSiri da rac nebismieri demokratiuli saxelmwi-

fos ganviTarebis winapirobaa. qveynis xelisufleba cdi-

lobs daicvas moqalaqeTa uflebebi da ar moxdes maTi darRveva. sistemas daxvewa sWirdeba, rac garkveul dros moTxovs...

103

nino cxvaraZe

axali umaRles saswavleblis stu-

denti

xelmZRvaneli: asocirebuli profesori sofo Cqofoia

iranis birTvuli programa —

dapirispirebidan SeTanxmebamde

meore msoflio omis dasasruls samxedro-politi-

kur arenaze masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis-birTvuli bombis gamoCenam mniSvnelovani safrTxeebi warmoSva. bir-

Tvulma iaraRma rogorc samxedro, ise politikuri dat-

virTva SeiZina da omis Semdgom msoflio wesrigze didi gavlena iqonia. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba mowodebu-

lia erToblivi ZalisxmeviT moaxdinon birTvuli iaraRis gauvrcelebloba, xeli Seuwyos mSidobiani miznebisaTvis birTvuli energiis gamoyenebas, radgan navTobis maragi amouwuravi ar aris. es problema exeba iranis islamuri respublikis birTvul programas.

iranis birTvuli programis ganxorcieleba 1950 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis daxmarebiT daiwyo. misi ganxorcielebis mizani iyo alternatiuli energiis gamomuSavebisaTvis aucilebeli birTvuli infrastruq-

turis Seqmna. iranma birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis xelSekrulebas xeli moawera 1968 wels, xolo ratifici-

reba moaxdina 1970 wels. 1979 wlamde msoflio sazogado-

eba aRiarebda iranis uflebas, ganeviTarebina birTvuli programa samoqalaqo mSvidobian doneze.

1979 wels iranSi xelisuflebis cvlilebisa da isla-

104

muri respublikis Camoyalibebis Semdeg saerTaSoriso Ta-

namegobrobis damokidebuleba am qveynis birTvuli prog-

ramis mimarT radikalurad Seicvala. mas Semdeg urTier-

Toba dasavleTis qveynebsa da irans Soris daiZaba da mud-

miv dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. iranis mier birTvuli ia-raRis Seqmnis SesaZleblobasTan erTad ganixileba am qvey-nis aSkara Tu faruli monawileoba msoflioSi, upirvele-

sad ki axlo aRmosavleTSi, mimdinare procesebSi. dasavleTis qveynebsa da irans Soris arsebuli krizi-

si moqmedebs rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis stabilurobaze, aseve Tavad dasavleTis qveynebis mdgomareobazec, rad-

gan navTobresursebis momaragebis TvalsazrisiT irans SeuZlia seriozuli daxmareba gauwios evropul qveynebs da miawodos, magaliTad, gazi imaze dabal fasad vidre amas akeTebs ruseTi. miuxedavad urTierTsasargeblo sa-kiTxebisa ori mxare dRemde ver axerxebs situaciis das-

tabilurebas, diplomatia uZluria iseve, rogorc ira-

nisTvis dawesebuli sanqciebi da samxedro prevenciis mu-

qara. irani mudmivad acxadebs, rom birTvul programas aqvs mSvidobiani samoqalaqo daniSnuleba da mis ganxor-

cielebaze uars ar ityvis. Tanamedrove epoqaSi iranis islamur respublikaSi

mimdinare procesebi msoflio saxelwifoTa gansjis saga-nia. iranis mier birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnis SesaZleblo-

basTan erTad ganixileba am qveynis aSkara Tu faruli mo-

nawileoba msoflioSi, upirvelesad ki axlo aRmosavleT-

Si mimdinare procesebSi. ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZil-

ze iranis islamuri respublika rTul geopolitikur Ta-

maSs eweva dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilSi, swored amitom irani Camoyalibda angariSgasawev saxelmwifod.

yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, iranis gamoyvana saerTaSoriso izolaciidan da gonivruli kompromisis miR-

weva mis birTvul programasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso politikisa da diplomatiis gadaudebeli amocanaa.

105

Student of New Higer Education Institute YULIA TETVADZE Supervisor: Marine Donguzashvili

HOW TO PROMOTE YOUR BUSINESS Business promotion is an integral part of

any business's success, as it is through pro-motion that a business expands its customer/client base and op-ens new windows of opportunity. There are many ways to promote a business, and each varies in regards to time, labor and costs. Many business plans use a combination of methods, based on individual needs and circumstances. Here are suggestions for how to promote your business

1) Create a brand image, or logo. Widespread brand

recognition is your goal, as it will give your business credibility and inspire others to spread the word about your business. Grow your brand by placing your logo in your business stationary, business cards, email signatures, brochures, signs, website and merchandising materials.

2) Network. Meeting professionals from other, related businesses is an effective form of business promotion, as it provides you with opportunities to learn about your competitors, ask for referrals, form mutually beneficial partnerships in complementary industries and spread awareness about your business throughout a group of like-minded people. Network with other professionals in the following ways:

• Attend networking group meetings. • Introduce yourself to people at the meetings. • Ask relevant questions during group discussions. • Hand out your business cards.

106

3) Advertise. Consider these methods for advertising your business:

• Signs. • Print.. • Commercials. • Advertisements. • Direct mail. • Public relations (PR) firms. • Internet. • AR Advertising. 4) Rely on the power of social networks. Social

networks have become the new darling of advertising because much of the legwork is being done by dedicated fans, for free. You could pay someone to advertise for you, or you could establish a social community of fans who advertise by word of mouth, at little or no cost. What's it going to be?

5) Develop relationships with your customers.

Customers are people — not numbers — and it is important that you put consideration and effort into building personal relationships with them. For example, when you send out Christmas cards each year, you not only gain customer loyalty but you also inspire customers to promote your business to the people they know. 6) Encourage customers to talk about their experience using your business.

There is no tool more powerful than people talking with their family members or friends about your product or the quality of your work. If your customers are fully satisfied then you should ask them to refer you or your product to their family or friends. It is important to realise that your customers may not do so automatically and sometime a little poke requesting them to refer your business may work wonders.

107

Tamuna murjikneli

samcxe-javaxTis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis iuridiuli fakultetis sa-marTlis specialobis

II kursis studenti xelmZRvaneli: profesori daviT geferiZe

Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba

saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT

konstitucia, rogorc qveynis uzenaesi kanoni, gar-

kveul Rirebulebebs efuZneba. saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciam mTavar Rirebulebad swored adamiani, misi Rirseba da Tavisufleba daasaxela. amis gamoxatulebaa konsti-

tuciis me-7 muxli, romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `sa-xelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiare-

bul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da

uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxor-

cielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRuduli arian am uf-

lebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT~.1

TiToeuli es ufleba, romelic mocemulia konsti-

tuciaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania, radgan kacobriobam sakmaod didi da sisxliano gza ganvlo, raTa ganemtkice-

bina isini. marTlac, yoveli demokratiuli saxelmwifos upir-

velesi sazrunavi unda iyos adamianis ZiriTadi uflebe-

bisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva, kanonmdeblobis demokra-

1https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/30346

108

tizacia, kanonierebis da marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba, saq-meze WeSmaritebis dadgena, usafuZvlo dasjis gamoricx-

va, rac saTanadodaa asaxuli samarTalwarmoebis konsti-

tuciuri principebis sistemaSi. umniSvnelovaness am in-stitutebidan warmoadgens Sekrebebisa da manifestacie-

bis Tavisufleba. Cveni Temis ZiriTadi mizania gamovkveToT Tu ras niS-

navs Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba, riT aris mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis da aris Tu ara xarvezebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cvens ka-nonmdeblobaSi.

Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba e.w. sa-komunikacio uflebaa da icavs moqalaqis Tavisufal gan-viTarebas sazogadoebaSi, igi uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebas, Sexvdes da ufleba qondes sxva adamianebTan. es ufleba uzrunvelyofs adamianTa Tavisuflebas, romlis mixedviTac, ZiriTadi uflebebi, romlebic yovel indi-

vids cal-calke aqvs, am individebma cal-calke gamoiye-

non. aq SeiZleba davasaxeloT azris da informaciis, ag-reTve rwmenis da sindisis Tavisuflebebi.

sanam uSualod am uflebis aqtiur ganxilvaze gada-

valT, sainteresoa istoriulad Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWe-boda mas. Sekrebis ufleba konstituciis rangSi Tavda-

pirvelad jer kidev saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi gvxvdeba. saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciiT aRiare-

buli iyo sajarod da uiaraRod `rogorc WerqveS, ise ga-reT~ Sekrebis ufleba.1

sabWour saqarTveloSi ki pirvelad, 1937 wlis 13 Te-

bervlis konstituciiT dafiqsirda krebebis, mitingebis, msvlelobebisa da demonstraciebis Tavisufleba2. Tumca,

sabWoTa praqtikam gvaCvena, rom es ufleba sabWoTa sa-

1 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konsti-

tuciis 33-e da 34‑e muxlebi. 2 sabWoTa kavSiris 1937 wlis konstituciis 138-e muxli.

