1. A VISUA lDICTIO N ARY OFARCHITECTUREfIlAN( U O . K . ( H INC;

2. iiI-AfVISUAL DICTIONARY OFJ ARCH ITECTU RE J I I I I I I I I FRANCIS D.K. CHING A VNR BOOK JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC NEW YORK CHICHESTER WEINHEIM BRISBANE SINGAPORE TORONTO 3. ! I .-" I A VISUALDICT-IONARY OF ARCHITECTURE f { - Ir It... _.-l- I. f . - I I ~ , ; ,~ 1 l...~( t- )l . ; ~ I!Ill.i..-rAlZ~H)FRANCIS D.K. CHINGfER~ANr7~l 4. This book is printed on acidfree paper. 8CopYright @1995 ry John Wiley &Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Published simultaneou5~ in Canada.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in arryform or by arTy means, electronic, mechanical, photocop-yinq, recording, scanning or otherwise,except as ~rmitteJ under Sectionsl(J7 or 108 of the 1976 United States CoPJlight Act, withouteither the prior written pemission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of theappropr~ per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Cenw, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvere, MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. RequesUi to the Publisha for pennisslon shouldbe add~ to the fenni55loos Department, John M.~ & Sons, Inc.. 605 Third Avenue, NewYork, NY 1015U012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ@W1lEY.COM.This publication is designed to proMe accurate and authoritative information in regard to thesubject matter covered. It is sold with the underetanding that the publisher is not enqaged Inrende:ing professiot131 servius. If professional adviCt or other expert assist...anu is required, theservices of a competent professional person should be oought.U~ralj of Congre% Cataloging-irHuuncatlon Data:ISBN 0-471-28451-3Printed in ~e United S~ of America.20191817 16 15 1413 12L:LL 5. (ONTENTSPREFACE 7ARCHITECTURE9 FORCE 96PLASTIC 192ARCH 12 FORTIFICATION 98PLATE 194BEAM 15 FOUNDATION 100PLUMBING 196BRICI< 18 FRAME 104 REINFORCED CONCRETE 202BUILDING 21 GEOMETRY 108ROOF 208CABLE STRUcnJRE 28GLASS 112 ROOM 216CEILING 30HARDWARE 114SHEll 219CERAMIC 32HEAT 117 . SITEWORK 221CHURCH 35 HISTORY 128 SOIL 224COLOR 38HOUSE 136 SOLAR ENERGY 226COLUMN 40 JOINERY 140 SOUND 228CONCRETE 42 LIGHT 142 STAIR 233CONSTRUCTION 48 LOAD 151STONE 236DESIGN 52 MASONRY 155 -STRUCTURE 238~DOME 60 MATERIAL 161SURVEY 246DOOR 62 MEASURE 166 TEMPLE 248DRAWING 66MEMBRANE 168THEATER 256ELECTRICITY 74METAL 16? TRUSS 259ELEVATOR 80 MOISTURE CONTROL 176VAULT 262.FASTENING 82ORDER 179 VISION 264FIREPLACE 87ORNAMENT 182WAll 266FIRE SAFETY 88PAINT 187 WINDOW 271flOOR 92PLASTER 188 WOOD 276INDEX 285 6. PREFACE , ill. tjC~/~_._-, . "" f--m.,/~r~r=1.=0_. _ _ _ _ ~". ; ... >+-,- ",: . -4- . - .. - ; r - . . :...- ")I One picture is Just as a single image can be worth a The reader may use this dctionary in aIncluded are fundamental termsworth a thousandthousand words, a single word can number ofw3js.lf one trows the exact relating to architectural deSign, wordsconjure up in the minds eye aterm and wants to find CiJt rts history, and technology. Sincethousand images. Regardless of t.he meaning, then one can 1001: it up in thearchitectcre is a visual art, most ofpower of a solitary word or image,index. Looki~ up one term will always the entries naturally lend .themselveshowever, each communicates meaningpresent related terms arTa:1ged to graphic representation. Some aremore effectively when brought around one or more illustn In the production of what Is beautiful appeallng. or of more than ordill3l) slgnlflcanu. aesthetics The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art. beauty. ana tJste. with a view to estabhshlng the meaning and valiatty of clitlcalJudgments conceming wori::s of art. Also. esthetics. beauty delightThe aggregate of qualities In a person or A high degree of pleasure orthing that gives Intense pleasure to theenjoyment.i Jsenses or deep satlsfactlon to ~ mind orspirit. whether arising from harmony offonn or color. excellence of craft.trutirfulness. originality. or other. oftenunspeGlfIal7!e property.tasteCriticalJudgment. discernment. orappreciatlon of what Is fitting. harmonious.or beautiful prevailing in a culture or upersonal to an Il1n---:intrados-.l.. Ill(; .. ", Thelnnercurveorsurfaceof":1J~ht5pn.f t M ! f ! - - - - - - - - - ~-the The first voussoir resting on Impost the sprlMIMtI line to the ..., ...,formln~~Leco ncave uUClersouc_ ..., VII _J 11 M==a=na=rch==_==================~===~ ______ . _____ .~h,_s_t~I~_of_~h_e_In_Ua_d_OS_~~~~========================== __I 5pring The point at which an arch. VJu~. or dome rises from Its support. Also CJi!ed1springl~.~croWn - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,.----------.------..:.. spandrel-The- highest J"Ir1 or point of a The triangular-shaped. sometin-.es I cormx ccnst:ructlon. as anarcn. ornamented area 17etween the ~.ndos of I vault.or~_two adjoining arches. or ~ ~~ left! or right extrados of an arch .rJ t.:...tLJt-~-~~------------~- of an arch curving down rect3 ng ular fra mewon: su rroundi rI.,1 It. Also~Sp2ndril.i from the crown to the Impost.~----~-E:1Tr.e uppermost part of an4IPutrnent. often In the form of a !7Iock. capfbl. or molding. from which OIn arch springs. I uIjII.I: L.:; L1;or~~l------------------~ r.g lj ArrJ several concentric ring s ofAcrosspleu connectlng the I".l>s in 3LIforming an arch. esp. when e3ch Dro1~.~~~[~, ,-U-l.J"-pCjond the o:.e pelcw. centering. Also called folster. f,-I! L>.~.-.~-.r lJUVUrt;h I An archway having sides or Jam~s not at ~enur!ng L A temForal) fl7lmework for supportln~ a .. - :~ right angles with the face of Its abutments_ma son I) arch or vault during construction until the work can suppo~ Itself. L camber piece Aroard used as centulng for a flat arch. ~( slightly crowned ~ allow for settling ofIIj ffilllI{/ the arch. Also calle4C.1l)1per 51ip.__ L12 L 12. l ARCHrIlr,...--------------+-arch actionI The manner In whlcn an arch transforms the vertlca I forces of a su pported load Into Inclined components aria transmits them to abutments on either side of the archway.r--~-------+- ~rchaxis the median line of an arched structure. .---------J-..~line of thrust; .f"I, The setofresultantsbf thrust and weightfeach part of an arch Imposes 01 the nextflower one. For bending to be eliminated throughout an arch. the line of thrust must - coincide with the arch axis.I Junic~lar .1rc_h IAn .rch shapeJ to develop only axialcompression und~r a given loading. Thissh3palJ1nq. L At th~ nelltra/axls of the section. only shar stresses exist and these can ~ rcscI~eJ InW ta7sJ1~ ;mil compre55le ~ses xtJn~ at 45"Jmgfe.s to the neutnl1Xl5, For 217 lrrU:rrnedim element sut;ect to botb be:nJlng x.J she3r 5tre55eS. the prlnctp.al stresses h3re 3n InclinztJcn ktemI/neJ by the rd3t1r~ magnitudes ofth~ 5tre55e5. L,tress trajectorieslines depictIng the direction put not themagnitude of the principal stresses In aII~- tension L~eam. J - 5hear ceoUr T~~p~-~nal~Ia_~9f.a L s~l~~gIfWfiICfii? -,- , transverselOad;r-ust pa55 In orJe~ tor prevent torsion or twlstlng.of the mem~er a~out.aIongltudlnal axis. I L16 16. BEAMrlf 5imple beam A ~m restlC3 0.1i sim~~~u.ffljs at Dot.~-.-t."LtlU 1 +J.1J.Ltends, which are free tc rota~ and have no moment reslst4nce. As with any st.otlwflyf . I .:: t; : aetennlnate structure, the v-alues of anIII !r !( III. . ). ~III.~treactions, shears. and moments for a simple beam are Independent of Its Crc5S ,heard.g .. m111.11111111 . !:; iil:1 I, sectional shape and ma~31. A graphic representation of the variation In ~:. ,I!rmagnitude of the external shears present In... .. I!ia structure for a given set of transverse loads anel support con.:fitlons. Concentrated loads produce e~ma( she~- - cantilever beam Uniformly distribtJud loads produce (ine3ri) :.": Xpro~rij veat:ns,u pPPfted. a~ only.one momentdi.1gram _ _ _ _ _ _~~~~~.~!~CQn-~m.g.wJ-~ ~~~: ;;;~~ :.,,. r, "",,r A3EIC:~torrott~~nJn:. :: : :-~:~~!-W,f~~jj,!!e.:. :;rfFI : louis and support conditions. The overallConcentr.lted loads produce bending mom~ts Uniformly distribrMd loads producei tkf1ected shape of a structure subject to which vary hne;;rfy between loads. panbciJc311y var:lr.~ moments.Pendlng can often lie Inferred from the shape of its moment diagram.cantilever ;~~~~~~~~~=:~~~~~~~~~~~=t overhanging peam A slmple Deam extending beyond one its supports. The overhang reduces the~i6 posltlve moment at mldspan while rpositive shear - .. developing a n~3t!ve moment at the Inse ..P,,~~.t.. ,.res~l?nt. of.shearforceSth3tacts .r vertIca~ upW1rd~n the left part of theof the cantliever over the support. Jstructure !:>errig consldered. Assuming 3 lJI1/formly dTstrWvW (03d, tJ;e projection for wltfch the morrr~ OY~ thenegativeshear ----------------~ 5I.:pport Is eqwf ind opposlU ta the morr.t:rt~ ~ A~."r:esutta nt. of.5 hearforcesthatact5 ... 3t midspan is approxlmMy% of the Sf!41."ertIC3l!:t ~~rapn the left part of theI structUrl: ~elrigconsldered. ~---:",""r-T--,.-,-.,."-l...1fJ-l-L-L...LL.....w.-l...L.L....w..::...positive moment~.~.~._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- " -_ _-.c.,....A !:>ending mending s~s,lncre-ase the rlgldlty of the ~m. and ~uu Itsto the moment and shear values whk;h maxlmum defIect1on.5upended-spantypically vary along Its Iongttudlnalaxls. ~ ~AsImple ~m supporW by thecantlievers of two adjolnln~ spans withpInneJ constructlonJolnts at polnts ofzero moment. Also calW hu~-span.[Y1J_ ccrttinuou5 pe4m_~ be3m extettding~~t~~ih",,~J~, .. ~~Jn ordu to aevelOp greater rlgfdttyaiid smaller moments than a ser~s of simple lleams having similar spans and loading. Both fIXed-end and contJnuous !:>eams are Inktamlnate structures for which the values of all reactions. shears. and mo~nts are dependent not only or. span and Ioaalng but also on cross- sectlonal Sh3F~ 31d material. effective length The dist3~ce Det ..... een Inflection points In the sp3~;f a flxedend or continuous beJ~. quiIl3ie.-: in nature to the actualleng~h ~ 3simp!] s~pported eam. 17 17. ,lJJ.Sl.(WA m3SOf1f)unitofclay, formed into rectar.gwr prism while plasticand lurdenea Py drying in the sun or l.firi~inaUn.ccmmott~~~~~~ ! scft-mud processBrict made for general Pulkllng purposes. The process of forming prick l:>y moldingand :let s~1a11y treated for color andrelatively wet clay havlng~re C$!:Vwt- Jtte~~re. Also C311ea building brick; _..-- ....... - .. - - ~ ..... j5.1ndstruck brickmingl1rictBricl: formed In the softmud process wlt.,~ 3!3rlcl: maJeofspec~1 clays for facing a wall.mold lined with sand to prevent stlckln9.often treate4 to produce the ~sJ~~.~glg~producing 3 matte-textured surf~and 5Jrfau text.ure. Also calrea fa ci In-Ick. :.--. --: 1~~!llllllllllilll~1 1 prick_type! Bricl: formed In the soft-mud process with 3A des~ll3t1on Indicating the pennlssll7lemold lulnicated with water to prevent stlci:!~.~rtatlon In size. color. ch Ippage. a"dproducing 3 smooth. dense surface.dJst.ortk)n albwed In a facing I7rick unit. r waterstruckhick ! "trrt-mud pro~rexThe process of fonnlng prick and structur.il tileF.ang I1ricl:: suitable for use where a!ninlmum ~rlatlon In size. narrow color ~ extruding stiff Put plastic clay having a u moisture content ofl2t to 151 through 3 !