109

qarTveloSi mxolod deklaraciuli, iluzoruli xasia-Tis iyo da praqtikaSi igi TiTqmis ar iyo gamoyenebuli. 1995 wlis konstituciis 25‑e muxlis pirvandelma redaq-

ciam 2005 wlis 23 dekembris konstituciuri kanoniT sa-xecvlileba ganicada. Sedegad konstituciis 25‑e muxlis pirvel punqtSi amoRebul iqna sityvebi `uSiSroebis sam-saxuris~ da igi Seicvala sityvebiT `Sinagan saqmeTa sami-nistros~. es iyo muxlis mxolod formaluri saxecvli-

leba, rac gamoiwvia TviT saxelmwifo organoTa struq-

turulma transformaciam saxelwodebis SecvlasTan da-

kavSirebiT. garda amisa am uflebis didi mniSvneloba da Rirebu-

leba imaSic gamoixateba, rom is mocemulia adamianis uf-

lebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi, romelic miiRes 1948 wlis 10 dekembers. deklaraciis me-20 muxlis I nawilSi pirdapir mocemulia `yvelas aqvs ufleba mSvidobiani Sek-rebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba~.

sabolood unda aRvniSnoT, Tu rogor Camoyalibda konstituciis 25-e muxli.

1. yvelas, garda im pirebisa, romlebic arian samxed-

ro Zalebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Semadgenlo-

baSi, ufleba aqvs winaswari nebarTvis gareSe Seikribos sajarod da uiaraRod rogorc WerqveS, ise gareT.

2. kanoniT SeiZleba dawesdes xelisuflebis winaswari gafrTxilebis aucilebloba, Tu Sekreba an manifestacia xalxisa da transportis samoZrao adgilas imarTeba.

3. xelisuflebas SeuZlia Sekrebis an manifestaciis Sewyveta mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man kanonsawinaaRmde-

go xasiaTi miiRo. zogadad, Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufle-

ba ori mniSvnelovani aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli aris kavSiri konstituciiT aRiarebuli demokratiis princip-

Tan. marTlac demokratiuli saxelmwifo ver iarsebebs Tu mis moqalaqeebs ar eqnebaT SesaZlebloba, Sekrebaze gamoTqvan TavianTi politikuri Sexedulebebi, mousminon

110

sxva moqalaqeTa mosazrebebs, sajarod gamoxaton Tavian-

Ti Sexedulebebi. am uflebiT Tanabari da srulfasovani sargeblobis SesaZlebloba sazogadoebis Riaobas da de-

mokratiulobis xarisxs gansazRvravs. demokratiuli da pluraluri sazogadoebis sazrdoa azrTa verbaluri da-

pirispireba. meore aspeqti mdgomareobs adamianis Rirse-

bisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebis pativiscemasa da aRia-

rebaSi. adamianis elementaruli moTxovnileba araa sxva adamianebisagan izolireba, aramed maTTan urTierToba, saubari da diskusia.

amasTan erTad, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis ufleba ar aris absoluturi xasiaTis. am uflebis, iseve rogorc ga-moxatvis Tavisuflebis sxva formebis SezRudva dasaSve-

bia konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli legitimuri safuZ-

vlis arsebobis, sxva konstituciuri uflebebisa da prin-

cipebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. cneba Sekreba da manifestacia sxvadasxvagvarad gani-

marteba. am ganmartebas Cven vxvdebiT saqarTvelos kanon-

Si `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~, romlis mi-xedviTac Sekreba aris moqalaqeTa jgufis Sekreba Wer-

qveS an gareT, mitingi sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgi-

lebSi, solidarobis an protestis gamoxatvis mizniT. ma-nifestacia ki aris moqalaqeTa demonstracia, masobrivi sajaro gamosvla, quCaSi msvleloba solidarobis an pro-

testis gamoxatvis mizniT, an msvleloba plakatebis, lo-

zungebis, transparantebis da sxva saxviTi saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT.1

faqtobrivad, Sekrebis Tavisufleba ufro mravlis-

momcveli uflebaa, xolo manifestaciebis Tavisufleba anu ufleba sakuTari mosazrebebis erTobliv sajaro ga-mocxadebaze warmoadgens Sekrebis Tavisuflebis erT-erT gamoxatulebas.

1 saqarTvelos kanoni Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb me-3 muxlis a) da b) nawilebi.

111

konstituciis 25‑e muxliT daculi SekrebisaTvis sakmarisia minimum ori SekrebaSi monawile piri.

Sekrebis TavisuflebaSi igulisxmeba Sekrebebi, ro-

gorc WerqveS, ise gareT, anu Ria cisqveS. `gareT~ anu `Ria cisqveS~ Sekreba gulisxmobs Sekrebas, romelic imarTeba iseT adgilze, sadac sxva adamianebs uSualo kontaqti aqvT SekrebaSi monawile adamianebTan, anu Sekrebis adgi-

li ar aris SemosazRvruli raime nagebobiT (RobiT, ked-

lebiT da a.S. Sida ezo an saxuravis armqone sportuli na-geboba-stadioni).

konstituciis 25-e muxliT daculi sfero vrcelde-

ba ara mxolod winaswarganzraxul da dagegmil Sekrebaze, aramed spontanur Sekrebebzec. spontanur, ucabed de-

monstraciebze ar vrceldeba winaswari gafrTxilebis valdebuleba.

1 aq unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Sekrebis Zi-riTadi uflebiT ar aris daculi adamianTa moulodneli Sejgufeba raime faqtTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, avto-

avariis sanaxavad an quCebSi srolis Sedegad mokluli pi-ris gvamTan. aseTi Sejgufeba unda ganvasxvavoT sponta-

nuri Sekrebebisagan, romlis, iseve rogorc winaswar or-

ganizebuli Sekrebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSania er-

Toblivi, sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani miznis safuZ-

velze adamianTa winaswari SeTanxmeba da Sexvedra da ara maTi ubralo TavSeyra Tu erTmaneTis gverdiT dgoma.

Sekrebebsa da manifestaciebze saubrisas aucilebe-

lia yuradReba gavamaxviloT, misi gamarTvis adgilze, droze da saSualebebze.

Sekrebisa da manifestaciaTa Catarebis adgilis Sesa-xeb saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ukve 2-jer imsjela. 2 ris safuZvelzec Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,

5 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 5 noem-

bris gadawyvetileba. 2 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 18 apri-

lis gadawyvetileba.

112

rom saxelmwifos ar aqvs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli Se-saZlebloba winaswar daadginos aRniSnuli uflebiT sar-

geblobis geografia. mas SeuZlia moqalaqeebs sxvadasxva adgilebi SesTavazos Sekrebis Casatareblad. Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom kanonmdebeli zRudavs Sekrebebisa da ma-nifestaciebis Catarebas garkveul teritoriebze, amaze pirdapir uTiTebs saqarTvelos kanoni `Sekrebebisa da ma-nifestaciebis Sesaxeb~. am kanonis me-9 muxlSi CamoTvli-

lia is adgilebi, sadac akZalulia Sekrebebisa da manifes-

taciebis Catareba Semdeg SenobebTan da maTi Sesasvlele-

bidan oci metris radiusSi mdebare teritoriaze: 1. saqarTvelos prokuraturis, policiis, peniten-

ciuri dawesebulebebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis Senobebi;

2. rkinigzis sadgurebi, aeroportebi, portebi; 3. samxedro nawilebsa da obieqtebSi da maTi Sesas-

vlelebidan asi metris radiusSi mdebare teritoriaze; 4. Senobebis SesasvlelebTan, avtomagistralebisa da

rkinigzis blokireba; 5. administraciuli organo, romlis Senobis mimdeba-

re teritoriazedac tardeba Sekreba an manifestacia, Se-

nobis blokirebisa da dawesebulebis saqmianobis Seferxe-

bis Tavidan acilebis mizniT uflebamosilia daawesos SezRudva Sekrebis an manifestaciis Senobidan moSorebiT CatarebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram ara umetes oci metri-

sa. 6. sasamarTlo, romlis Senobis mimdebare teritori-

azedac tardeba Sekreba an manifestacia, Senobis bloki-

rebis, dawesebulebis saqmianobis Seferxebis Tavidan aci-

lebisa da sasamarTlos damoukideblobisa da miukerZo-

eblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT uflebamosilia daawesos SezRudva Sekrebis an manifestaciis Senobidan moSorebiT CatarebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram ara umetes oci metri-

sa; konstituciis 25‑e muxliT daculia ufleba, ro-

113

melic SesaZleblobas aZlevs pirs, misi Sexedulebisa-

mebr airCios gamoxatvis forma, saSualeba da adgili. kerZod, mas kanoniT garantirebuli unda hqondes uf-

leba, sajarod da mSvidobianad gamoxatos sakuTari azri quCis im nawilSi da im formiT, romelsac Tavad CaTvlis mizanSewonilad. azris gamoxatva ara mxolod saubriT, gancxadebebiT, aramed mdumare formiT an droebiTi konstruqciebis agebiT (romelic ar iwvevs savali nawilis gadaketvas) aris SesaZlebeli. Sekrebaze azris gamoxatvis gansakuTrebiT mwvave formaa quCis gadaketva. roca quCis savali nawilis dakavebas Sekre-

baSi monawileTa mier SerCeuli gamoxatvis forma da saSualeba ganapirobebs, ese igi is yuradRebis mipyro-

bis, sakuTari azris, protestis an solidarobis gamo-

xatvis efeqtur saSualebad aris miCneuli. konstruq-

ciebis ageba azris gamosaxatad aseve warmoadgens kon-

stituciur uflebas. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-

samarTlos ganmartebiT: `saxelmwifos mxridan konsti-

tuciis 25‑e muxliT dacul uflebaSi Carevis inten-

sivoba, SezRudvebis simkacre damokidebuli iqneba ima-ze, Tu ra formiT da ra mizniT xorcieldeba qmede-

ba~. Tu Sekrebis monawileebi iseT formas irCeven, ro-

melic savali gzis TviTneburad gadaketvas iTvalis-

winebs, gamoxatvis aseT formas ar icavs konstituciis 25‑e muxli. radgan Sekreba da manifestacia, romelic saval nawilze imarTeba, arRvevs transportis moZrao-

bis Cveul ritms. Sekrebis aseTi formis akrZalvis mi-zani sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva, sa-

zogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvel-

yofaa. amitomac aseTi formis akrZalva konstituciis 25 ‑ e muxlis Sesabamisia. amave dros, `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis normebze msjelobisas sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom transportis saval nawilze Sekrebis (manifestaciis) Catarebis uflebis SezRudva gaumarTlebeli iqneboda maSin, Tu gzis dakaveba mona-

114

wileTa simravlis gamo xdeba, rodesac Sekreba (mani-

festacia) sxvagvarad ver gaimarTeba. mravalricxovani Sekreba (manifestacia) sagzao moZraobis wesebis dar-

Rvevisa da sxvaTa uflebebis SezRudvis gareSe SeiZ-

leba ver ganxorcieldes. rac, ra Tqma unda, samar-

Tliani gadawyvetilebaa da savsebiT pasuxobs Tana-

medrove gamowvevebs. amavdroulad saqarTvelos ka-

nonSi `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~ 111 mux-

lis me-4 nawilSi miTiTebulia, rom dauSvebelia tran-

sportis savali nawilis xelovnurad gadaketva, Tu amas ar moiTxovs Sekrebis an manifestaciis monawile-

Ta raodenoba. am normis moqmedebis pirobebSi pirTa mcirericxovan jgufs saerTod ekrZaleba quCis gada-

ketva da am formiT protestis gamoxatva. zogadad, gzis savali nawili aris saerTo sajaro sikeTe da is warmoadgens yvelas kuTvnilebas. Sesabamisad, mcire-

ricxovan jgufsac unda SeeZlos garkveuli droiT gadaketon quCa da gamoxaton protesti. aRsaniSnavia, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika, romlis mixedviTac dadgenili gonivruli drois tes-

ti warmoadgens uflebiT dacul sferoSi Carevis proporciul saSualebas. gonivruli droiT quCis ga-

daketva, Tundac mcirericxovani jgufis mier, warmo-

adgens adekvatur SezRudvas da saSualebas aZlevs ne-bismier pirTa jgufs, efeqturad ganaxorcielos misi konstituciuri ufleba.

mniSvnelovania agreTve isic, rom saqarTvelos sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlom 2011 wlis 18 aprilis gadaw-

yvetilebiT miuTiTa `adamianTa iseTi TavSeyra an msvle-

loba, romelic moklebulia konkretul ideas da ar emsa-xureba azris, informaciis gaziarebas an gavrcelebas,

ver iqneba konstituciis 25‑e muxliT daculi Sekrebisa da manifestaciis ufleba. Sekrebasa da manifestacias konstituciiT dacul uflebad misi mizani da Sinaarsi aq-cevs. amitomac, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Sekreba da

115

manifestacia, romelic azris gamoxatvas ar emsaxureba,

ar Tavsdeba konstituciis 25‑e muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebiT dacul sferoSi. magaliTad, konstituciis 25‑e muxliT ver iqneba iseTi Tavyrilobebi daculi, ro-

goricaa: Tbilisoba, mcxeToba an sxvagvari saxalxo zei-

mebi, radgan monawileTa msgavsi Sekreba ar isaxavs miznad sajarod konkretuli azris gamoxatvas, aramed igi ufro masobrivi kulturuli RonisZiebaa~. mimaCnia, amgvari midgoma ar aris gamarTlebuli. am SexedulebiT gamodis, rom 25-e muxliT daculia mxolod politikuri xasiaTis Sekrebebi, rac simarTles ar Seesabameba. es Cven sxvadas-

xva garemoebiT SegviZlia davasabuToT. Tumca `mitingi sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi~ SesaZlebelia apo-

litikuri xasiaTisac iyos. amavdroulad saqarTvelos ka-nonSi Sekrebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb pirdapir mi-TiTebulia `Sekreba~ aris moqalaqeTa jgufis Sekreba WerqveS an gareT, mitingi sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris ad-

gilebSi, solidarobis an protestis gamoxatvis mizniT.

solidaroba ki zogadad niSnavs raime qmedebis an azris aqtiur mxardaWeras, saerTo interesebis qonas, erTsu-

lovnebas. aqedan gamomdinare, Sekreba, romelzec sauba-

ria kanonSi, SeiZleba apolitikuric iyos. amavdroulad, aRsaniSnavia isic rom 25-e muxli swored Sekrebebsa da ma-nifestaciebs exeba. Sekreba ki zogadi da sakmaod mrav-

lismomcveli terminia da ar SeiZleba gulisxmobdes mxo-

lod politikuri xasiaTis Sekrebebs. ase, rom gasarTobi, komerciuli, kulturuli, sportuli RonisZiebebi da sadResaswaulo zeimebi, karnavalebi quCebsa da moednebSi wesiT unda ganekuTvnebodes konstituciis 25-e muxliT dacul sferos.

Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturad daculi ufleba. aqedan gamomdinare, da-

saSvebia masSi saxelmwifos mxridan Careva. Tu ra samar-

Tlebrivi sauZvelis arseboba aniWebs amis SesaZleblobas.

116

es aris is SemTxveva, roca Sekreba Tu manifestacia kanon-

sawinaaRmdego xasiaTs miiRebs. saqarTvelos kanonSi Sek-rebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb me-11 muxlis me-2 na-wili miuTiTebs Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Sekrebam mii-Ros kanonsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi:

Sekrebis an manifestaciis monawileebs ekrZalebaT: a) iqonion cecxlsasroli iaraRi, feTqebadi, advi-

laalebadi, radioaqtiuri nivTiereba an civi iaraRi; b) iqonion iseTi sagani an nivTiereba, romelic gamo-

iyeneba an SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes Sekrebis, an mani-festaciis monawileTa, an sxva pirTa sicocxlisa da jan-

mrTelobisTvis zianis miyenebis mizniT; g) iqonion cremlmdeni, nervul-paralitikuri moq-

medebis an/da momwamvleli nivTiereba; d) iqonion alkoholiani sasmelebi; e) ganzrax Seqmnan dabrkolebebi transportis gada-

adgilebisaTvis, maT Soris, daarRvion am kanonis me-111

muxlis moTxovnebi. `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-

los kanoni agreTve adgens 25‑e muxliT dacul sikeTeSi Carevis kidev erT safuZvels. kanonis me-4 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis organize-

bisas da Catarebisas dauSvebelia damxobisken mowodeba.

am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Sekrebisa da manifestaciis uflebis Sinaarsobriv SezRudvas. aseTi SezRudva saqar-

Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenumma konsti-

tuciurad cno, radgan: `dauSvebelia, rom konstituciu-

ri ufleba Tavad konstituciiT daculi demokratiuli weswyobilebis xelyofisaken iyos mimarTuli da kanonsa-

winaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebis safuZvels qmnides.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis zRvari gaivlis iq, sadac gamo-

xatva konstituciiT dacul sikeTes, konstituciiT gac-

xadebul principebsa da Rirebulebebs Seuqmnis safrTxes.

konstituciuri uflebis SezRudva konstituciiT dacu-

117

li sikeTis uzrunvelsayofad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes~.1 Temis bolos ki unda aRvniSnoT, rom Sekrebebisa da

manifestaciebis Tavisufleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-

vania TiToeuli adamianisaTvis da qveynis demokratiuli principebis ganmsazRvrelia. Tumca jer kidev SeimCneva xarvezebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad saxel-

mwifom garkveuli nabijebi unda gadadgas, raTa ar dair-

Rves ama Tu im adamianis ufleba.

1 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, saqarTvelos moqala-

qeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, gv. 293.

118

Teona sanduxaZe

axali umaRlesi saswavle-

blis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori maia gelaSvili

obligaciaTa efeqtianoba saqarTvelos

safondo birJaze

qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani rgoli

_ fasiani qaRaldebis bazari da misi gamarTuli funqcio-

nirebaa. ekonomikuri warmatebis miRweva SeuZlebelia efeqtianad funqcionirebadi finansuri bazrebis gareSe. iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynebi, rogoric saqarTveloa, ga-

nicdian sakuTari saxsrebis ararsebobas, Sesabamisad, sa-

investicio kapitalis mozidvis saukeTeso saSualeba ki fasiani qaRaldebis bazris amuSavebaa. fasiani qaRalde-

bis bazris ganviTarebis aucilebel winapirobas safondo bazari warmoadgens, romelis meSveobiT warmoebs fuladi

saxsrebis nakadebis gadadineba mesakuTreebidan msesxeb-lebisaken, romlebic saxsrebis naklebobas ganicdian.

finansur instrumentebs Soris obligaciebs erT-er-

Ti umniSvnelovanesi roli uWiravs. obligaciaTa bazari mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs qveynis ekonomikaSi, rameTu korporaciebsa da mTavrobebs saSualebas aZlevs moizi-

don saxsrebi TavianTi saqmianobis dasafinanseblad. ag-reTve exmareba firmebsa da individebs, rom sajaro seq-torze naklebad iyvnen damokidebulni. msoflioSi obli-

gaciebis gamoSveba maRali mdgradobiTa da ganWvretado-

119

biT xasiaTdeba. maSin, rodesac aqciebisa da obligaciebis gamoSveba sabanko sesxis aRebasTan SedarebiT ufro iaf instrumentad iTvleba, obligaciis gamoSveba aqciebis gayidviT kapitalis mozidvasTan SedarebiT ufro dabali riskis matarebeli da iafia, magram amonagebis normac Se-darebiT dabalia.

zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi saobli-

gacio bazari, saaqcio bazarTan mimarTebaSi, bolo wleb-

Si ufro jansaRad gamoiyureboda. unda aRiniSnos 2014 wels 12-ma kompaniam saqarTvelos safondo birJaze