~fA ng~. and high degree of l.T1ech3nlc31 ana cuttlng the extrusion to length with wrespafectlon are rea.ulred. l:>efore firing.FB5F,cln~ kick sultaple for use where a wider 1drrpress process i The process of fanning prick ~ motdlng ucolor ~,nd greater variation In size 3re relatively dry clay having a moisture co~ e:q; of.~rmitted than for type FBX. 51 W under high pressure. resulting in sbrp-FDAedged. smooth-surfaced pricks.IF.a~ I1ricl:: sulta7te for use wherel.ip,rtlcubr effects are desired resultlng1 b1n)from lIOIIurJformlty In size. color. and f.. fumau or oven for Pumll1g. I:1aklng. or dryi~texture of the Individual units. ~I~. esp. one for firing pottery.17a:ir-3, m=ks. or dryl~ tlml:>er.j~~hin~f, lorici~t MW~, - - - - - -_ _--.: Plfing luiCk un~lterTl4tely with too much orA dr!s~tUtIon indicating the dura!7i11ty of a . A ImCk grade suitable for exposure to--too httle air to vary their face COlOr.m:t unit wfIen exposea to weathering. The,moder3te weatherl~ as when used ~e !cull "u.s. Is drtW In~ three weatheringgrade on surfaces unlikely to l7e penneated . 1~ - serer!. moderate. and negllgll7le - liiltn Wlltel Iii subfreezing temperatures. A !nicI: or tlmb~ rejected as being ~ Infer:r.3cc,~dIng to,nnual winter rainfall and thequality.6n~1 number of freezing-cycle days. Brickis pJd for use In each IC9lon according to~ strength. maximum water, a~.andm3XlmumSJturatloncoefl.clent. t1~j5W ~, II !nick grade suita~1e for exposure to~-~~severe weatheri~,;as when In contact with ---~-----=:::the ground or uSMon surfar.es Ukely to~ve-permeated with water In subfreezl~temperatures..~.NW ...... - ..... -.... -... ,.. ...... .... ........Jfi!el7ridcr-:The ~ofW3ter a~ Py. claL A brick grade sulta~1e for ~posure to A GT{mUle of fire clay ana used for IInln~I".lSOlllj unit when Immersed In either coldjl!e9~n~~~ ~~as when usea as a amaGtts and flreplaces.or boIIIn4 II7ter for a st3 ted length of time. 113Gb,,. orin Itfterlor ma son r y . -~5 a percent3ge of the weight of t.~_c~ Wctry clay usea In the making of,-!J~l.,edryl/l1lt.A ~rucl&t;S. aria otHer objects exposed I~iI coefficientto high tempentlJres. The rnlooft~ weight of water absorbed.-.; . ,- ;;>:!f ,~ ; _ .t.t~ ~:l~. - - i ~!y_, U~5bhiy Dille hi!mtlrsta In cotr IIt7ter to the weight a~sorPed when: .:!{ : : ~.~.. .~ ~A material having the avlllty to ~taln Its ~ In rolh~ water. Indicating the~. "- -.;.;" .-... -- ...... ~~ ":~~;" ~ , , ; : ; . ~. ~q physical shape ana cliemlCal WnE w~ ~ resistance of the brick to the I . suPjected to high temperatures. #etlan of freezl~ and thawing.. .., ;(.." ,-i~-:-;;~~.:.~I:~~,~~ h..j~) S dflo~res;e:;~~:~~ "V.~.3weight of water absorbed ~._partially Immersed for A white. powdery deposit that fonns on aniTl3S011fy unit whencroe minute. expressed I~ grams or ounces exposed masonry or concrete surface.p minute. AlsocalleJ mlt/al rau of caused Vy the leaching and crystallization of 50luple salts from within the material.iI~18 18. BRICKrnoml,, dim ",.IonA brlc~ dline~So()f1 Lvgerthan the ~l .3 courses = 8 in. (20.3 mm) moduL-lr brick A 17rld: h.wing nominal dimensions ofItoactual dJ~s:cn account for the 4 x 21,.3 x3 in. (102 x68 x203 111m) .. thicl:ness rf 3 :nortar Joint.-r--- hNormJn brick APricl: h.wing nominal dimensions at 4 x 21,3 x12 in. (102 x 68 x 305 mm) ... SCRurick Briel:: h3;119 nominal dimensions of 6 x 2113 x12 In. (102 x 68 x 305 mm).5 COU."5ts = 16 In. (406 mm) ~=:::ib=:::o:;f=:.d,-,-~~.. engineered brick AInicl: h.wlng nominal dimensions of 4x3~/s.5In. (I02x81x203mm). Norwegian I1rick A 17M h3Vi~ nominal dimensions of 4 x 3/s x 12 in. (102 x81 x 305 mm).r 4 coursts = 8 In. (20.3 mm) Roman brick Brick haling nominal dimensions of 4x2x 12 in. (102x5! x 305 mm).rjumbo urick. ecanomy PrickAny of "3 r100J 5 C1erslzed 17ricks h3vlng A modu~r vrick having nominal dimensIonsnomlnJl di~~S:Ons establJshed Dy the of 4x 4 x 5 in. (102 x 102 x 203 mm).r m3nubct~~e-.r stret:.cMrfsealI-iA brd or tl.e i-.3Ying normal face"A l?rlcl: or other m3sonry untt laiddlmensloos ~Jt 2 nominal thickness ofhortzoot..fIy In a wall with the lo~er2In.(51I11m~ eage~ or parallel to tne$lJri:ou. .. ~r.,r ht-J A 17rld: or other m3sonry u,nlt /;lidi A !mel:: cut t... rsversely so as to leaveonetr1dw~horlzonta ily 1(1 a wall with the shorter end ~ or parallel to the surface.-., .. ,~~Jr~:..,TaChipar rJC> stones or 1nicks to aA I7rld: lakl horizontally on the longercertain s~ c-r sl1ape. edge with the shorter end exposed. AI$O.~J fc.~~}rA I7rld: laid vertically with the longer face edge ~pqsed .. itorl r~k lakl vertically with the I1read faceex~., ... . 7shineri A brIck i3J herhead structure. , recmtigrui -.1Ametal grid for supporting a suspenaedcelhng of acoustical tiles haVing rapl:>eted J?~~.-----rI. -.- spline1 A thin metal str:p Inserted InCO the edgesof two acoo5~31 t;ile= to ma~ a lrottJolntbetween them.f 11I1i!!i;IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIWrr- ------.--.- kerf / pconccal&:J grid ~. ~i Agroo.-e cut In c.o the edges of an acoustlcalA metal grid suppOrting the acolJstl~1 tilestlle to rteelve a spline or T-shaped m~~r of ~ suspended ceiling. hldcfen within kerfs~rt1~qrid.cut Into the edges of the tiles.(j~r mebl uilingA suspended ce:1I~ system of narrowmetal strips. usually Incorpornl~ rnodul3rI19htl/l4 .nd alr-nanJnll9 components. ;II ~5...;JJIntegrated ceiling :) A suspended cell1~ system Incorporating~.;)~~~~~~ 1igh_~n.9 ..~11etween the~" ,:110._~. layers with Incre3slngly lighter materialthe repeated Insertions and with rawa s of .... 4.. 4.:. lng a COllGrete surface after thepl3ster. Inrtl:al set In order to remove the outer layer of cement paste ana expose thepowertrowd aggregate.A port.aPle machine having steel trowelsmoun~ onradlalarm5 that rot.1te about a ,~_vert1c41 shaft to smooth. compact. and;;:~;c:::~;,~f~---.~~>~., .3Slt ~Ins to set. Adense. smooth finish obtained 7jwor(l~ fresh concrete or plasterp7fement ,.awsurface /lith 3 steel trowel.~wirl finish bu~hhammered finishA whe.el-mounted, rotary power sawA textured fini$- given to a fresh plasterAcoarsetextured finish o17talned byeqUipped with.a slllc.on-carbiJe or diamondor ccr~rete surface by troweling with afr3cturlng a concrete or stone surface!n.1Je for cutting a control JOint In aclrcui3~. overlappi~ matlon. wtth a powerdrlven hammer having ahardened concrete SIaD. .-- -- -- -- -- -- .. --- rectangular head with a colTIJgated. serrated. or toothed face.&et~- .. ---------------------------------,honeycom17The assumption of ~ ~ld or hard state by i Vvlas on a formed concrete surface,concrete, mortar. pasw. or glue due to a! caused ry segregaUon during placementphys1c41 or chemical ch~nge.IDy Insufflclerrt consolidation. OfJDDDDCJO-cure ---------- ---- - ---. --- ---- -- -0 .. ---.-- .. --............ ---- .... -- .... "- .... ~pa!lingTo maintain ntwly plaua concrete orThe chlppl"9 or scaling of a hardenedrnortJr at the required temperature andCC11crete or masonry surface caused ryhumidity fur the first seven days followingfreezethaw cycles or the applk;atlon oflIplacement. castlng. or finishing to ensuresatisfactory hyaratlon of the cementltiousmaterials ana proper hardening. - - de.cI"9 salts. Also called 5(;3l/ng. crazing Numerous hairline cracks occurring In thel~~-:{;:t;i.~&;-~~1hut of hydr.atlonsurface of a newly ha rdened COllcrete -The heat ~enerateJ by the process of slab as a result of rapid drying shrinkage.hydr3tlon. as during the setting and curing drying shrinkageof a concrete ml)(. A reduction In volume of concrete.hydrationmortar, or plaster caused by a loss ofThe process In whk;h a substance combinesmoisture.chemlGally with water. as that occurring ~etting shrink3gewhen cement Is mixtd rllth water. A reduction In volume of concrete prior to Its final set. caused by hydration of the cement paste.47 47. CONSTRUCTIONThe art. science. or l1usinessofbu~ai~,- ~---------.----- .. -- ----- -- ---- -- --- ----- -~---.- --. --. -- --.------ Iicen5ea r-------l:------tI L~allycerUflecl bya governmentalarchitecte~ineer ~or other constItuted authority to ,;Aperson who engages In the Aperson traIned. skilled, or engage In a !rosIness or professIon. profession of architecture, usually l-L...J professlo!1311y enga~ed In any of Also, registered. trained and experienced in therr-- various ~ranches of engineering. as ! Ii desIgn and construction ofstructural mechanIcal. or vulldlngs.e!e.ctrlcal engineerIng. ownu A person ororg:anlutlon twlr.g T the ~al right or title to a piece of fL-I ,--------------------1 ~,Il5~thearchlt.xts f/ .. - I I consultant I c!lent and pa~ to the owner- : I Aperson or organlutlon hIred to: arch~t agrmnent. r----------1glveprofesslonalorexpertadvlce l I I rtgJrdlng a speclflc aspect of a :II I p~Ject, as acoustics or IIghtlng. ..JI ______________________II j: r~p~--~---------l ..J,. contractor! lib co ntracto rInsurance1 Apersooor0f9nlz2t1onM IAperson or orga nlz2tlon thatA person ororganlutlon that The Insurl~ of property. life, or ones 1 Inves~ In and develops the Icontracts to provlde the materials ~ contracts wfth a generalperson against loss or harm arising In t pot.enttalltles of real esta~ esp. :and perform the wort for a contractor to provide a portion ofspeclfed contlngencles In consIderation of l 10 I by Wtlatlng ana Implementl~Iconstruction project at a speclfledthe won: on a constructIona payment proportionate to the rlsI:: .J I ~~ projectsforoWMership, :time and rate. project.Involved.I ma~ent, or res.J1e.IL- _________________ ..!--t general contraGtor A person or organization that I" , .. -- .. :.-. ,--~ .. --.-. bonded contracts directly with an owner H3v1ng a monetary commitment setI) Iendil19 institutionto manage and supervIse aaside to ensure that ail o~llgatlons T~ institution, usually a construction project. Including the 1set forth In a contract are fulfllled. ccmll"erclal !1.ni:, providing thewon: performed I7y ~-tefm fI~I~. for a su l>contractors. constroctlon project.!II construction managerIA person ororganlutlon thatcontracts with anowner to adviseon and coordinate all pha~ of anltuik:ll~ prqect, from evaluatIngthe constructlon cost and 1feasl~lity of design decisions toImanaging the ~ng. award, and Uconstruction phases of theproject.I)~~~U~/It--~-- bdesign-l1uiIJArchitectOf or pertaInIng to an amngementII under which a person orI organlutlon contracts dIrectly I I Iwith an owner to design andSubcontractor r _________ IL _________ , constnJGt a ~lldIng or project. I speculnwe ~ui1kr I turn-leey Subcontractor ~ A ~ ororganlz3tlon that :Of or pertaining to an amngement I kv~ and constructs Dui!di~gs : under which a person or Subcontractor I for suPsequent S31e or lease. L ____________________ JIorganlz3tlon designs andconstructs a lnJlldlng for sale orlease when ready for occupancy.48 48. CONSTRUCTIONThe process of puilding, from site preparation througherection, assembly,and finishing operations. top out To Install the highest structural member In . a construction or complete the uppermost course In a masonry wall.falseworkThe tempora ry fra mewon: forsupporting a structure underconstruction that Is nat yet capableof supporting ttseff.scaffoldA temporary structure or platform forsupporting workers and materials at aheight aDove the floor or ground during theconstruction or repair of a building. Alsocalled staging.I~Ife.1swility studyA detalfeJ InvestIgAtion and analysisconalJCf.ed todetermlnt thefil13nclal.technical or other advIs3Dlilty of aproposed constructk)n project.......... .i> .. .................... ~ ......................~......... .i1iddin9notice to procee;lerectcertificate ofoccupanq1he compt:Utlve process of offering tv A written communication Issued by anTo construct boy the raising, positioning. A document Issued by a j;,uJld1~ officialperform the wan: described In ;;1 contractowner authorizing 3 contractor to proceed fittlng together, and fastening of materials certffylng that all or 2 designated portionfOf a specHied sum. with the won: and establishing the date ofor parts.of a building compiles wtth the provisions ofcommencement of the work. - - - - - ----_._------, the bUilding code. and permttung occupancyawardfor Its designated ~.L~I A formal auevtance of a Did or anegotla ted prof1QS.llpuilding permitAwritten author!zatlan to p.-oceeJ wtthp05U1ccupancy tnluationconstruction of 2 ~Ik:llng project InThe process of d~noslng the technical.ccntnct accordance with 2pproved dr.lwlngs and functional and l1eh2v1onl2spects of aA ~ally enforceable agtUment. usually Inspeclflcawns.lssued by the local.completed building In or~er to accumulatewritten form. between ~ or more partIes government agency havlngJurisdiGtlon after Informatlon for future programming andto do or not to do something specified. p!;:ns have been flied and reviewed. design activities.buildi"9 offICialA person des4lnatea by a governmentalauthorlty to adm Inlster and enforce theprovisions of a building code. Q~ Design ~ . ~~fast-track ......................................................... ; .................... j .............. -.+ ..... -..-..-.. -- .. -~ .. ---...... Occupancy ..... )Of or pertaining to project scheduling In : : : :which the des4ln ana constructk)n phases II I Ar-----------,ob ~ttdlng proJectoverl3ptocompress : Constructlonphase 4- Ull....-_ _ _ _ _ _ _-- the total time required for completion. I:L./I Constr~tion phase 3 OC--========_________..JCPMI IIICritical Path Method; a method forpunning. scheduling. ana managing a Construction phase 2 6c=-----------t Iproject, comblnlng all relevant InformationI~IInto a flow chart, Including the optimumsequence and duration of activities, the Construction phase 1 0 II...._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --lrelative significance of each event, and thecoordination required for timely completioncf the prOject 49 49. (ONSTRUcnON The manner in whIch IUterials are ordered. assemlkd. 3M united into contract documents J whole. 3S fr.am~ construction. The Ieq;I documents comprising a construction contr;lct.lncludlng the owner contractor agreement. conditions of the ,ysttm, Pui1di~ prefal1ricmfabricate contr3ct. and the construction drawings A constnsctlon prcuss U5ln9 a high d~reer0 fabricate or manufacture 17eforehand. r0 construct l7y assembling diverse andand s~iflcatlons for the proJect. Including of pref.l!nic4tlon In t1Ie nunufacture of esp.ln standardized units or componentsusually standardized parts. all addenda. modifications, and any ather standardlztd units or components to speed for qUid assem171y and erection. Items stipulated as being specifically a-s~m171y and /:rectlon of alnJlldlng. Also Included. called Industrialized Puitding. construction documents panel The ccnstructlon drawings and A pref.ll7riciW sectlon ~ a floor. wall.speciflcatlons setting forth in detail the Ii! cein"40 or roof. h4nkJ as a single unit InItledIn a construction. L ,reference ~pecificationA specification that refers to a standardspectfic.atlon to Indicate the propertiesdesired In u~. ~ and enforced by a localfloors and a roof of noncom17ustl17!estructure ana major components with firecomponents: structural frame. exterior go;emnent~ncyto protect the pu17llcmaterials. resistance ratings at ieastequal to thosePearlng and nonrearlng walls. Interior mety. hea~ .nd welfare. speclfled by the appropriate authorities.Pearlng walls. floors and cellin~s. roofs. and:. ! AbuilJ~ UJJe generally ~5t3b1ishesunprotected noncomuustiuleenclosures of ftre exits and vertical shafts.While each of the model codes differs In the mfrrirrtUlf stmbrds for materials and construction detailed requirements for each methcJs ofCMStroction. specifications for Nancombusti17le construction havln~ no construction type. they all limit the area s~anJfirtszfety. and otherf1rereslstance requirements except farand height of a 17ullJ1n~ according to ~!mftents Wstd on the trpe 0 ff1re walls and enclosures offtre exits and construction. type and Intended occupancy. const:ructJon ad the occupancy 0 f a Also called construction cl3ss. budJ~oftm rsIng st3nJards ~blisheJ by the klerbI Socletyfqr T~ and M~ (AS1M). ~ American Ni1tIonal .. ; . St3nJzJs ~ (ANSI). and various .....:) tecJrnJca/ societies and trade 3550cbtlons.;..... : nwdefcc&e A 17u~ cod!: developeJ I1y an organlutlon of states. professlona I socletSes. and tr.lae associations for adoytlCCll1y local communities. BOCA N.rtiottal Building Code A l7uIdlng coJedeveloped .nd publishedcomuustible construction ordinary construction by the 6u11dl~Offlclals and Code Any construction th3t does not fuffill A CO!1structlon type having noncombustible Administrators Intematlon31.lnc. the requirements for noncombustibleroenor walls and an Interior structure (BOCAl and ~ prlm3 rily In the constrJctlan.wholly or partly of light wood framln~. n~US. protected ordinary construction -" .--~ Unifonn Buiidi"9 Code Ordln2rj construction h;wlng a structure A Iru~ coJedeveloped and publishedand major components with ftre-reslstance by the lIrte~al Conference of ratings at !east eer constructlon.light wood frame construction having astructure and m3Jorcomponents with flre-resistance raUn~ at least equal to thosespeclfted I1y the appropriate au.thorlt~S. can l7e put: raGbl and religious restrictions are legally unenforceable.unprotected 1i9ht wood frameconstruction noncmrfONR~LIght wood frame construction having no Of or pertaln~ to a material. type offlrereslstance requirements except for fire co nstrllCt 100. or occupancy or use no twalls and enclosures of fire exits and comp~ with the requirements setvertical shafts. forth ill a l7uKdlnq code. V41rUllCe An offlctll pemt to do somethlnq nornt;lllyfo~n by rt:9ulatlons. esp.by Dulld1~ In a InY or for a purpose normallyr...1forbidden by a building code or zoning ! ordinance.r 51 51. DESIGN The cre3tWn and organization of formal elements in a won: of art ..I fOriit-i The ~pe and structure of something as dlstlngulsWfrom Its Silbstaru ormaterl3l.@.#Iine The edge or wntdllr of a shape. /, L_ ---_-->- ,shape The outline or surface conflgurauon of partlcularform or figure. While form wsU311y refers to the principle that gives uni~y to 3 whole. and often Inclllks a sense of :rt355 or volume, shape suggests an outnne w.h some emphasis onttle ellclased are3 ~mass. ~! -+ [!]~[]]~ng natural or actual oujects. AIso.~~naI;:; ~...........-.............. - .... -......... . Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms which~..... resem!?le oremplcythe simple rectilinear or cu~r dements of geometry.i~j~ ~----------------------. ?a~-"syntPot----, Of or perblnlng to shapes and forms having an Intellectual and affective content ~ solely on their Intrinsic lines. --+X Something th3t st;a nds for or representssornethlr.g e~ Dy 3ssoclatlon.resemPbnce. or ~n. derivl~ Its cofors. and relatlonshlp to one another. meaning chiefly from the structure In whichI ltappe3rs.I ~~~~I. ~nvenUof13! flgu:-t h3v!r.g ..meaning and used In puce of a word or ~ _____---:"--~______---.JI _ph~se to exprtss 3 complex notion.~~f!1f::dartJcubtio nA unified compostlon of two-dimensional I A metf1CJOflhanr.er of jointing that mJtesshapes or Rtru-dlrnenslonal volumes. esp. the united parts cIQr, distinct. and pr~iseone 1:hat ftls or sffi the Impression ofIn relation to e3Ch other, ...w~ht. dcnsfty. and Pul.taddi1::i~e7.... .... _ .. ........ . .J Characterized or produced by addtUOn. accumulation. or uniting, often resuftinq in a new Identity. 5ulrtractive ~ .. - ................ . f~~~~~~:~ / ~."~~I~.: Characterized or produced by remmi cf. part or portion without destroying ;; ~se"---. .. -. --, -.CIJ->,;, of the whole.~~:%~~~:l, .. ,..."52 52. ~DESIGN form: The manner of arm-.3in~ and coorana tlng the parts of a composition so 3S as kJ produce a coherent im~e. ! orga~~tiorJII ;,. , 1l1i system3tlc arranqing of I Interdependent or coordinated parts Into a coherent unity or functioning who~~i An InaiV1dual. minute, or subordinate p3rt of ~ whole. I Istructure Mc . 01 :parti: :jThe lias1c scheme Or ccncept for anarchitectural design, represented b] adlagram.diagr.wm :A drawl~, nat neceS5.lrllyrepresentational, that outlines. eXf-ins, orclartftes the arrangement and relatlci1s ofthe pa rts of a whole. pattern, ,~rBrl.fr~tCOrnIee Jlrrang n~ VI parts Or e melts fr.:.o An ~rtlstlc or decorative design, esp. proper proportion or relation SO as t.J form cne hf I! -/.-- ntervenlngspaceor..." ju$~ The state or poSm,n of Delng placed close~intensify each eb1ents properties andI . ~>/ ~r()(s~byskk.so.stopermttproGuce a more dynamicexpres5iveness.I, ..0 comparlsonorcontnst.L. __ -------. t ~iDric~ A tenuous Valance malntalneJ In an artisticI m retween opposl~ forces orele~t5. often causing anxiety or excttement. PinoNIyA~Ion from the normal or 0 DDODD 1ODD J ~ 0~expected form, order. or arrangement. -.. DOD nt DDITTIDD, cantndlctlon I~ I!14Jor idea, essential pa rt. orDDDDDDO The state orcoodltlon of beln~ opposed.~ D_ i OUODr~satlent feature ofa narrative or Inconsistent. or lc.:Jically Inwngruous.concept. ~QnUrpolnt .: ........ -................. :,.alient A parallel M contrasting element or theme in a narT3tlve or concept. , wo,Prominent or conspicuous.A 5~3te Of utw disorder or CDnfUSlon. IILI54r! 54. -.I )PESIGN--I 11 ~~ri4m tt==:tC:~::Jt==n:~w.ulllilW liabnce1A 5tJ~cfrestor!:ra!ance . the-pleaSing or harmonious arrangement orPa..... contr.lstlng ~proportion of parts or elements In a desIgn~~,,:;s cr opposing forces.i., equipoise ; oli oor composItIon_An eOut which ai elements In r-3rr.ovi~~~or~cwhich _-----__--t ~~!/j The act or prOcess of repeating formal elements or motifs In a desIgn_ref~totheIt ts di recu.d.:;""-, j~~concmnatiollA prOcessor change ta~lng place by Aseries of linked or Interconnected thingskgm:s orthroogh ">A rr.en61 representation ofIndividual manner. future possibility. - -, / sorr.ethlng previously perceived In the 3b~nce of the 0~lnalstlmulu5.i . irrt3~in3ticn :The faculty of fontilng mental Images The power of recombining former . : or concepts of wh3t Is not present to experiences In the creation of nell . -,:the senses or perceived In reality. IITt3ge5 directed at a speclf1c g031. IJ--.- -~~Inthesolutlonofa..., ""_ _______ ~~ . -~Q/,~: I _~_ .. _ . ... _._ .... ,.. -......... 