45.6$ milioni obligacia da 119.3$ milioni saaqcio kapi-tali gamouSva. miuxedavad saqarTvelos safondo birJis arsebobis mravalwliani gamocdilebisa kvlav rCeba problemebi, radgan dRes saqarTvelos safondo bazari gamoirCeva Zalian dabali aqtivobiT. Tumca dadebiTis momaswavebelia is faqtic, rom 2015 wlis martSi gamarTu-

li diskusiebis Sedegad SeTanxmeba daido Fitch-is saerTa-

Soriso saagentosTan, romelmac mzaoba gamoTqva moma-

valSi korporaciul obligaciaTa gamomSvebTa reitin-

gul Sefasebebze, rac mTlianobaSi sistemis saimedoobas kidev ufro gazrdis.

amrigad, ekonomikaSi sainvesticio kapitalis mozid-

vis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba fasiani qaRaldebis me-qanizmis amuSaveba da am bazris ganviTarebaa. saqarTve-

los ganuviTarebeli finansuri bazari arTulebs ucxou-

ri portfeluri investiciebis mozidvas. fasiani qaRal-

debis bazris ganuviTareblobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi institutisadmi mosaxleobis skeptikuri damokidebule-

ba da am sferoSi gauTviTcnobierebaa. Sesabamisad, mizan-Sewonili iqneba, rom saxelmwifom SeimuSavos iseTi ka-nonmdebloba da strategiuli gegma, romelic gaTvlili iqneba fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTarebis grZelva-

dian perspeqtivebze. aseve iseTi RoniZiebebis gatareba rogoricaa: gamWvirvaloba, wvdoma informaciaze, siste-

120

muri riskebis Serbileba da Sesabamisoba saTanado saer-

TaSoriso standartebTan. amdenad, gasagebia Tu ratom asrulebs finansuri ba-

zari mniSvnelovan rols ekonomikaSi. msoflio bankis

2015 wlis kvlevaSi fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTare-

ba warmoadgens ekonomikis ganviTarebis erT-erT umniS-

vnelovanes winapirobas, radgan organizebuli bazari xels uwyobs kapitalis ganTavsebas da ganawilebas, sax-

srebis akumulirebas da maT CarTvas ekonomikis ganviTa-

rebis procesSi.

121

lizi kakaCiSvili

samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo universitetis biznesis admi-

nistrirebis fakultetis stu-

denti xelmZRvaneli: profesori maia gelaSvili

inflaciis arsi da tipebi saqarTveloSi

Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi makroekono-

mikur problemaTa Soris ganixilaven Sromis unariani mo-

saxleobis dasaqmebas, inflacias, mTliani Sida produq-

tisa da erovnuli Semosavlis warmoebas, ekonomikur-

zrdas, fasebis saerTo dinamikas, fuladsakredito sis-temas, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas da a.S. inflacia, rogorc ekonomikuri movlena, xangZlivi peri-

odia arsebobs. iTvleba, rom misi aRmoceneba nawilobriv

kavSirSia fulis warmoSobasTan, romlis funqcionireba-

Si ganuwyvetliv monawileobs. inflacias tradiciulad miiCneven, rom aris erovnu-

li valutis msyidvelobiTi unaris dacema. miuxedavad amisa, dReisaTvis ekonomistTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom inflacia niSnavs saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasebis sa-erTo donis matebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom calkeul produq-

tze fasebis momateba ar niSnavs inflacias. es procesi mxolod mimoqcevaSi Warbi fulis arsebobiT ar aris ga-mowveuli. inflaciis gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba iyos disproporciuloba, rodesac saxelmwifo biujetis de-

ficitis dafarvis mizniT `mbeWdavi dazga~ gamoiyeneba, rac fasebis dones maRla wevs. inflacia SeiZleba gamoiw-

122

vios saxifaTo investiciebmac, romelic ZiriTadad eko-

nomikis militarizacias gulisxmobs. Cemi azriT, Tavisu-

fali bazari da konkurenciis ararsebobac SeiZleba gax-des inlaciis gamomwvevi mizezi. oligopoluri bazrebi, romlebsac Tanamedrove bazris arcTu mcire nawili uka-

viaT, cdiloben fasebis maRali donis SenarCunebas defi-

citis SeqmniT. inflaciuri molodinic xSirad iwvevs rea-

lur inflacias. amis magaliTebs ki yoveldRiur cxovre-

baSic vxvdebiT. zogadad ekonomikaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi saxis inflacia:

• moTxovniT gamowveuli inflacia, rodesac mTlia-

ni moTxovna ekonomikaSi aWarbebs arsebul miwodebas; • inflacia, romelic xarjebiTaa gamowveuli, rode-

sac mza produqtebsa da momsaxurebaze fasebi imatebs nedl masalaze fasebis zrdis gamo;

• faswarmoqmniT gamowveuli inflacia, rodesac ramdenime biznesmeni gadawyvets, moumatos fasebs saku-

Tari mogebis gazrdis mizniT; • seqtoruli inflacia, rodesac erT dargSi fase-

bis zrdas xva seqtorSi zrdis fasebs. sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom inflacia warmoad-

gens yvelaze mwvave socialur-ekonomikur problemas,

amitom saWiroa xelisuflebam gaataros im RonisZiebaTa erToblioba, romelic xels Seuwyobs mis Semcirebas. ker-

Zod: a) vinaidan inflacia dakavSirebulia did danaxar-

jebTan, xelisuflebam pirvel rigSi unda izrunos fiska-

luri xarjebis Semcirebaze. amisaTvis saWiroa gonivru-

li sabiujeto-sagadasaxado politikis SemuSaveba. mTav-

robam unda Seamciros gadasaxadebis ganakveTi. es saSua-

lebas miscems firmebs gaafarToon warmoeba da Seqmnan ufro meti samuSao adgili.

b) aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba swor fulad-sakre-

dito politikas. unda gakontroldes fulis miwodebis

123

masis zrda. Cemi azriT, mTavrobam unda daareguliros Se-mosavlebis politikac. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi xelfasi gawonasworebuli unda iyos erToblivi moTxov-

nisa da erToblivi miwodebis safuZvelze. amrigad, inflacia sayovelTao movlenaa. mTavroba

yvelanairad unda Seecados, rom inflacias zrdis buneb-

rivi tempi axasiaTebdes da ar iyos qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisTvis gamanadgurebeli Sedegis momtani. Se-sabamisad, mis aRmosafxvrelad xelisuflebas unda gaaC-ndes yovelmxriv dasabuTebuli sagareo politika, rome-

lic gulisxmobs saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo valis racionalurad gamoyenebis regulirebasa da marTvas. vfiqrobT, es metnaklebad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mTavro-

bis swori politikis SemuSavebiT.

124

elene maisuraZe

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: asocirebuli profesori sofo Cqofoia

ìslamuri saxelmwifos~ politika da safrTxe

saqarTvelosTvis

Cems mier warmodgenili Tema exeba axlo aRmosavleT-

Si mimdinare procesebs. aq arsebuli mdgomareoba udides gavlenas axdenda da axdens msoflio politikaze, gansa-kuTrebiT me-20 saukunidan, roca navTobze moTxovnam piks miaRwia. terorizmi, konfliqtebi am regions gansa-kuTrebul mimzidvelobas matebs. XXI saukuneSi tero-

rizmi aRar iTvleba romelime erTi saxelmwifos proble-

mad, is ukve iqca globalur safrTxed, romlis winaaRmde-

gac saxelmwifoebi erTiandebian da erToblivi ZalebiT cdiloben aRmofxvran arsebuli problema.

ìslamuri saxelmwifos Seqmna~ natos uelsis samitze Tanamedroveobis upirveles gamowvevad dasaxelda, mis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso koaliciac Seiqmna, SeerTebuli Statebis mdivanma jon kerim ganacxada, rom maT winaaR-

mdeg brZolas SesaZloa wlebic ki dasWirdes. TviT ameri-

kis SeerTebuli StatebisTvisac ki did problemas warmo-

adgens islamuri saxelmwifo. ISIS arseboba iwyeba 2000 wlidan, Tumca igi cota mog-

vianebiT aRzevda, maSin, roca siriaSi samoqalaqo omi iyo da eraySi arastabiluri viTareba Camoyalibda. yvelaze Zlier opoziciur Zalad 2014 wels Camoyalibda teroris-

tuli dajgufeba ìslamuri saxelmwifo~, romelic sul ramdenime welia rac arsebobs da dRes is 450 miliardi

125

dolariT yvelaze mdidari da gavleniani teroristuli organizaciaa. msoflios sxvadasxva wertilis 80 qveyni-dan Casuli mojahedebi arian. 2015 wlis monacemebiT 25 aTasze meti ucxoeli ibrZvis maT rigebSi.

islamuri saxelmwifos lideria abu baqr baRdadi, romelmac miiRo `ibrahimis xalifas~ tituli. teroris-

tuli dajgufebis erT-erTi lideri pankisis xeobidan wa-suli 29 wlis Tarxan baTiraSvili iyo, igive omar al SiSa-ni. amerikis saxelmwifo departamentma Tarxan baTiraSvi-

li, meore qarTvelTan, murad margoSvilTan, igive mus-

lim al-SiSanTan erTad, teroristul saqmianobaSi eWvmi-tanilTa Sav siaSi Seiyvana. Tarxan baTiraSilis gardacva-

leba dadasturda 2016 wels. e.w. islamur saxelmwifos saqarTvelosTan pirdapiri

sazRvari ara qvs, Tumca, isini arc ise Sors arian saqar-

Tvelodan. miTumetes, rom radikali islamistebi ukve mi-uaxlovdnen TurqeTis sazRvars.

aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentma gamoaqveyna angari-

Si, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelo rCeba saerTa-

Soriso terorizmis wyarod da tranzitul qveynad. do-

kumentSi aseve saubaria siriasa da eraySi "al-qaidasa" da "islamuri saxelmwifos" mxares sabrZolvelad saqarTve-

lodan wasul axalgazrdebzec. sxvadasxva informaciiT, aWaridan da pankisis xeobidan 50-dan 100-mde qarTvelia wasuli teroristebis mxardasaWerad.

saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan aris, erTi mxriv, Crdilo-

eT kavkasia da, meore mxriv, azerbaijani. swored azerbai-

janSi, kaxisa da zaqaTalas raionebSi arian vahabitebi momravlebulni. TurqeTSic aris fundamenturi islami, magram iq amas politikuri forma ar miuRia, maT sxva problemebi aqvT qurTistanTan dakavSirebiT. Tu Cven garkveul ZalebTan konsolidirebulebi ar viqnebiT, po-

litikur islamTan davmarcxdebiT. Tumca Cvenamde serio-

zuli procesebia gasavleli. politikuri islamis meSveo-

biT geopolitikuri cvlilebebis safrTxea da es saqar-

TveloSi axali problemebis motanas niSnavs.