4-... --.-................ -... -........~ Kthoughtor notion resulting frommentalaW3reness. understanding. or .:tyro~;:;8.~ ~~ " Toreg3fdan Ide3 orconupt 3SThe act or power of antlcipatl~, ~~pth~~ some fmn of o~tlve that which will or may come to be. Ari1entallmage or formulation of what~Irty outside of the mind.somethIng Is orought to be. esp. anI~~~Idea generalized from partlcula r~~~} The faculty-ofsetllng things In theircharacteristIcs or Instances.10 ~nlmate orper-rneate with a tnJe relations or of evaluating~rtk:ular fom. sul;>stance.their relative significance. des~n conceytqUJl1ty. or distinction.Aconcept for tl1eform. structure. andvieW~tfe3tures of a I1Ulldlng or otr.err1 ~a.dd~; , To air~theefforts or attentionA partlcular manner or modeof Iocl:lng at or regardin~construction. represented graphicallyPy diagrams. plans. or other drawings.~I of.something. jhe~:"." , asp~) ~~" To rttrut ana hold fast PyA way In which a thll19 may ~ An un.::lerlylng org3nlzatlonal patternInflueta or powu.viewed or re~e. ve;rtfuple. and Independentros~. 3S op~ to ~1"i1 arttflclal or arid prc~ or followed 3S the b-a% of 2Ctlon. ~ph!J.r; M object;acUvtty. or Idea used In place=~ c reatlve processes. esp. ,THlusory. I ci another to s~gest alikeness as appl1ed to tile stating and solution,ap~~~rWeen them. of proPierns that Involves free use ofI : ~hl~.wtthout rdereru to ~phor and anJ10gy In Informal! concrete re3l1ty or a p;irtlcuur a-nltogy ( . Interchange within a small group ofInstance.A similarity In some particulars diverse Individuals. ~ween things otherwise dissimilar. Rri~neJP~ ~tf...1I0glcal Inference !rased on the~ - - Aftirld3mental ana comprehensr.e ;,.,..~mptlon that If two things are /lY~ ..:._ tnJth. or assumption gc"Yernlng x-;~. [lIOWTItoi1ealiktlnsomeres::uts..,- .. / / / ..procedure. or amngement.fIrI ~ LP : =~f3CUItYofknoWlngw1thoot evident ratlonal thought andInference.rf I -~I A nu. of things re!JardeJ as forming a grotJp ry ~ of common attrll:rutes or char.lCterls1lc.s. arc~----- .. --- ..~..;,V;n cW~~ or pattem on which all~.etBDJ]wf5~~,~tIon orreftectlon on a subjector idea. resultln~ In a conclusionInferred from Incomplete orInconclusive evidence. thl~s oftM ~me kinJ are copied or ~ased. . am~uityt~.~iThe state 07quality of pelngsusceptlble to uncerta!nty of meaning. AreproJuctlooof3nofiginai.~ or multiple Interpretation. ~ prototype :~ ~renJiFity An ~rly and typical example that exhl~ttsAn 3pt!tudefor ma[1119 deslrable and the esse~J fe3 tu res of a class or groupt model unexpu-tecl discoveries I1y accident. anJ on which bter st3qes are ~ased oreJ.An rumple serving 3S 3 patte~~ ~klent, Jlld.;for Imitation or emulation In tr.e A fortUitous circumstance. qU3!ity. or creation of something, characteristic I !59 59. DOMEA vaufW structure having acircular plan and usually the formof a portion of. spnere, so._~ ..... -....... -meridiana! lineconstnJcW 2S to exert an equal ."" A CUllleJ hM aescrli:1lng a verticalthrust in all directWns. ,/section cut thro~h the axis of a rotatlort31 surface. roo ................... hoop nne I A circulAr line aescrl17lng a hOrizontal , section cut perpendIcular to the axis of a rotational surface. .-semicircular dome Adome havlng the form of at, ! hemlsp~re. ./ ... rr;ll$ItIon from merldiofl3l to hoop .- forces 0CCIJr5 atan angle of from 45"to 6Q from the vertical axis for most load conditJons. / hoop forc.e .~ .. -.----- ......- .. -.---.---~~ Aforce acting along a hoop line of a dome structure, perpendlcu lar to me ridlon3 Iforces. Hoop forces, whIch rtstraln the out-of-plane movement of the meridional strips In the shell of a dome, 3rt compressive In the upper zone ana ~sife In the lower zone. meridianal force ~ ........ ---....... . A force acting along a meridional line of adome structure, always compressive underfull vertical loadIng.~ucerdcmeAdome ~ the form of a segment of a~,lIftlIItS,cent.er Id PeIcw thespringing 11M Asaucer dome Is partlcula rIy11 11 11salsItlve tc budhng uIJer 3n ~.ema Iloaa.! .IT" i ;.e~~io~~~ng the l7ase of il acme tcconb!n the outward components of ; the rr.eridIonai forces. In 3 concrete .:dome, thIs ring Is thickened and!rtlnforuJ tc ~ndle the ~ndlnggreat circle----lJ:.:>..----el1ng pullt acroSs the upper Inside comer of a square tower to support the side of a superimposed octagonal structure,band.age .:..A strap. rIng. orchaln placed around astructure to secure and hold Its partstogether. as around the springIng of aaome, 61 61. DOORI. . . . . . ._ ~::s . ,- ~i:;g:~~~i~; IA hinged, sliding. or folding Darner.. ~.: ~. -~ J;::~ . f ...;.~ ,"":,.: .:_: :.:. :"::::."of wooa, ~l or glass for opening : . .nd closing an tntranu to abuilding. room, or c.1binet. that permit It to I . .. swing In one direction only. !sw~ing doorIA000r ~ tunis on hinges or pivots aPout ......... double-acting doora vertical ~ wncn pushed or pulled. A door hung on hinges that permit It toswing In either direction from a closedposition.double doors I, A pair of doors hung In the same doorframe. 1! " ":-""-Ieaf I~!i . A hinged or sliding section of a dOOr orshutter. ir-----ir----=....... j- .,-active leafII,-The leaf of a pair of "oulne doors to which (.. , l1alanced door ,. ,/ the latching or locking mechanism Is , A p~oW door that Is partially attached. Also called openIng leaf.courT"...erir.Ilancea for easier opening and ...... .... .... ....... Inactive leafc1051 rtg.allU)m.rt:ic door The leaf of a pair of double doors to which the strike prate Is fastened to receive the YA door that opens automatically at the latch or bolt of the active 1e3f, usuallyflxedapproach of a person or automobile.In a closed position by bolts at the top and_ i_ _ _ . _ _ _ . bottom of the door. Also called standingpivoteQ doordoor openerleaf.AXcr ~rT1e4 on and 5Wln~ln~ about on aA mech3nism that automatically opens a/ .... astragalun~roroff~ plvot, asdlstln~ulshed door .... hen actuated Vy a radiotr3nsmltter, electric eye, or other device. ./ A molding attached to one or boUl meetingfrom one hung on hinges. stiles of a pair of double doors to prevent drafts or the passage of light, nolse, or smoke. mullion A slender vertical memPer dlvidlng the l:rifolddooropening for a p.lr of double doors.foWtngdoor -f-l-,H+_ .... I- sometimes removal7le to permit theA door IritJI hI~ ~ns that can beA folding door that divides Into two parts. passage of large oVjects. -:;~ fbt ~"Inst one another whenthe Inner leaf of each part Pelng hung from~an overhead tr3ck and the outer ~af. " pl.oted ~t the jam"./ ...., jill j/,- ,/.....~ . ....ir ~ ucordlon door ,- / /,/................, 1 - - _.......I.J,...LJu.u.=ii.w A multi leafed door that Is hung from an, / / r overhead track and opens by folding back In,/ .. the manner of an accordion.Irt--"TlI:I i I :III I (f"-"" :I - pocket door A door that slides Into and out of a I Irecess In a doorway wall51iJin9 door I 1 1 :I I :IAdoor ~ open tes or moves Vy st1dlngon. tnGt. usu4I1Iy p3n~1 to. wall.I__ .J ~IIirolling door --.~- revolving doorA ~ge doorconslstlng of horizontal,An entr3nce aoor for excluding dr.oft.s from~~ metal sbts gUided Vy a tndthe Interior of a i7ulldlng. COfI$lstlng of fouron eitherslcfe.~lng Vycolllng about4In leaves set In the form of a cross and~ Ihm ~ the head of the door rotatlng about a central vertbl pivot~within a cylindrically shapedvestl~k:, Some revolving doors automatlc3llyfold I:r.Ick In the direction of ~ress when DOD pressure Is applied. providing aeg41 passageway on roth sides of.Ihe door pivot. DDD...... -~ wIngDDDOne of the leaves of a double or revolving door.DOD r ........... ~sweepiThe flexible weatherstripping along the eages of a revolving door. overhead door air curtain A large door constructed of one or sever31A stream ofcompressta air dlrec~ !eaves. opening Vy swinging or roiling up to adownward across" doorway 50 as ~ form a horizontal position above the aooropenlng.shield t;{l exclude drafts.62 62. :1,DOORrough opening ---------.., r:~:~~~~~y .-,-c-~-7:.c~--:-7::::7:~ doorframeAn opening In a wall Into which a" .. .- ",iTheframe of a aoo11Y3Y, consisting of1 I doorframe or window frame 15 fitted.pmb">;:1 two Jambs and a head or lintelEither of the vertlca I sides of an :J- headarchway. doorway, or window opening.:0.1 The uppermost mem~erof a doorframe~---+-+-- cased opening.::.::1 or wi ndow frame..K. doorles.s opening finished withtrlmworl:.. .~- doorjamb..:Either of the two sidepieces of a~------------~.~-----W~------------------s.i I.a doorframe or window frame. Isubca,i/19 i blankpmb IA rough casing for a doorway or wlndol! Adoorjamb having no stops. nor I tprepared to receive hardware.opening.buc~ ----.---.. -.... -.Asubframe of wood or metal set In apartltlon to support the finish frame ofa door or window. Also called door1ud, rough puck.-~- sillrThe horizontal member beneath a doorjor wIndow opening.--.--.- ..... -... - th~holddoorcle4r311U ------.-.--.~.r The cle3ral1Ce required to prevent_ _I~ The sill of a o.oorH3y, covering the join t between twa flooring m3Url31s orInndlng Detween 2 door and itsII~~~?i;::=,~;-;.. ~: ! ---------------provldlr.g weather protection at an exterior door. .~ .. --.- saddler the fau of the loci: stile, usually an....,/.... Araised piece offtoorlng between the Jaml1s of a dool1Yay. to which a door fitsI Inchnatlan of fa In. (32 mm) for each 2In. (51rnm) of door thickness, allowingclosely SO as to prevent its binding when oper.ed.the door to swing free of the doorframe.~e:=~~I~I~~~,~~~;~-,~ .... - .. .. .. .. -- Mamlr sectlan of woodwori: directly above adote when cbsed. erTtrance door_ diagonal Dracing.Also. gl1:7 door. i L64 64. DOOR1iI aajll5table doorframeflush doorl _. A doorfr4me h3vl~ a split had and J:Jmbs Adoor havl~ smooth-surfaced faces. for InstJl13tlo11In various WJU thld::nesses. IIIIIt-- 1 core Awooden construction. as In a door. forming a lIacklng for face veneers. cr05s(,anding The plywood or hard!loard veneer Immediately ~eath the face veneers of a flush door. Also. crossl1and. docrskin Asurface veneer of plywood. hardboard.p13stlc 13mll13te. or medium density overlay.bonded to the crossbandlng or core of aflush door. prehung docrsclkJ-ccre door hollow-ccre door Adoor hu~ In a doorfume MoreAwood flush door having a A wood flush door having a framework of Ittstall3tlon In a wall sometllr.es preflnishecJsolid core of stavedstiles and ralls encasing an expanded throat and prefltted wtth all neces5Jr) hardwarelum!1er. partlck: Doard. or a honeycom!l core of corrugated fI!1erl1oardrhe opening betweeniI. aM casl~ ~m.minerai composition.or a grid of Interlocking horlzontal athe Dackbends of a:! vertical wood strips. metal doorframe.i.- t acoustical door A door hJving sound-&e3dening cor-e. ~sketed ~ .lang ~ t....t an.::! sides. and an autolTutic drop ~I along the boom. Also ca11ed SOOnd-iIl5ULrti~ doer. backbend/.... The fa~ at the oUter edge of a metal doorframe that returns to the wall surface.hollowmetalfr;,ame k3~mein door A doorframe having a head andJamDs Adoor hJving astructural formed from a sl~le piece of metal. wood core cl3d with hollow m~1 door galvanized sheet metal. A door luving face sheets of light-gauge steei PorJed to a steel channel frame, ~ ~ reinforced wtth channels. kraft hontjCOm!1 structure. or 3 rigid p~stIc foam core. .----- krIockdownfume flu5hfraIM Amet3! doorirame r-----L- ____ _A ma.1 c:Ioormnne ks~ ned to be composed of three or moreInstalled durl~ the construCtion of amasonry or stud wan. ~ ~~sforassem!llylnthe.. _.- we!de.dfnmecutQff :,-to p A met31 doorframe th3tls A stop having a closed end that drywall frame completely set up andterminates above th~ floor line A knockdown frame having a dcullle-return welded at t~ factory.a 45 or 90 angle. Alsacalledbackbend for Installation after a drywallhospital stop. sanitary partition Is finished.stop. """groute.:f frameA metal doorframe completely fll~ withplas tel or mortar for structu ral rigidityand Increased fire resistance.i anchorpase anchor!lpat ~ .. ;double egre!ltS frame Ar.y of var.:,.. s :netal devices forA metal clip or device for A protect!ve lining,A metal cIoorframe prepared to receive a ~r.al~orc P3rt of a struckJre to securing t~ !;rase of ausually of stainlesspall of single-acting doors that swing In arccher.doorframe to the f.oor.scul. at the !13~ of aopposite directionS.doorfrarT1(:. 65i 65. DRAWINGThe art, process, or technique ofrepresenti/19 an ol1ject, scene, oride3 b:t me3ns of lines on a surface.FEKCEIYlNGfreehana drawing lMAGlNIHGtechnique -t..A method or procedure for The art. process. or technique of drawing I Iaccompl1shl~ a deslrea aim or tas~. as~ hand WIthout the aid of draftlngIthat c:mpbyed Py an artist showing aInstruments or mechanical devices. esp. Ihigh ~ru of skill or command of for the representatlon of perceptions orIl ~fu nda me nt3 ls. the visualization of ideas. DRAWING _.:..(~----"--lZ.,{centour drawing line ~ ...The technique of drawing lines to represent A thin, continuous 1TI3r: made on ~ -the contours of a subject, without shadingsurfau with a pencil, Pe:!. or ~rush;?sor 1T1Oddi~ of form.distinguished from sha di~ or eolor:centour outline .The outnne of a two-dimensional shape orA line describing the outer boundary ofa.PoundIng edges of II three-dlmenslonalfj ure or object..form.profileAn outline of a form or structure seen orrepreserrted from the side.gesture drawingThe technique of drawing a single or multlplelines freely and quldly as a subject IsscanneJ and percepUoos of volume. rn.oss.movement. and significant details a rec~,-cont.our ar3wi~ projecW onto the drawing surface. InThe technique of dra w1114 hoes tocontrast to contour drawing, gesturerepresent a ~ of cuts across thedrawing generally p~s from the wholesurface of II fonn rather than,tts edges. to the p3 rts.~.f /"g~ A 1rCIem...~ of the b na. arm. had. f.Ice. or ?t~=:F==i~=":::;:- body th3t expresses an Idea. opinion. or ., c:motlon.movementThe effect or Illusion of motlon conveyed bythe relationship of structural elements In a (l~:::::::~:;::-;:;=;:=:~~~-deslgn or compositIon.reg ulating line -A o~ drawn to measure or- expressa~.gnrrent. SC3le. or proportlon.traceA line I~htly drawn to record ali~nmentor Irasurerr.ent.siuaifl9The r:ndering of Ilght.nd dark V4lluesln ~drll~ to Cre3te the Uluslon of three-dimensionality. represent light arJ s-ha.1ow.or give the effect of color..h.ttchingSh3dlng composed of flne "ncs drawn Inclose proxlmlty.~,h.ttchin9ShadlI14 composed of two or more series ofIntersecting parallel noes.~~~ng means of a networl: of random.Shadlng bymultldlrectlonallines.L.stippling,Sh3dlng by means of dots, small spots. orshort stroK es.modelingkeyThe technique of rendtrlng the illUSion The dominant tonal value of a drawIng orof volume. depth. or solidity on a two- palntlng.dlmensloni/ Sject.tUshed line --------~=---+---+-!A In-oken nne conslstl~ of short. closelyspaced strokes. used esp. to representobject nnes that are hidden or removedfrom view.dotUd line---------H+-trH==--~1___lA In-oken line conslstln!) of a series ofclosefy spaced Oots. sometimes used Inplace of a dashed line.co",truction drawingsThe portlon of the contract doc umen tslunUrlinesnowl~ in ucurate graphic or pictorialIA Im*en nne consIstlng of relatIVely long fonn the ~lgn.lccatlon. dlmenslon5. andsegments separated by sIngle dashes orrelatlonshlps of the elements of a projxt.dots. used to represent the axis of a Also C311ed COfTt.nct drawings. wori:fngsym metrlca I element or composition. I dr.iwi"4 s .~IAn emrosslng stamp used l1y a licensedarchitect. engineer. or other designprofesslol13t on Wltract drawings anaspectftcatlons to show evidence of~Istratlan In the: state wMre the work Isto ~ perfonTltJ. ..... ( /~~~-.. !exten~ion lineA hne e:xtendI~ from an edge or f e3tu re ofan o~. to which a dlmenslon hne Isdrawn. . crowfoot 17reakline dime~lon line jA V-shaped mark.the apex of which Is aA I1roi:en line consisting of relatIVely long A line terminated by arrows. snort sl3shes.reference point.segments Joined by short zlgZ3g strokes.or dots. lnalcatlng the extent or mag nltude. used to cut off a portion of a drawing. of a part or the: whole. and along whichleadermeasurements are scaled and Indicated.A short line leading the r;ye from a note ordlmenslon to a reference point. nne. or area. L.68 68. .,DRAWING ~r1ptive teCmetry projectionThe theory of ","*Ing project1ons of three-The process or technique of representlng 3dlmtll.Slonal o~ on a p~ne surface In thru-d1menslonal o~ by projectlng anorder to deduce their geometric properties its points by str3lgh-e nnes. either paralleland relatlonshys.or converging. to a picture plane. orthcgraphic projection A method of projection In whlch a -ehree- dimCf1slonal *.!ect Is represented by projecting lines perpel1dlcul.3r to aplctu re pl.3ne. Also called orthogonal proJection.rI1 I~ "!"Istance. Also called specific~ortothe power ~ by a In which a patentl31 difference of oneconductance. am~ecurrent of 0IIe ;I mpere flowing across a volt produces a current of one ampere. The ~asic 51 unit of electric current,potential ctfference of one volt. APlir.: W Syml7ol:0 t:quivalent to a flow of one couloml1 per~e second or to the steady current producea Ohms law .... - ........ -... -................ - I =VIRAn amount of power, esp. the power !Iy one volt applied across a resistance ofThe law that for any circuit the electricrequired to oper.rte an electrical device or one ohm. A~!n.: A current Is directly proportional to theapplial1Ce, expressed in watts.kilowatt amperage The strength of an electric currentvoltage and Inversely proportional tothe resistance. PA tIf1itofpower, equal to 1.000 watts. A~!7r.:leW measured or expressed In amperes: analogous to the rate of water flow.Joules lawThe principle that the rate ofproduction of heat by adirect Current Ilei !ow;rtt--Jo ur is dlnectly proportional to theA unit ofene-rgy, equal to the energy resistance of the circuit and to thetransferred or expenkd by one kilowatt in squa re of the current.one hoUr:;I common unit of electric powerGOnSIJmptlon. A~.: kWh74 74. ELECTRICITYMra-tcrA mJChlM that converts mechanical ~ ~di_wm~ flowing In one dIrection An electric currente~rgy Into electrbl enertr:J. ~ . only and having a magnitude that does not~. time vary or varies only slightly. Abbr.: DCalttrtutorA generator for producing alternatingcurrent. .. alternating current r--------------------l An electric current that reverses directio~electric motor ---------:i~ -:at regularly recurring Intervals, having 3A macnine that converts electric power IIIn to muha nlcal energy. I: magnitude that varies In a sinusoidalmanner. Al:rbr.: AC I,arl113ture ----_. ______ ._. __ .____ .l.. .. ___ ----- _. -IThe main cum:nt-canyfng winding of a 1_I"vott-ampereAunit of electric measurement, equal tr.: til"""t~ Also "lied ...s~". .... Ii.!.... :=:--;t~:I:--------------grounded conductor -............ - -- t -- :jAny ccnductcr of an electricalsystem IlTUntlanally connectedJlI: ,---....------:01-------------- :1to a ground ccnnectlon.:1. ~.:..____:,~~-_------..__-----_-----L~:==:~~~=~~~~~:~-:j -----r---------- ---1grounding electrodeground wire ~.--;! e r3A ccnductor. as a metal groundrod. ground plate. or coldwaterpl~. flrmly embedded In the earthto est3l7lish a ground connectlon. Aconductor ccnneck.J electrlc eqUipment or aclrcu:t io a ground connec~.Alsocarlid ~foundlng conductor. :L____ JlIL ...76 76. ~. . , I ELECTRICITYlightnj~ rod .-----.--.---- ..---.- ......-... -----.--------" loadArry of several conductl~ rods InstJl!eQ at.The power delivered I1y a genel3tor orthe top of ;i struct;re;inJ grounded to tr3nsformer. or the power consumed by andlvert Ightl1l~ aWirJ from the structure. ....appll3nce or device.Also called ;ilr Unnin3 L .ccnnecUd loadlightning 3mster The total load on an etea rica I system orAdevice fO!" p~ng electnc equipmentcircuit If all connected apparatus andfrom damage I1y lightning or other hlgh- eqUipment are energized simultaneously.voltage currents. using span: gaps to carrythe current to the Ound wtthout f73sslngmaximum demand The greatest load deliverea to an electrical-/throogh the device.. system or circuit over a spectfled Interval5pari: gap of time. .A space Petween two termllt3ls ort1.ectrodes. dCrosS whlch;i discharge of c:femana fKtor~- -I electrlctty may pass at a prescrlbeJvoltage. The I3tlo of the maximum demand to the connected load of an electrical system. used In estlmatlng the reqUired capacity of the system to account for the prolr.Jlrility that only a portion of the connected load~-Imay be applled at any time. c:fiversityfactor The I3tlo of the sum of the maximum demands on the various parts of an electrical system to the maximum demand on the whole. Io.ac:fflctorDr3nch circuit The I3tlo of the average load on an electrical system over a speclflc perlocl ofLi IThe portlof1 of an electricalsystem extend1ng from thetlrne to the pe3k load occurring In thatftn.ol overcu rrent device period.protectl~ a circuit to the1 outlets savea I1y the circuit.!L g!ner.al purpo:se circuit Amnch circuit that supplies current to alnumber of outlets for IlghUng and appll3nces.[9]1 appliance circuit A mnch circuit that supplies current to one or ITIOTe outlets specifically intended for appl13nces. Indlvk:hul cirr,uit A mnch circuit that supplies currerrt Oflly to a slng~ piece of elxtrlcal equipment. IdistriMlon panel tI-I A pa nd for als;rlbutJ~ power to otherpanels or to rrctor-s and other heavy I L-. ______ ...IIpc-wer-consumlnqlcads. law-voltage Of or pertaIning to a circuit In which alternating current ~elcw 50 volts Is supplied I1y a step-dewn transformer from the normal nne voltage. used In resIdential systems to CO!Itro1 doom:lls. Intercoms. heating and cooling systems. and rerr.o..e lighting fixtures. Lowvcttage clrcui:S do not reqUire a protect,ve raceway. Tl 77. 1ELECTRICITY~l7!e wireconduct.?rA single Insulated conauctoror a Paund or A pnable metallic strand or a twisted orA substance. !:>ody. or device that Cv"nduct5sheathed coml7lnaUon of conductorswoven assembly of such strands. often heat. sou nd. or electric Ity.Insulated from one another. Insulated with a dlelectrlc material andused as a conductor of electricity..