126

naTia bedukaZe-mamacaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universi-

tetis doqtoranti


saaqcio sazogadoeba-istoria,

Tanamedroveoba, kanoni, perspeqtiva

Tanamedrove saaqcio sazogadoeba saTaves iRebs

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis evropaSi. pirveli saaqcio sazoga-

doebebi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda 1896 wels. es iyo g. adelxanovis tyavisa da qeCis warmoebis saaqcio sazoga-

doeba, SemdgomSi Zmebi Tumaniancebis mier daarsebuli `amierkavkasiis manufaqturis saaqcio sazogadoeba~ da a.S. kapitalistTa klasis qarTvel warmomadgenelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia koniakis warmoebis fuZemdebeli d. sarajiS-

vili da WiaTuris marganecis damuSavebis fuZemdeblebi i. varaziSvili, s. wereTeli da a. jayeli. WiaTuris margane-

cis dammuSavebeli saaqcio sazogadoeba dafuZnda 1879 wels, xolo 1887 wels ki _ koniakis warmoebis saaqcio sa-zogadoeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom WiaTuris marganecmrewvel-

Ta saaqcio sazogadoebis Tavdapirveli sawesdebo kapita-

li Seadgenda 30 mln. maneTs, maSin, roca 1,5 mln. maneTis sawesdebo kapitali hqondaT g. adelxanovis da a. manTaSe-

vis saaqcio sazogadoebebs, xolo sxvebs ufro naklebi. yovelive es imaze metyvelebs, rom qarTveli kaci ufro gambedavi da riskiani iyo.

korporacia asocirdeba msxvil sawarmosTan, msxvili sawarmos samarTlebrivi forma ki aris saaqcio sazoga-

doeba. amas adastureben qarTveli mecnierebi i. mesxia, u.

127

samadaSvili da korporacias ganmartaven, rogorc ramde-

nime piris gaerTianebas saerTo miznis misaRwevad, sadac korporaciis yvela monawile qmnis damoukidebel iuridi-

ul pirs, umeteswilad aqcioneruli sazogadoebebis sa-xiT.

rac Seexeba Tanamedrove saaqcio sazogadoebebs, ra-

odenobrivad maT ekonomikaSi ar ukaviaT didi xvedriTi wili, Tumca Tvisebrivi parametrebiT swored korpora-

ciebs uWiravT ekonomikurad gabatonebuli mdgomareoba. meurneobis aqcioneruli formebi myaria da maTi saerTo msoflio tendencia zrdadi.

saqarTveloSi saaqcio samarTlis ganviTarebas ar-

cTu ise didi istoriuli warsuli aqvs. saqarTvelos swor ekonomikur ganviTarebas sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgen-

lobaSi arsebobam uaryofiTi Sedegebi moutana. Tanamed-

rove saaqcio samarTlis Camoyalibebis TariRad SeiZleba miviCnioT 1994 wlis 28 oqtomberi, roca saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, romelic dResac moqmedebs, masSi yovelwliurad Setanili cvli-

lebebiTa da damatebebiT. saqarTvelos kanoniT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-

loSi daSvebulia ori tipis kapitaluri sazogadoeba _

saaqcio sazogadoeba da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sa-zogadoeba. maTgan aqciebis gamoSvebis ufleba aqvs mxo-

lod saaqcio sazogadoebas. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 51.1 muxlis

mixedviT: `saaqcio sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, rom-

lis kapitali dayofilia wesdebiT gansazRvruli klasisa da raodenobis aqciebad. aqcia aris aramaterializebuli saxelobiTi fasiani qaRaldi, romelic adasturebs saaq-cio sazogadoebis valdebulebebs partnioris (aqcione-

ris) mimarT da aqcioneris uflebebs saaqcio sazogadoe-

baSi. saaqcio sazogadoebis wesdebiT SeiZleba ganisaz-

Rvros is Rirebuleba, romelze naklebi RirebulebiTac dauSvebelia am klasis aqciebis pirveladi ganTavseba (aq-

128

ciebis nominaluri Rirebuleba). saaqcio sazogadoebis pasuxismgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe Semoifargle-

ba mTeli misi qonebiT. saaqcio sazogadoebis aqcioneri pasuxs ar agebs saaqcio sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaT-

vis. saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas kapitali SeiZle-

ba ganisazRvros nebismieri odenobiT.~ ss-is sawesdebo kapitali formirdeba aqcionerTa qo-

nebrivi (fuladi an arafuladi) SenataniT, romlebsac sa-nacvlod miecemaT aqciebi. aqcia aris fasiani qaRaldi, romelic adasturebs misi mflobelis uflebebs ss-Si da, piriqiT, ss-is valdebulebebs mflobelis mimarT. sawes-debo kapitalis yoveli Semdgomi gazrda xdeba axali aq-ciebis gamoSvebis gziT. aqciaTa mTliani raodenobis Ri-

rebuleba ss-is sawesdebo kapitalis jamia. aqcionerebs mflobelobaSi SeiZleba hqondes sxvadsaxva raodenobis aqciebi, Sesabamisad, flobdnen sxvadasxva odenobis wils sazogadoebis sawesdebo kapitalSi.

aqcioners gaaCnia rogorc qonebrivi, ise araqonebri-

vi uflebebi. qonebrivia wliur mogebaSi wilisa (dividen-

di) da sazogadoebis likvidaciis Semdeg darCenili wilis miRebis uflebebi, xolo araqonebrivi _ aqcionerTa sa-erTo krebaze daswrebisa da xmis micemiT gadawyvetile-

bis miRebaSi monawileobis, agreTve sazogadoebis xel-

mZRvanelobaze kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiTa da kanonis farglebSi kontrolis ganxorcielebis uflebebi.

saaqcio sazogadoeba sxva korporaciuli formebisa-

gan gamoirCeva imiT, rom aqciebis yidva-gayidva permanen-

tulad mimdinareobs da amitom masSi mudmivad aris SesaZ-lebeli mesakuTreTa (aqcionerTa) Semadgenlobis cvla. amitom aucilebelia SeTanxmeba, Tu drois romeli momen-

tisTvis arsebul aqcionerebs aqvT saerTo krebaSi mona-

wileobis ufleba. saaqcio sazogadoebas yvelaze rTuli mmarTveli or-

ganoTa struqtura gaaCnia: xelmZRvaneloba (direqtora-

129

ti); sameTvalyureo sabWo, romelic xelmZRvanelobis saqmianobis makontrolebeli organoa; da aqcionerTa sa-erTo kreba, romelic ss-Si umaRlesi organoa.

mewarmeebs aqvT sruli Tavisufleba airCion sawarmo-

Ta nebismieri, kanoniT gansazRvruli (kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb, mux. 2) organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma da es arCevanis Tavisufleba mxolod sawarmoTa dafuZnebis dros ar gamoiyeneba. mewarmeebs saqmianobis procesSi Se-uZliaT Tavisuflad Secvalon erTxel arCeuli forma sxva formiT. korporaciis reorganizacia SeiZleba mox-

des sawarmoTa gardaqmniT, gayofiTa da SerwymiT. rac Se-exeba saaqcio sazogadoebas, is SeiZleba gardaiqmnas: sps-d; ks-d; Sps-d; kooperativad. sawarmoTa gayofa xdeba ma-Sin, roca sawarmo saqmianobis ramodenime saxes misdevs erTdroulad da misi organizaciulad marTva rTuli xdeba. arsebobs sawarmoTa gayofis Semdegi SesaZlebloba: dayofa da gamoyofa. sawarmos rogorc dayofa, aseve ga-moyofa SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc axali sawarmoe-

bis dafuZnebiT, ise ukve arsebul sawarmoebTan mierTe-

biT. korporaciis reorganizaciis Semdegi saxe-sawarmoTa Serwyma daiSveba, miuxedavad organizaciul-samarTleb-

rivi formisa. ganasxvaveben Serwymis or formas: roca er-

Ti sawarmo uerTdeba meores da roca ori damoukidebeli sawarmo erTiandeba erT axal sawarmod.

saaqcio sazogadoebis grZelvadiani warmatebis uz-

runvelsayofad aucilebelia misi korporaciuli mar-

Tvis srulyofa, rac SemdgomSi dadebiTad aisaxeba: aqci-

onerTa uflebebis dacvaze, kapitalze xelmisawvdomobis gazrdaze da valis gaiafebaze.

ss-is menejmentis saTanado reJimi, kompaniebs xels uwyobs maTi kapitalis efeqturad gamoyenebis uzrunvel-

yofaSi. rac saboloo jamSi dadebiTad aisaxeba sazoga-

doebis keTildReobaze, es ki SemdgomSi, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs ucxoeli da adgilobrivi investorebis

130

ndobis SenarCunebas da xangrZlivi kapitaldabandebebis mozidvas.

yvela maRalganviTarebul qveyanaSi saaqcio sazoga-

doeba aris qveynis sameurneo sistemis saZirkveli. ganvi-Tarebul qveynebSi sakuTrebis aqcionerulma formam Se-asrula sami funqcia: kapitalis akumulaciis, sakuTrebis gazrda-gafarToebis da Sromis sameurneo motivaciis. sa-aqcio sazogadoeba am funqciebs Seasrulebs Cvens ekono-

mikaSic. saaqcio sazogadoebebs SeuZliaT qveynis ekono-

mikis modernizacia, rac ase saWiro da mniSvnelovania Cve-ni qveynis ekonomikisTvis.

131

nino geleiSvili

samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis biznes-administrire-

bis fakultetis studenti xelmZRvaneli:

profesori maia gelaSvili

konkurenciis roli ekonomikaSi

konkurencia sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia. konkurencia es aris mwarmoeblebs Soris ur-

TierToba, fasebis dadgenisa da bazarze saqonlis miwo-

debis Sesaxeb. ekonomikis sferoSi igi warmogvidgeba ro-

gorc mewarmeTa Sejibri saqonlis (momsaxurebis) warmoe-

bisa da gasaRebis xelsayreli pirobebisaTvis. vinc gai-marjvebs am SejibrSi, mas garantirebuli aqvs mtkice po-

ziciebi da maqsimaluri mogeba.

erTi mxriv, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom konkurencias yvela qveynisTvis dadebiTi Sedegi moaqvs, vinaidan kon-

kurencia aiZulebs kompaniebs gazardon warmoebis efeq-

tianoba, radgan konkurenti kompaniebi eZeben xarjebis Semcirebis gzebs, rom gazardon sakuTari mogeba da mii-Ron konkurentuli upiratesoba. konkurencia uzrunvel-

yofs bazarze maRalproduqtiuli kompaniebis warmate-

bul saqmianobas, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs dabalproduqti-

uli kompaniebis bazridan gasvlas. maRali konkurenciis pirobebSi kompaniebi cdiloben danergon inovaciebi, rac aviTarebs seqtors da ekonomikas. konkurencia xels uw-

yobs axali teqnologiebis danergvasa da ganviTarebas, fasis klebas, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gazrdas. jan-

132

saRi da Zlieri konkurencia aseve did rols TamaSobs sa-xelmwifos mSp-is stabilurobaSi. xolo, meore mxriv, aR-

saniSnavia is faqti, rom konkurencias uaryofiTi Sedege-

bic mosdevs. rodesac bazarze produqcia axalia, SeiZle-

ba mis bazarze damkvidrebas didi dro dasWirdes da ukve arsebulma produqtma misi konkurentunarianobac ki ga-dafaros.

konkurencia Tavis mxriv did rols TamaSobs qveynis ekonomikaze, radgan Tavisufali konkurenciis dros, ba-zari Tavisufalia saxelmwifos Carevisa da monopoliis-

gan. mewarmes SeuZlia awarmoos is, rac mas unda da ro-

gorc unda.

da bolos minda aRvniSno, rom konkurencia es aris ekonomikuri metoqeoba, romelic warmoadgens ZiriTad maregulirebel meqanizms xeli Seuwyos momxmareblisaT-

vis saWiro saqonlis warmoebas. vfiqrob, rom bazari unda iyos konkurentuli, vinaidan konkurenciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli is aris, rom konkurencia uzrunvelyofs bazris moqnilobas, rac aucilebelia droTa ganmavlobaSi ekonomikis efeqtianobis warmoebam SeZlos saTanado adaptireba momxmarebelTa gemovnebaze, teqnologiis cvlilebaze da a.S. amasTanave, konkurentu-

narianobis amaRlebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi mxolod produqciis xarisxis gazrda. Sesabamisad, mizanSewoni-

lad migvaCnia da aucilebelicaa didi upiratesoba mieni-Wos axali saqonlis SemuSavebisa da aTvisebis sakiTxs, ba-zarze lideris poziciis mopovebas. yovelive es ki xels Seuwyobs moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas, warmoebis moqnil gardaqmnas da sabolood qveynis ekonomikis gaz-

rdas.

133

nino xuciSvili

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis stu-

denti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori nazi gvaramia

buRaltris profesiuli aRiarebis

kriteriumebi, Tanamedrove

tendenciebi da saqarTvelo

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, rodesac saqarTve-

lo daadga damoukideblobis gzas da qveyanaSi sagegmo-ad-

ministraciuli ekonomikis nacvlad safuZveli Caeyara ker-

Zo sakuTrebaze orientirebul sabazro urTierTobebs, cxadia, dRis wesrigSi dadga institucionaluri da infras-

truqturuli sistemebis radikaluri transformaciis au-

cilebloba, ramac Tavis mxriv ganapiroba saxelmwifo sa-kuTrebaze dafuZnebuli buRaltruli aRricxvis erTiani sistemis rRveva da mis nacvlad saerTaSoriso standarteb-

ze orientirebuli aRricxvis axali sistemis formirebis procesis dawyeba. dasaxuli amocanis praqtikul realiza-

cias safuZveli Cauyara saqarTvelos profesional buRal-

terTa da auditorTa federaciam (bafi), romelic 1998

wlis aprilSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos buRalterTa klubisa da saqarTvelos buRalterTa asociaciis Serwymis Sedegad.

saaRricxvo saqmianobis srulyofis gzaze mniSvnelo-

vani nabiji gadaidga saqarTvelos profesional buRal-

terTa da auditorTa federaciisa da aSS-is saerTaSori-

so ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) erToblivi Zalisxme-

134

viT, rasac Sedegad mohyva parlamentis mier miRebuli ka-noni~ buRaltruli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis reguli-

rebis Sesaxeb~, romlis ZaliTac saaqcio sazogadoebebi

2000 wlis 1 ianvridan, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis, ko-

mandituri, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebe-

bi da kooperativebi 2001 wlis 1 ianvridan buRaltrul aRricxvasa da angariSgebas awarmoeben buRaltruli aR-

ricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove etapze saqarTveloSi aqtualuria saerTa-

Soriso gamocdilebis gaziareba da Sesabamisad danergva buRaltruli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis sferoSi. aqedan gamomdinare, samecniero naSromSi ganvixilavT buRaltris profesiuli aRiarebis saerTaSoriso praqtikas ramdenime qveynis magaliTze. profesiuli aRiarebis sferoSi msof-

lioSi arsebul midgomebsa da Cvens qveyanaSi Camoyalibe-

bul sistemebs Soris paralelis gasavlebad, saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da auditorTa federaciis mier gakeTda momoxilva CexeTis respublikaSi 2005 wels evro-

kavSiris dafinansebiT ganxorcielebuli proeqtis safuZ-

velze, proeqtis mizani iyo buRaltris profesiis maregu-

lirebeli normatiuli bazis analizi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. proeqtis farglebSi Catarda profesionali bu-

Raltrebis erovnuli sakvalifikacio moTxovnebis gamok-

vleva xuT ganviTarebul da Svid gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveyanaSi. gamokvlevisaTvis SerCeuli iyo:

ganviTarebuli qveynebi: dania _ finansuri zedamxed-

velobis sabWo; irlandia _ nafic buRalterTa irlandi-

is instituti; samxreT afrika _ samxreTafrikis nafic -

buRalterTa instituti da sazogadoebriv buRalterTa da auditorTa sabWo; gaerTianebuli samefo _ nafic ser-

tificirebul buRalterTa asociacia (ACCA); amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi _ nafic sazogadoebriv buRalter-

Ta amerikis instituti (AICPA ). gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi: ungreTi _ ungreTis

auditorTa palata; poloneTi _ poloneTis auditorTa

135

palata; rumineTi _ rumineTis auditorTa palata; ruseTi

_ ruseTis auditorTa palata; TurqeTi _ TurqeTis ser-

tificirebul sazogadoebriv buRalterTa kavSiri; CexeTi

_ CexeTis auditorTa palata; CexeTis buRalterTa kavSi-ri; slovakeTi _ slovakeTis auditorTa palata.