~.. rmored capleElectric calk consisting of two or more . insulator . A material that Is a poor conductor cfl~Insulated conductors protected by a electricity. used for separating orflexible. helically wound metal wrapping. supporting conductors to prevent tr.eAlso called 6X caiJle. undesired flow of current.mineral-insulated caple~reakdownvoltageElectric caule consisting of a tul7ularThe minimum applied voltage at which acopper she3th conblnlng one or moregiven Insulator I1reaKS down and permitscond~rs em~ In a highlycurrent to pass.compressed.lnsulatlng refractory mineralnonmebllk; 5~ caple dielectric strengthlJElectric caPle conslstlng of two or moreThe maximum voltage trut can be applled toa given materi31 without ca using It to !;>red!;Insulated conducts enclosed In anonmebilic. moisture-resistant. flame-down. usually expressed in volts or I::i iovor-..sper unit of thlcl:ness.retardant she3th. Also called Romexc;.a,{e, dielectric ucoawlcapleA nonconducting substance.A caulefortransmlttlng h~h-frequencytelephone. digital. or television signals. junction boxconslstlng of an Insulated conducting tul7eAn enclosure for housing and protect1ng 11enclosing an Insulated conducting core.electric wires or cables that are joinedshielded capletogether In connecting or branchin~ ~IectrcAn electric ca!Jle enclosed within a meta IIIccircuits.Isheath In order to reduce the effects of ...... _- Knockoutuextern.1 electric or magnetic ftelds.., Apanel In a casing or box that can readily be removed. as by punching. hammerir~. ex cutting. to provide an opening Into theInterior.conduit C--T-_ _-=-l!{()grommetA ~Pe. pipe. or duct for enclosln~ andA rul7ber or plastic washer Inserted in ;I holeprotecting ~Iectrlc wires or cal7le.In a metal part to prevent grounding cf"ri9id metal conduit~- ........ -.--.......-., ..wire passing through the hole.He3fj-wafled. tul7Ular steel conduit Joined . Vushingby 5C;ew!ng directly Into -,:_ _ _ _ _~_~J_______~!~:>~: three locations.I rheostatAresistor for ~ulatlnq a currentby me:ans of vartal>e resistances. : :!: !J kncl7-.1nd-tu~ wiringoutlet An obsolete wiring system conslstll11 ofA paInton a wiring system at which 5ln.g~.ln$u!ated conductors 5eCur~ to and current ls taken to supply an electricrsuppor..ed on porcd;lln knobs ana tubes. Iccm A flexible. nonmetallic. fire-resistant tubing device or apparatus. ----- ... - outletl1ox AJunctlon box designed U, facIlitate for conductors In I:nobandtube wiring.connectlng an electric device orfreceptacle to a wiring system. 0 1 ---. convenience outlet An outlet usually mourrted on a wall ana(] _~"-- __--.--_.---. receptacle housIng one or more receptacles for porta!nelampsorappllances. Afemale fitting connected to a power supply and eqUipped to receive a plug. Also called socket. leu!grounding outlet A flexlble.ln~ted conductor forA snna~l. flexl!ne. insilited ca~ie fitted An outlet havlng an acldltlonal contact ekctr.c4l1ycon~ an app3ratus towith a plu:l to conroxt a port.#~ !amp for a ground conne.ctlon. another or to:.l circuit.orap(:3nce to a reap-tacle..~-- .. - .. plug p~nwire nItA male fitting for making an electrical A short. /bIble cOMuctor used InAplas>J.c connec" Vcontainln~ 3.....connection to a circuit by Insertion In a COtnecun~:.I statlor.ery termln31 with a threaud metal ftWr.q for 5C~""ingreceptacle. termlr41 havl~ 3 n~d range of onto the Intertwl~ ~ds of t ..Oor motlon.more CCflductors.grounding plug A plug haVIng a Dlade for a ground @ urmil13l connectorconnection. J, A condxtlve dement or device for Any cfmlous de/as for joini~~ tllO ormore conductors ,,;:hout 3 pe~3~ent,.-~ polarized estabr,sning an electric connection to an aFp3r:ltuS. spliceI!Jl Designed so that a plug and receptacle can fit together In only one way.r= 79 79. ELEVATORA m~ pLotfonn or cage for pulkhe3dc..rryir.g passengers or freight from A roxllke structure on a roof providing~ levei of a uui14ing to anothu.access to a stalrwen or an elevator shaft_rift penthou~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ __ control panel6ritIsh tern1 for elevator.A structure housing elevator machinery onA panel contain 1"4 SWitches, huttons, and the roof of .. hulk/lng. other equipment for regulating electricalp;l~r elctrlordevices.An emtor exclusively fer tne use ofpas5ellfS.top car cle..1rancehoisting machinery The vertical alstance from the top of anThe machinery for raising and lowering anfre~ht elctator el.evator c..r to the nearest overheadelevator car, consisting of a motor-An elevJ tor for ca rT)ing r.e3Y)cargo.obstructlon when the car platform Isgenerator set, traction machine, speed011 whleh t.~ operator ;arJ the perso~swith the top landing. governor, hrake. drive shaft. driving sheave.neu5S4ry for unloading aM loading ana gears, If used.the freight are permftttJ to ride. .1 driving ,heaveduml>w;afterA wheel or dis!: with a groovecJ rim. used as aA snuU eb7tor for COI1veying food,pulley for hoisting.dishes, or other m~ Is DetweentM floors of ;a UullJlng..... idle 5heaveA pulley for tightening and guiding thepan~Arowofeb7tcrs In a hk3h-~Uul1dln~ controlled by;a common hof,tw;ay ----- ------ --- ----- -------- --- -----------~-+----li-~__HI~ Avertical encloseottom carck.1r~nceThe vertical distance from the floor of anelMtor pit to the lowest part of aneleva tar car pl~tform when the car rests onfully compressed buffers.L ..80 80. ELEVATORr!L elevater car The foacl-carrylng unit of an e!e-{3~Y. consisting of a car frame. platform. M~ht cnetal enclosure. and door or g3 te.---- carframe The structural steel frame of an e!evAtcr car to which are attached the pIJtfor.n, gulde shoes. elevator car safety, hoisting cables. and contrcl eqUipment.-.- ---.~-~~~,:::~-r --, ~ ~~::sually--- ! over the entranu to an elevator on each floor of a multistory,building. that slgl13ls the apprcJcn of:.1e elevator,i __ i._-.--- annunciator A signaling apparatus in an elev:l t:r W cr at a landing that displays a VlsU31 nd1catlo11 of floor landings.machine roomAroom housl"9 the hoisting --. c.311 17uttcn;~ -- machlne1j. control equlpmcmt. ~ A push l7utton for requesting a,i el~.1;.c-r.and $haves for .. ising ana~.door interUkIoweri"3 an ~car. A saf~ Ibice for preventing the operatlon of an ele/ator car unle:s$ the hclstway doorls Icd::ed In the clostJ posltlon_ c door cont.1ct Asaf~ device for prevenUng t~.e oper;ltlon of an elevate., car unless its a.x1 or gate Is fully cl~, Also cal!ed gJ~ contact.hydraulic elevatorAn elevator system conslstlrtg of a car ,- newelsupported by ., piston that Is moved by or f~ 14[Thehor!zontalsectionofraJlingJtt~emoves against a fluid under pressure_J1 k-- ,upp~orlowerendofanescaiJte.,... [. ~.---4-- L . .J."co m17plate/ The tootneJ portion of the th res hold plate: at roth enas of an e5CJlator or mGVIng war::." des19ned to mesh with the grooved surface~~t.torof the movl~ steps or treadway, A power-driven stairway conslst!ng of steps attached to a continuously Circulating belt. u$tJ for JTOIII~ passengers up and dcrln between flars. Also calfed moving staircase. mOYi"3 stairway. moving sidewalk A power-driven. continuously moving surf3Ctl. slmllJr to a conve:yor belt. usd ;:;rinclined liftcarrying pedestrians horizontally or akJqA chair or plJtform mounkd on a steellow Inclines.gulde rail and driven by an electric motor. people moverused for raising or lowering., person or Any of various forms cf mass tr3nsi~. 3Sgoods along a stairway. Alsocal!ed stair movlng sk:lewal~s Or automaud drtv~5lift.vehicles. used for shuttling people 3rc"~Jairports or In congesW urban 3reas 81. H~dingtogether or unitl~ two ormere parts or members. as by4J6J 8d 10J 12d16d20J - .... pennyd.tm~ with a mechaniC31 fastener.The deslqnateJ length of a nail, from l.ry ronding with an adhesive. or DyIV22 2V2 34 twopenny to slxtypenny. Symbol: dwelding or 5OIderi~.3{Jmm 51mm 64mm 76mm83mm102mmr.Jn shank;, 5tr.Ii!ht. slender piece of metal havingThe straight. narrow part of a nail or bolt.~ ena pointed ana the other enlarged and between the head 3nd the pOint.f~ for hammerl~ Into wood or other eightpenny nailb A spike having a round shanl:. driven into Iof round or elnptlcal wire.predrilled holes to fasten heavy tim bas U ~ ,,- . . . , together. Also called driftpin.ccmmonnanO-llIl~I~I!~I~----------------~~ st.1ple A rtlQIgvtn~ a slender shank. a flat hea.d.anJ a ~monJ point. ., J ..A Ushaped piece of metal or heavy wire .with pointed ends. driven Into a surface to~uiIA rtad having a fult heaJ ana a shank moreil p " r IIsecure sheet material or to hold a hasp. pin.or bolt. L I~th4n a common nail of the same~... icurrug.rted fastenerlUIllA fastener ccnslstlng of a piece of~~lUaA rtaluvIng a small ccnJca I hea d an.:! as!gnt ~ ~ than a common nail ofC"11I .. ~ .".corrugated sheet stu! with one wavy eaqesharpeneJ. for unltlng two pieces of wood. l. I .,3S In a miter Jolnt. Also carted wiggle nailQ-.e Si1I1e le:nth. used In finish won: In whlGh I the head mzy remain vlslb1e.fictshing nanO"II!!! ~~:-"--------_____.~J;;> .round pointAn acute, conical point on a nail or Spi(e bA l13.bvill4 a sleMershank and a s:nall, I~pea head that 1$ driven slightly~the surf3ce and CCf~ with putty or~l ; o.:" " :.:~~.,; ; , ; ;.~~~..diamond pointAn acute. pyramidal point on a nail or 5pil:e.thelkPnd c~. . -.. . ~..~..;;3 chi~lpointA polnt on a nail or spike formed I1y tworutA ~flnlshlng rui!.lnclin--"A slaes meeting at a sharp angk:.doub(c-~ded na iIA113. used In ~I1dIng te-mpcr3 ry~res. as scaffolding and formworc.RUllI!!! I11111~I~~~r! _ ............... face-nail~ a ~ on Its shari to prevent itTo fas-:.en I7y nailing perpendicular to thP.fran ~~ driven In an the way a-nd to 1ee driven Into wood or the likeby turning. as with a screwdriver.thread ----- --- ------ -- --------- ---,-wood screwThe helleal or spiral ridge of aA screw having a slotted head and ascrew. nut. or ~t_threaded point that permits It to form itspitch ,--------- --- ---- --- -- ---- -- - ---1 own mating threads when driven into woodwith a screwdriver.The dlstance I:>etween two _corresponcl~ points on adjacent~~---~aself-tapping screwth reads of a screw. nut. or bolt_ iAcoarse-threaded screw designed to tapIts corresponding female thread as it Isdriven. Also called tapping screw.countersink .-----------------------~~ - -...:lag screwTo enlarge the upper part of a ~~ ~ A heavy. coarse-threaded screw havl ng a~square or hexagonal head driven by adrilled hole so that the head of ~~ wrench. used In are3S Inaccessible to thescrew or bolt will lie flush with or ~~,~"placement of a nut or where anbelow the surface. :::-."- ".-,,.,...,-,"-,-"exceptlcnally long bolt would be needed topitothole~-------------------- penetrate ajoint fully. Also c311ed coachAguldlng hole for a nail or screw. or screw. lag "oIt.for drllll~ a brger-slze hole.machine screwA metal fastener used with a nut or driventapTo cut screw threads Into an "--- Into a tapped hole. having a straight. ~~opening.threaded shank and a slotted or Phillipshead for tumlng with ;I screwdriver.stripcap screwTo te3ror darruge the threads on3 bottorscrewbyapplylng too ~~ A metal fastener for machine p3~. havingmuch foru.a straight. threaded shank held ry threadstapped In the hole Into which It is screwed.