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad gakeTda analizi, Tu ramdenad pasuxobs gamokvleuli organizaciebis ganaT-

lebis standartebi buRalterTa saerTaSoriso federa-

ciis moTxovnebs profesionali buRaltrebis ganaTlebi-

sadmi. gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom msoflioSi arsebuli profesiuli organizaciebi icaven ganaTlebis sferoSi buRalterTa saerTaSoriso federaciis standartebis umravlesobas, magram amave dros profesiul organiza-

ciebs uwevT garkveuli samuSaoebis Catareba yvela maTga-

nis Sesasruleblad. ganviTarebul qveynebSi suraTi aseTia: dania _ profesias warmoadgens ori organizacia: sa-

xelmwifo seqtoris sazogadoebriv buRalterTa institu-

ti da registrirebul sazogadoebriv buRalterTa insti-

tuti. irlandia _ irlandiis nafic buRalterTa institu-

ti awesebs sakuTari ganaTlebis standartebs da amavdrou-

lad, uwyveti profesiuli zrdis done da xasiaTi ganixile-

ba bsf-is uwyveti profesiuli zrdis standartis fonze. samxreT afrika _ qveyanaSi auditisa da sazogadoebrivi bu-

Raltris saqmianoba kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba. buRal-

terTa organizaciis wevrs, moeTxoveba registracia kanon-

mdeblobis safuZvelze Seqmnil organoSi, sazogadoebriv buRalterTa da auditorTa sabWoSi da am sabWos mier gamo-

cemuli wesebisa da maregulirebeli normativebis dacva. gaerTianebuli samefo _ istoriulad, buRaltris

profesiis regulirebaSi gansakuTrebiT didi roli ukavi-

aT profesiul organizaciebs, romlebic Tavad asruleben yvela funqcias. nafic sertificirebul buRalterTa aso-

ciacia (ACCA) adgens Tavis sakuTar ganaTlebis standar-

tebs. (ACCA) amJamad xelaxa ixilavs Tavisi uwyveti profe-

136

siuli zrdis moTxovnebs da igi savaldebulo gaxdeba yve-la wevrisaTvis. aSS _ ar arsebob sprofesiis erTiani mare-

gulirebeli struqtura. aq maregulirebel procesSi Car-

Tulia sxvadasxva organo da organizacia. amerikis serti-

ficirebul sazogadoebriv buRalterTa instituti war-

moadgens aSS-is profesional buRalterTa gaerTianebas. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi profesionali bu-

Raltrebis ganaTlebisadmi midgomebi aseTia: ungreTi _ auditorTa palataze iuridiul zedam-

xedvelobas axorcielebs finansTa saministro, aseve sa-zedamxedvelo organo. poloneTi _ auditorTa palata aRiarebulia maregulirebel da disciplinarul orga-

nod. rumineTi _ auditorTa palatis kvalifikacia ey-

rdnoba mTavrobis brZanebulebas, palata Seqmna finansTa saministrom da auditorTa palatis moTxovnebi Sesabami-sobaSia bsf-is standartebTan. ruseTi _ auditorTa pa-latis kvalifikacia eyrdnoba finansTa saministros moT-

xovnebs da buRalterTa sertificirebas axorcielebs ramdenime profesiuli organizacia, Tumca kanonmdeblo-

biT igi savaldebulo ar aris. TurqeTi _ kanoni damouki-

debeli buRaltrisa da sertificirebuli sazogadoebri-

vi buRaltris Sesaxeb (1989w.) gansazRvravs, vin eweva am sferoSi momsaxurebas, rogorc profesionali. CexeTis respublika _ qveyanaSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT evro-

pis sxva qveynebSi arsebobs profesiuli organizaciebi rogorc buRaltrebisaTvis, aseve auditorebisaTvis cal-calke. slovakeTis respublika -auditorTa palatis regulireba xorcieldeba kanonmdeblobiT. palata ad-

gens da gamoscems auditorTa ganaTlebis standartebs. zemoT ganvixileT buRaltruli aRricxvis sferoSi

profesiuli aRiarebis saerTaSoriso gamocdileba, amav-

droulad CvenTvis mniSvnelovania Tu rogoria profesi-

uli aRiarebis praqtika saqarTveloSi da perspeqtivebi. Cvens qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT, aRiarebu-

lia saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da auditorTa

137

federaciis (bafi) profesionali buRaltris kvalifikacia. bafi adgens profesiuli ganaTlebis standartebs,

atarebs gamocdebs. buRaltrebs profesionali buRal-

tris kvalifikacia eniWebaT mas Semdeg, rac gaxdebian ba-fis wevrebi, daamTavreben (ACCA)-is qarTulenovani prog-

ramis srul kurss da dagrovili eqnebaT aranakleb 3 wlis praqtikuli gamocdileba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi profesiuli serti-

ficirebis praqtika daiwyo bafma 1998 wlidan, sertifi-

cirebis programa ZiriTadad Seesabameboda buRalterTa saerTaSoriso federaciis (bsf) ganaTlebis standartebs da swored es garemoeba gaxda 2000 wels bsf-Si bafis ga-wevrianebis mniSvnelovani safuZveli, ris Semdegac daiw-

yo muSaoba momxdariyo gadasvla lokaluri programidan ufro daxvewil, msoflioSi aprobirebul da aRiarebul programaze. bsf-isa da ucxoeli partniorebis rekomen-

daciebis safuZvelze arCevani gakeTda britaneTis nafic buRalterTa institutis (ACCA)-is programaze da 2001

wlidan daiwyo misi qarTul enaze adaptireba. programis damkvidrebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli

aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosTan (USAID) TanamSromlobam da adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaze day-

rdnobiT bafis mier SemuSavebul iqna saxelmZRvaneloebi sagadasaxado dabegvraSi da biznesis samarTalSi.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cveni kvlevis xedva mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelo-

Si metad aqtualuria buRaltruli aRricxvisa da audi-

tis sferoSi profesiuli aRiarebis saerTaSoriso gamoc-

dilebis gaziareba da gamoyeneba, am miznis misaRwevad ki Zlieri sauniversiteto ganaTlebis miReba buRaltruli aRricxvis mimarTulebiT, rac Tavis mxriv iqneba am sfe-

roSi profesionali kadrebis momzadebis, buRaltruli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis sistemis srulyofili fun-

qcionirebis garanti.

138

rita parunaSvili

samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo universitetis biznesis administri-

rebis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: profesori maia gelaSvili

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis roli

ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi

saerTaSoriso vaWrobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gamomdinare iqedan, rom igi udides gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso

politikaze. Tanamedrove urTierTdamokidebul msofli-oSi sabazro ekonomika kidev ufro mniSvnelovans xdis sa-erTaSoriso vaWrobas. Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis pirobebSi, vfiqrob, qveyanas yovelTvis sWirdeba garkveu-

li produqciis importireba, xolo saimporto xarjebis dafarva SesaZlebelia eqsportidan miRebuli SemosavliT. rac ufro didia qveyana, misi erovnuli produqciis ufro didi nawilia Cabmuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.

erTi mxriv, SegviZlia calsaxad aRvniSnoT is faqti, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobas yvela qveynisTvis dadebiTi Sedegi moaqvs, vinaidan igi aZlevs TiToeuls saSualebas maqsimalurad warmoaCinos Tavisi warmoebuli produqci-

is xarisxi da momsaxurebis efeqtianoba. mimaCnia, rom igi xels uwyobs qveynis ekonomikur aRmavlobasa da ekonomi-

kuri stabilurobis Seqmnas. qveynis mier gadadgmuli na-biji, CaerTos saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, TavisTavad gu-

lisxmobs moergos saerTaSoriso standartebiT dadge-

nil normebsa da kanonebs, rac Tavis mxriv, vfiqrob, xels uwyobs kanonis maqsimalur dacvasa da samarTliani poli-

tikis ganxorcielebas. yovelive es ki garantia qveynis

139

ganviTarebisa da aRmavlobis efeqtianobis gazrdisa. xo-

lo, meore mxriv, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba, pirvel rigSi, xels uwyobs globalizaciis pro-

cess, rac TiToeuli qveynisTvis uaryofiTi efeqtis mom-

tania gamomdinare iqedan, rom igi xels uSlis saxelmwi-

fos erovnuli Rirebulebebis arsebobas da mizanmimarTu-

lia erTi mTliani saxelmwifos Seqmnaze, rac Tavis mxriv winapirobaa qveynis kulturisa Tu Rirebulebebis, adami-

anTa faseulobebis ganadgurebisa. swored es SeiZleba CavTvaloT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis uaryofiT mxared.

saerTaSoris vaWrobis miznad SeiZleba bevri ram mi-

viCnioT, Tumca mTvari mizani, mainc msoflio simdidris

Seqmnaa. yvela ekonomikas gaaCnia SefardebiTi upirate-

soba, Sesabamisad Tavisufali vaWroba erT-erTi ZiriTa-

di xeliSemwyobi faqtoria am upiratesobis gamovlenisa.

imisaTvis, rom qveyana Caebas saerTaSoriso vaWroba-

Si da gaaZlieros saeqsporto potenciali, saWiroa sxva-dasxva dargebis xelSewyoba da axali resursebis aTviseba. kerZod, firmebis mier sxva qveynebis bazrebis aTviseba mogebis maqsimizaciis mizniT.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare ki minda aRvniSno, rom saerTaSoriso vaWroba esaa sasaqonlo urTierTgacvla qveynebs Soris, romelic mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli romlis ZiriTadi principebia: aradiskriminaciuli damo-

kidebuleba yvela qveynis mimarT; Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSewyoba; konkurenciis xelSewyoba; gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis aRmoCena naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis-

Tvis. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo valdebulia qveynis SigniT sakuTari resursebiT awarmoos produqcia, romelic mom-

xmareblis moTxovnebs srulad Seesabameba, daakmayofi-

lebs mas da gaaZlierebs ekonomikas, rac Zalian iSviaT Sem-TxvevaSia warmatebuli, gamomdinare iqedan, rom yvela qve-yanas gaaCnia SefardebiTi upiratesoba, romelic swored vaWrobis am formiT ivseba. im SemTvevaSi Tu qveyanas ar eq-neba Camoyalibebuli es urTierToba metad rTuli iqneba warmatebuli ekonomikis Seqmna da warmarTva, romelic Sem-dgomSi gaxdeba qveynis ganviTarebis winapiroba.