~sheet-metal screwA coarse-threaded screw for fasteningsheet metal and other thin material.~ IKIIII e setscrewA screw. often without a head. threadedthrough a hole In one part tlght~ upon orInto another part to prevent relativefutl~ad-.-------------movement.A screw head having a flat upper surfacethum:1screwand a conical bearing surf3ce_e A screw having 3 flattened. knur.ed headdesigned to be tumed by the thumb andOV31 head .---------- foreflnger.i I A screw head ha"llng 3 Sh3l1ow. spneric31shape with a conlcall1earing surf3ce. screw eyeA screw having a ring-shaped head.o1 Ir Islotted he3dA screw head having 3 single slot. driven bya fiat-tipped screwdriver.r pan head . -. -----. --- -- -. ------. --.A screw or rivet head having a cylindricalshape with Oil rounded shoulder. ,---------Phillips headA screw head having two partial slotscrossIng at ~ht angles. driven by~a Phillipsscrewdriver.nllisterhead ----.- Allen headA cylindrical screw head having a slightlyA screw head having an axial hexagonaldomed upper surface and a flat bearingrecess. driven by an Allen wrench,surface.p~lehead. ------------- security headA screw head having a flat uppe~A screw head designed to resist remOTa Isurbce and an underside shaped Ii".ewith a flat-tipped or Phillips screwdriver.the bdl of a bugle.83 83. 11 FASTENING" ~Itsquare head>_.nut ~. ,,~,: A thre3ded metal pin or rod. usually A bolt or screw head having 3 5qua re sha pe,.:Asqum~orr.eX310nJlrre:"lbloc.l: Ii h3vlng ;1 head at one end. des~ned todesigned to !?e tumed with a wrench.pmor.lted wr.:h a threadd r.ole to f-: be Inserted through holes In assempled ... "around arJ secure abort cr screw~-. neck parts and secured fly a lTt3tlng nut.i Thepartontheshankofaboltnextto~~locl:nut ~~~: the head. esp. when It has a speGlal fOI1!1-" ~A nut speci3l~ constructed to prOY"jeIL. carriage po It A bolt having a rounded head. a flat beJring surface. and a square shoukJer for~.. :tut load transfert.:; ,:!-,e s~ member Is through shearb ;:e ~ rtilils securing the hanger. : _ ..- ..... ---- --.-----.. hurricane anchor A framing anchor for tying a rafter or truss to a wall plate and securing It against lateral and uplifting wind and seismic forces. Also called hurricane tle . .---------------- jolstanchor A metal tie strap for securing the joists of a floor or roof dlaphrag m to a concrete or masonry wall In order to transmit lateral wind or seismic forces.--- floor anchorA metal tie strap for restraining a floor of a fight wood frame structure against uplifting wind or seismic forces_ ~illanchor A framing anchor for securing a sill plate to a concrete slab or fouMatlon wall. haWown A metal devtce for restraining a wood frame structure against upllftlng wind or seismic forces, consisting of a sttffened steel angle I10ftea to a wall stud and secured Py a threaded rod to a concretefounJatlon.~j .--------------_._----------- tim7er connectors1.prUlg or todcwdpirt.a.A C)tmJrd pm fttUng snugly Irrto holesb tlooO ~ pieces to prevent their them. Also called A metal ring. plate, or grid for transferring shear l1etween the faces of two timrer meml:oess, used with a single 110ft that serves to restrain and clamp the assemDly tother. llml:oer connectors are more~pbteefficient than I10Its or lag screws useJA $-~-rret.li pbte punched to produce ,.alone since they enlarge the area of wood cCsdy ~ lid of protrodlng teeth.over which a loaJ Is dlstrlputed.t::d ~s 3 sp&ce pbte In the IT13nufactureC"p.;frtwood~~piU grlJA fIr. or ~ CtlrYed grid of spikes for~~ havytwt~. held III piau Py a:;;"!l~ Pdt. ~ re-5lJ~joInt Is~ rrt :0 Iocsenlng due to vlbratlon....Ir.pct. uid ~ lateral Ioods.1 5~rp~te ", ~plitrln9 A tlm~r connector consisting of a roundA tlml:oer connector consisting of a metal plate of malleaule iron inserted Into aring Inserted Into corresponding grooves corresponding groove, flush with the facecut Into the faces of the Joining members of a tlm!1er, and hed In place Py 3 singleand held In place Py a slngte Dolt. The I1olt. Shear plates are used In bac~-to- tongue-anel-groove spht In the ring penn Its ~ck pairs to develop shear resistance In It to deform slightly under loading and demounta171e woodto-wood connections, malnt3ln !lea ring at all surfaces. white the or sl"91y in a wood-to-metal connection. ~eled cross section eases Insutlon andensures a tlght-flttlng Join t after the ringIs fully seated In the grooves. 85. FASTENING$Okr brazeweldgas wetaingTo unite two pleus of ~I !1yTo unite two pieces of metal ~ To unite or fuse two pieces of metal by Any of;l group of welding pr~ssesapplylng any of various nonferrousapplying any of various nonferrous heating aM allowing t.~e met3ls to fewutilIZing the heat produced by thesolders, USU311y a~In-~ .Iloy, at a solders. usually a copper-zInc alloy. at together. sometimes y,;th pressure .n.:.! the comDustlon of a oxygen and a fuel gas. astempmture "low MOf (427t). a temperature a!love 800f (427t).addition of an Interme-diate or fllb- rr.et31.acetyel1e.solder .arc weldingAny of various fus/VIe albys applied Ina molten state to the jollTt l:>etweentwo metal parts to unite themwithout he3ting the pa~ to themelting poIn~ The JI10Iten sokler flows filler metal The metal that Is added during a welding. Imzing. or soldering process, haVing a melting point l Any of a 9roup of welJ1ng processes utinzlng the heat of an arc between an electrode 3nd ~he b3se metal.------ arcA sustained luminous discharge ofInto aJoint !1y caplttary mtactton.either approximately the same as orelectricity across a gap Iii;; c!rcuit or ~:17Jhatofth motaI, Ucl~ "c~+fiJ~{!r~~:;between two electrodes_ Also calledelectric arc.---.---. shielJed metal arc weldi~L1 A method of ~rc welding usi~ a consumable metal electrode that . relases an Inert g4S to form. shield around the arc. This shield protectsfillet we 141ase metal,~J"bead the wela area from oxygen anJ nitrogenA wek:f with a triangular cross The principal met31 to lie welded,A continuous deposit of fusedIn the iilr that woula cause ra piasection joining t~ surf3ces thatDl3Zed. soldered. or cut, as metal. Also called wela ~d. oxidatlon of the flquld metalmeet In an Interior right angle. - -----distinguished from ftller metal. welding rod -. inert-gas shielded .arc welding A wire or rod of filler Iretal used A method of arc wekilng In IIh~n the .--------- toeIn gas-welding and mzingwekl.rea Is shielded !Iy ~ corrtlnuOlls .,/Thejunctton Detween theprocesses. and In these arc-flow of an inert gas from an externalo,/I7ase metal and the face of awekllng processes In ilhleh the source. the filler metal being SlJpprled // wekl.electrode does not rJmish the ftller metal JIl7y a consumalne metal electrode or by .. sep-a ra te weIJi ng rod. --, rootlap weld The point at which the Pad: or rottom of .. weld !nUtsflux A sulistance, as rosin. 3pplled to. 1-- .-- flLlX-cc~ arc welding Amethod of arc welding using a tutruiarA weld made along the seams ofthe Ir.ise metal.stu! electrode conta Inlng a core oftwo overlapplng pleu:s of metal remove oxldes from rJ preventI vaporlzJn~ flux that forms a g4~s--~~-.:...-----~~~-""-~""--.>.....>.>-">-/---"throatThe dlstance from the root of further cx!datlon of 1T.et.a1 surfaces to I7e joined ~ wek:Ilng,shlelJ around the wela areaY -,.-/"3 weIGl to the f3ce of the Pase!lrazlng. or soldering._ ~, ....... " i M1e"t3l submergea arc weldingWttweld A method of arc wekilng In which the welclarea Is shielded by a !7!an~et ofIlj1A weld between two p~s offusi~. granular metal that n-.elts to/I1eb1 ~u.ea~.form.1 ~ of protectlo e sla ~ Tl~ l.. filler:netal may I7e suppl1ed !1y aPJrtial-pen~atlon weldfull-penetratio nweld puddle weld --------------I--) consum3ble dectrode or by a separateA Putt weld h~ adepth lessA ~tt I~d having a depthA weld made Py truml~ a hole In h~~5~~~~__.,.:__J lIeldl~ rod.than ~ thickness of the sma lIu equal to the thickness of th~ a piece of sheet metal arJ fillingof ~ two meriets being .JoIned.smaller of the two memDerswith a small pool of molten rtSi,t.1 nee weldingDelng joined. rretal. Any of,jJ group of welding processesf -----.--:--- .. -------, ,uttrlziT9 the heat generated by resist4nceI.~-. to tbe pass~e of .. e!ectnc current_I5lngHevei weL:f double-bevel weld l5ingle-vu welddouule--;u weld-groove weldA~roove weld 1ft which theA groove weWln which theA groove weld In which the edgeAgroove wela In whk;h P-.e edgeA weld made In a preformed Indentationedofoneal7utt~ IneIT1rer eclge of one abutting memller of each abutting meml1er Isof each ab-vttlng memwIs retween two alMtlng pleces of met..tl.Is ~ from one side. Is !?eveled from both sides.!?eveled from the same side. !leveled from Doth sk:ks.rmt .-... pneumatic riveterAmetal pin having a ht4d at one A pneumztlc hammer usedend, used for uniting two or more with a riret set to form theplates!ly passlng the sham: second head of a rivet.thro~h a hole In exh piece andhamrrering down the plain eM torivet~form a ~d head.A tool for shaping the second head of a rivet.drift dolly explosive rivetA rourJ, tapering piece of metal forA tool for receiving and holding theArivet for .. joint 3CCtsslble from or.eenlarging or angnlng holes to receive head of a rivet while the other end isside only. having an explosivefilleJrivets or Dolts. Also called drlftp!n.I7elng headed.shank th;lt is detonated ~ striking thehead with a hammer to expand tr.ealigning punchsh3n~ on the far side of the hole.A drift for Drlnging holes In line toreceive a rivet or bolt.86 86. FIREPLACE PonnetA framed opening made in a A corer for ~n open flrepl3ce, or Jchimney to hold an open fire. cowL hood, or wind cap to Increase ~~~ii;~;~~s;;;~-chimney~chimneycapAvertlers andan Inorganic~Inder. applied by air pressure with a spray Igun to provide a thermal varrler Ul the he3t ~ofa ftre. Ifireproofingintumescent paintl~ukJ-filled columnAny of various materials. as concrete.A coating that. when exposed to the heat ofA hollow structural-steel column filledIgypsum. 01 minerai flber. used In making astructlJral memver or system resistant todam~e or destruction by fire.a fire. swells to form a thICK Insulating layerof Inert gas ~utoDles that retards flamespread ana comvustlon. with water to Increase Its fire resistance. If exposeJ Ul flame. the water al?sorVs heat. rises by convection to remove the heat. and Is replaced with cooler waterr from a stcrage tank or a city watu main.L88I~ --~ 88. I .FIRE SAFETY firezofl(!fire separation fire area firewaU A zone of~cttywlthln which cutalnArry floor. wall. or roof-ceiling constructionAn _rea of a Duildlng ~nc!osed by fire Awall luvfng the reqUired fire construction ~ ~re prohl~ltedhaving the required flrereslstance ratlngrated constructloi1 capal1le of confining resistance ratlng to prevent the ~useofflrelm3rds present In theto confine the spread of fire.the spread of fire. spread of fire from one part of al..zone. fire~reak An open sp.uestabllsned to preventoccupancy separation _._ .. _.._--".