140

Tamara tartaraSvili

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis (jipa) doqtoranti xelmZRvaneli:

profesori Tornike SurRulaia

samxreT kavkasiis regionis konfliqtebi da

misi efeqti regionalur usafrTxoebaze

samxreTi kavkasia (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxe-

Ti) mdebareobs kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT Sav zRvasa da kaspiis zRvas Soris. msoflio politikur literaturaSi termini `samxreT kavkasia~ axali damkvidrebulia. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad saqarTvelom, somxeTma da azer-

baijanma damoukidebloba aRidgines, aman Tavis mxriv re-

gionSi seriozuli geopolitikuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi imyofebian ra, saerTaSoriso satransporto da energetikuli gadazidvebis gzajvare-

dinze, mudmivad ganicdian ufro msxvili politikuri er-

Teulebisa da gaerTianebebis zemoqmedebas. maTze gavle-

nis mopovebas cdiloben rogorc regionaluri: ruseTi, TurqeTi, irani, aseve gare Zalebi: aSS, NATO, evrokavSiri, israeli, CineTi. kavkasiaSi da mis garSe momimdinare pro-

cesebis ganxilvisas, SeuZlebelia ar vaxsenoT istoriuli abreSumis gza anu savaWro arteria, romlis gamoc mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi midioda brZola kavkasiisTvis. dRes mimdinare procesebidan gamomdinare, regionis moma-

vali damokidebulia or strategiul proeqtze, erTi mxriv dasavleTi cdilobs, amerikuli `axali abreSumis gzis~ koncefciis Sesabamisad moipovos kontroli cen-

141

traluri aziis energoresursebze, ruseTisa da CineTis gverdis avliT da, meore mxriv, ruseTi qmnis evraziul kavSirs. evrokavSiri did mniSvnelobas aniWebs istoriuli `abreSumis gzis~ aRdgenas, romelic aziasTan pirdapir sa-vaWro arxs warmoadgens. samxreT kavkasiam erTgvari xidis roli SeiZleba Seasrulos evropasa da azias Soris. evro-

kavSiri dainteresebulia regionis stabilurobiT, radgan kavkasiis teritoriaze gamudmebuli konfliqtebis regio-

nis farglebs gareT gavrcelebis SesaZleblobam, SesaZloa safrTxe Seuqmnas gafarToebul evrokavSirs.

ahmad jansiz da mahammad rezas (2014) mosazrebiT, kavkasiis regioni Tavisi eTnikuri da kulturuli, geo-strategiuli da geo-ekonomikuri xasiaTiT yovelTvis iyo mimzidveli mxare socialuri da politikuri kon-

fliqtebisTvis. kavkasia es aris nazavi qristianobisa da musulmanobis da ZiriTadi konfliqtebic aqedan iReben saTaves. maT aqvT sakuTari dialeqti _ ZirZveli mosax-

leobiT da TiToeul qveyanaSi cxovroben sxvadasxva eT-

nikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi. umravlesoba azerbaijanSi arian Siitebi, umravlesoba sasomxeTSi da saqarTveloSi arian marTmadidebeli qristianebi, saqar-

TveloSi azerbaijanelebi da somxebi, rusebi da sxva erovnebebi kidev. mniSvnelovani raodenoba mosaxleobisa nagorno yarabaRSi arian somxebi. aseve naxCevanis avtono-

miur respublikaSi azerbaijaneli Turqebi arian da gar-

Semortymuli da izolirebulia iraniT, somxeTiTa da TurqeTiT. avtonomiuri respublikebi aWara da afxazeTi, aseve oseTis avtonomiuri regionSi cxovroben mniSvne-lovanwilad umciresobebi.

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris ekonomiurad med-

grad dgas azerbaijani. Tumca sasomxeTTan omma, sakmaod didi teritoriebis dakargvam da eTnikuri umciresobe-

bis problemebma, rogoricaa TaliSebi da lezgiebi, Zali-

an rTul mdgomareobaSi arian, rac aryevs da safrTxes uqmnis usafrTxoebis balans.

142

azerbaijanis sagareo politikis gegma gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT: 3+2+2, sadac 3 samxreT kavkasiis qvey-nebia, 2 regionaluri qveynebi TurqeTi da ruseTi da 2 trans-regionaluri Zala amerika da evrokavSiri.

sasomxeTis sagareo politikis gegma cnobilia, ro-

gorc 3+3+2, 3 kavkasiis qveynebi, 3 damatebiT irani, Tur-

qeTi da ruseTi da 2 trans-regionaluri Zala amerika da evrokavSiri. sasomxeTs aqvs blokada azerbaijanisa da TurqeTisgan da misi sayrdeni aris iranis politika.

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom saqarTveloSi, mudmivad mimdinareobs sisxliani samoqalaqo omi afxaze-

Tisa da samxreT oseTis gamo, romelic aris ruseTis sam-xedro Carevis gamo. 2003 wlis vardebis revuluciis Sem-dgom, saqarTvelom aiRo dasavluri orientacia da anti-rusuli reJimi. sasomxeTisgan da azerbaijanisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi mdgomareoba bevrad kompleqsu-

ria. saqarTvelom bevrad gaafarTova urTierToba evro-atlantikur institutebTan, rogoricaa evropa da nato.

TurqeTi sagareo politikis principebiT cdilobs gaamyaros Tavisi poziciebi samxreT kavkasiaSi da ruseTi-

sa da iranis gavlena Seamciros. TurqeTis modeli aris Semdegnairi 3+1+2, 3 kavkasiis qveynebi, 1 TurqeTi, ro-

gorc regionaluri Zala da 2 amerika da evrokavSiri, ro-

gorc usafrTxoebis garanti. ruseTi dainteresebulia iranis roliT regionalur

ganviTarebaSi, magram cdilobs mTlianad ignorireba gau-

keTos amerikasa da evrokavSirs da maT Soris TurqeTsac. ruseTi cdilobs daeyrdnos mxolod Tavis Zalebs da iTa-

maSos erTaderTi mTavari roli kavkasiis regionis usaf-

rTxoebaSi. kavkasiaSi eTnikurma konfliqtebma, rogoric iyo na-

gorno-yarabaRi, afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi, regionis stabiluroba Searyia, daingra ekonomikuri da industri-

uli struqturebi, gaizarda organizebuli danaSaulebi

143

da rac mTavaria regionaluri politika arastabiluri gaxda. sxva mxriv, am konfliqtebma gazardes eTnikuri na-cionalizmi da ideologia regionSi. nagorno-yarabaRis, afxazeTisa da oseTis problemebi kvlav ar aris gadaWri-

li. irani Tavisi usafrTxoebis perspeqtivebiT cdilobs

daamyaros regionaluri simSvide da stabiluroba. sam-

xreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli eTnikuri asimilacia, politi-

kuri da ekonomikuri Zala xels uwyobs irans, rom gazar-

dos Tavisi zegavlena am regionze, daamyaros stabilu-

roba da daicvas usafrTxoebis kuTxiTac. iranis formu-

la aris 3+3, sadac 3 aris samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi da me-ore 3 samezoblo Zala, rogoricaa, ruseTi, TurqeTi da irani.

144

sarCevi

xviCa gogia............................................................................................. 3

molaparakebis organizeba da problemis gadawyveta

Tornike devaZe ................................................................................... 11

grigol robaqiZis publicistika (erTi aspeqti)

xviCa gogia............................................................................................. 17

komerciuli bankebi da saqarTvelos sabanko sistema

gogita inasariZe................................................................................ 23

amnistiis da Sewyalebis samarTlebrivi

aspeqtebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi

goga kvaracxelia............................................................................... 29

saqarTvelos _ rogorc agraruli qveynis

ekonomikuri potenciali

lana gelaSvili .................................................................................. 34

informaciis Tavisufleba

mariam davlaSeriZe ......................................................................... 45

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris urTierToba

salome Sengelia................................................................................. 49

administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis

gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi

Teona janibegaSvili........................................................................ 58

Zalis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

zina murjikneli................................................................................ 65

adamianis uflebebi da policia

arCil bregvaZe.................................................................................... 74

menejeris roli turistuli sawarmos marTvis procesSi

baqar gvazava......................................................................................... 76

arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa fsiqologiuri

Taviseburebani

giorgi labartyava ........................................................................... 78

turizmis sakanonmeblo regulireba saqarTveloSi

nino WiTanava........................................................................................ 81

studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis arsebobis forma

saqarTveloSi

guranda SalamberiZe....................................................................... 85

britanuli slengi da Jargoni

145

nino didebaSvili .............................................................................. 88

anoreqsiis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi

TaTuli aladaSvili ........................................................................ 93

turizmis adgili da roli qveynis ekonomikaSi

Tea TaTeSvili ..................................................................................... 97

gadaxdisunarianobis resursis marTva

nino cxvaraZe ...................................................................................... 99

adamianis uflebebi saqarTveloSi

nino cxvaraZe ...................................................................................... 103

iranis birTvuli programa _ dapirispirebidan

SeTanxmebamde

Yulia Tetvadze ............................................................................105 How to Promote Your Business Tamuna murjikneli ......................................................................... 107

Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba

saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT

Teona sanduxaZe ................................................................................. 118

obligaciaTa efeqtianoba saqarTvelos

safondo birJaze

lizi kakaCiSvili ............................................................................... 121

inflaciis arsi da tipebi saqarTveloSi

elene maisuraZe ................................................................................. 124

`islamuri saxelmwifos~ politika da safrTxe

saqarTvelosTvis

naTia bedukaZe-mamacaSvili ........................................................ 126

saaqcio sazogadoeba-istoria,

Tanamedroveoba, kanoni, perspeqtiva

nino geleiSvili ................................................................................ 131

konkurenciis roli ekonomikaSi

nino xuciSvili ................................................................................. 133

buRaltris profesiuli aRiarebis kriteriumebi,

Tanamedrove tendenciebi da saqarTvelo

rita parunaSvili.............................................................................. 138

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis roli ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi

Tamara tartaraSvili...................................................................... 140

samxreT kavkasiis regionis konfliqtebi da

misi efeqti regionalur usafrTxoebaze

146

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

a5 konferenciis masalebi 00 -...

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