--_._-..;..A vertical or horizontal constructionhaving the required flre-reslstance ratingI Ll:::========~D a parapet above the roofand having an openings restricted to acertain percentage of the wall length the spread of fire from a Dulidlng. ato prevent the spread of ftre from oneand protected Py a selfcloslng or 9roup of 7uiIdJ~. ex a n area of a city occupancy to anotherln a mixed[. to another.occupancy Dulldlng.distance separatlonautcrr.atlccloslng fire assemDIy. Exhportlon of a bUlkling separated Dy oneor mere flre walls rruy ~ CIlsklered .iI1M separation required Petween an ~p3rate pulidlng when calculating theexterior wall of a pulidlng and a propertyfloor area and height allowed by anne. the center hne of an adjacent street I1UIlalr~ codelor public space, or the exterior wall of anadjacent I1Ulldlng. all measured at rightangles to the exterior wall. -1Ldrntstop A flre-ratea parlltlon dlvklll19 an enclc5ed attle space of comDustl~le construction, or the concea led space l?etween a ~d Ceiling and a wood fr3 me floor arove. fire assembly ~ .. -.. -- ..................... protected opening _ ..... -0"..__ .. The assemDly of 3 fire door. fire window.An opening In a wall. floor. or roof- or fire damper.lndudil19 all requiredceiling construction that Is fitted Mardware. anchorage. frames. and 51115.with a flre assemlily having the ~1f-c1o,11W fire a~m-lu ___ . _ . , reqUired flrereslstance rating for ";lI ."J"Its location and use. Aftrt asseaWly ~t 15 normally kept In ", a clos&:! posltIoII and 15 equlppeJ with....--,-----.. ".~ an ?~ device to Insure closll19 ~ ;arJ latchl~ a&r having Peen opened irl for use.~~l,1L[t()m.rtk-cIoi~ fi~ a~~mbly Afire assemlnythat may remaIn In an ~ posltlon and wiU close_ ...-.-.~ .. -~~ ~ utomatlcally If suPjected to an" ~ ~se In temperature or actuated by,,----.--~,l "II 4Smo(e~.UL laPel _ .. -.. - ...... _.......... - ................,fire doorAlaDeI affixed to 1I11Ulkling maUrlal. -. A door ~l>ly.lnclud1ng all requ~component, or devlce with the hardw3re.lInchorage, frames and sills.authorization of Underwritershavfl19 the reqUired flre-reslstanceLaPora-torles. Inc.. Ind.catlng that the ratln~ for Its 1oc1tlon and use.product (a) has 1I ratlng vased onperformance tests of such product.s; (l1) fire wi IIdcw ~~.Is from a productlon lot fotmd I1yAwindow ~~Iy.Inc"ldlng allexJmlttrtlon to ~ maae from materials required hardware. anchorag~ frarntSand Py ~ses essentially taerrtlcal to and sl!ls. havi"4 the reqUired firethose of representative products whichreslst;ru mtng for Its location an.:! ~. ~:1:~ ,!"""tom"1yu~.have ~ subjected to appropriate flre.electrlcal hazard. or oth~ tests for :)~.jf /.safety; lind (c) 15 suPjt to the~!"~~:;:;~dd:::"" toreexamination $ervlce of UL>labeledOf or pertaining to a vulkllng materfal oras~mply havinga flrereslstance ratlngcerttfW by Underwriters Laroratorles. ========= .,~ _ " firetUmpuAdamp!rt),atc!osesanalrduct Wautorrut!cJIIy In the event of ftre toInc. or other recognized testingrestrict the passage of fire and smo(e.13~aratory. required whae a duct penetrates a firewan. ftrerJt.ec/ shaft. or other fire$ep3rJ~n. / fu,ilk finK II hr,k rr3~ of a fusible metal. When exposed ~ the heat of a fire. the nn~ mel:s ,"" cau~s a fire door. ftr!!d3rnpe~. cr the Ii~e to close. - I I 89 89. FIRE SAFElYflre-2L1rm system sprinkler ,ystemAn electrical system Installed In a Apparatus for autornatlcally extlngulshingl?uildln4 to automatically sound an fires In a building. conslstlng of a system ofalarm when actuma I7y a fire- pipes In or l1e1ow the ulllngs. connected totkttctlon system. a suitable water supply. and supptJed withvalves or sprinkler heaas maae to openfire-~nsymm automatically at a certain temperature.Asystem of thermostats or otherapproved sensors for detectlnq thesprinkleredpreStllce of flre and automatlcally Of or pertaining to. building or building5~nall~ an abrm.area that has or Is protected by a properlymaintained sprinkler system.5moke deUctorAn ek:ctronlc fire alarm that Isstlrinkler headactlv3ted l7y the presence of smoke. Anozzle In 3 Sprinkler system for dispersing 3 stream or spray of water. usu311y controllea I1y 3 fusible linl: that rr.elts at a predetermined temperature. automatic fire-extinguihing 5ystem A system of devices and equipment which 3utomatlcally detects a fire and disch3rges an approved flre-extlngulshlng agent onto or In the area of a fire.5tandpi~.A w;lter pipe extending vertlcally wetplpesystemthlOU:9h a ~lkfIng to supplyflre hosesA sprinkler system containing water atat every floor.sufficient pressure to provide an"1Immediate. contlnuous disch3rge throuqhIwets~ndpipe ----... -----.--.-------- -- .... --- rsprinkler heads that opet1 automatically InIA stantJplpe containing water under Ithe event of fire.pressurt: a~ fmed with fire hoses for Iemergency use I7y I1ulldlng occupants_" ~I dry-pipe system A sprinkler system ccnt3lnl"!l pressurizeddry5tlndpfpe --------------.---- ---.-- --- . -.--1I air th3t Is rele3scJ whtn a Sprinkler headA standpipe COITt2lnlng no water a~opens In the event of fire, allowfng water toused v.t the flre tJepart~ to connectI I flow throu~h the piping a~ out the openedflre hoses to a flre hydr.llrt or pu mper" 1Inozzle. Dry-pipe systern5 are used wh~truct:.tM piping Is sulject to freezing. I Irpreactlon system I A dry-pipe sprinkler system through which I /-fire pump i, r IiA pump th3t provides theIwater flow Is controlled I1y a I3lve operated I1y fIre-detection devices mor~ serl$ltlverea.ulred W3Ur pressure In , I than those In th~ sprlnlltr heads. Preactlon I ,a standpipe or sprinklerIsystems are usea when an accidental , Isystem when the pre55u~eIn W system drops ~Iow. discharge would damage Vdluable M13UriaIs. I3 preselectM I3lue. delu~ )"tem , I A sprinkler system having sprinkler heads,.... __ .J open ata!! times. through which ~flow Is controlled by a valve operated D:i 3 heat-. smoke-. orflame-senslng devlce.siameseA plpe fitting Insblled c~ to theground on the exterior of a building.providing two or more connectionscbs, Afirethrough which the flre departmentA flre Involving ordinary wmbustll>ltcan pump water to a standpipe or materials. as wood. pa ~ :md cloth. onsprinkler system.which the quenching or cooling effect of water Is of primary Importance. ca,,6fire A fire Involving flammape liquids. 35 gasoline. 011 and grease. whlch.must ~e extinguished by txeludill9 air and Inh 1!:>ItingwaUrmafrl j the release of combusUI7Ie vapors. cla55 CflreL A flre Involving live electrk:31 equipment,L which requires a nOflconductlng extinguishing medium. fire extinguisher cb" Dfire A porta Die apparatus for putting out a A flre Involving certain combustible rr.etals. small fin I1y ejecting pressurized water or as magneSium or sodium. which rtsortnng extinguishingfII the type of fire It fs able to extinguish.medium.L90 90. FIRE SAFETYme3ns of~ressA contlnuous path of travel from any pointIn" pulkllng to the outside at ground level. exitacce55 he r 1ul nta I exit exit That portlOn of a means of egress that Apassage through or around a wall An enclosed and protected path of escape k:ads to an exit. Bulkllng codes spectfy ccnstructed as re.uTwo or IIIOre COII(;Urrtnt forces Into which asln91e forc:e Ni I1c resolved and having anet effect on a rigkJ body t:lulvalent to that - p;malle!.ogram Ltwof the Initial force. For conven fenu Instructural anafysls. these are usually therect3ngular orCarUslan components of The profOSltlon that the vector sum of two concu mnt forces Cd n ~e de5C1ibed by the dlagor131 of a parallelogram having adjacentL slJes which represent th~ two forcethe Initial fOfU. vectors ~I~ addea. ~. --. vector ,um A slngle vector equ~lent to and produCing the sa~ meet on a body as theL application of two or more given vectors.moment ---... -.-.-.---The tendency of a furc.e to produce rotation Also caf1ed resultant.... tri.1"9 Ie method A 9raphk: technique forflndtng the vectLof a body a~.a poIrrt or nne. equa lin sum of t1IO concurrent forces ~ dls~ngmagnitude to the product of the force andone force YeCtor p;a ra JleI to Itself until Itsthe moment ann .and acting In a clockwIsetaU coincides ltIt:k the he3a of the otheror counterclockwise alrectlol!.and completJ~ the tnangle with 2 vect.?rmornentcenter -.- .. -...... ---- ....- - . that represents the result3 nt force.The poInt .twhlch the axis of a moment . polygon method~ the ria ne of th:: forces causing A graphic technique for flndlng the vectorthe moment. sum of a coplarl4r system of several momentMft ~.-----.-.-.-.- ... -----.....- - . concurrent fOfUS Py dnwlng to scale eachThe perpendicular distance from the hne of force vector In 5ucusslon. with the tall ofaction of a force to the point orn~ .a rout each at the head of the one preced1ng It.wnlch a InOmeody remainsIn rot.ltlonJl equJllDrlum. .... , ~ -., ..... center of - rtU"Th~ point at which the entln?mass Of 3{11111l ~J__ m " "--~-- parallelforc~s ~ .. j -:Pody mzy ~ conslJered concentratea suchthat the II"IOmtnt a rout any line through the Nonconcurrent forces having parallel lines point Is zero. of action.untrold nonca ncurrent force,The cem:a- of. or.:. or two-dlmenslonal Forces "3".1ng lines of action that do not flgure. aDout which the sum of the Intersect at a common point. the vectordisplacements of.1I polnts In the Agure Is sum of which Is a sl~1e force that would 1--_ _ _ _ _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _--1 zero. cause the same translation and rotation of a rody as the set of original forces.96 96. F)!r--FORCEr1 Newto~s first law at moticn The physlcallaw that a body remains at rest or In motion with a constant ve!oclty unless an external force acts on the I1odY.AI50calleJlawoflnertia. ~ inertia .. . The tendency of a rody at rost to rort13ln at rost or of a body In motion to tsl. _.-. .-...statically equivalentrotaln Its velocity along a straight lineHaying the same translatlooalunless acted upon by an external force. tn n5Lrt.ic naM rotational effect on a L>ocly. "" I ~ujlil1rant ~ tmiforin motion of a Pocly In a straight line, wttnaut rotatlon or angular dlsplaument.!Theforcerequlreatobrl~asetof. : fconcurrent forces Into equl!lllrlun1, 1 fequal In magnitude l7ut opposite In. fIj ~ 1 .! dlreGtlon to the resultant of theI; . ,.! concurrent force system and actlng Lh.. i~ ,~along the same line of action. roUtion Q " -,,-, The c!rcuLY rnotlon of a Dody aL>out an axis. p. .. --.-........-......... - equilil1rium lever . -------.- ... -... --" ----.---- Astate of l7alanu or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing A ri..;iJ element that pivots about a forces. For a rigid Poay to I7e In fulcn;m to e:xert;l pressure Of sustain equlhlnium, two conditions are a ~ht at a second polnt by a force necessaij. appr~ at a third. First. the vector sum of all forces fulcrum . _.-_.-.. acting on It must equal zero. ensuringLM.lwtc =px Q- (7:t3) + (Ix 0) - (Ix 0) = 0 . translational equflllnium: The point Of" support aDout wn Ie h a bertr.iInch of physics that d&lls opposite direction along the same hneWIth ~ effects of forces on Dodles Ior rrt4terbl systems, comprised of of action as the original force. AI50 C3neJ the law of ..etlan and r!actlon.st.1tlc s ;I nd dyn3 mIcs.StlUc5The ~n,h of mechanics that deals applied forcewith ;~ rei3tlons of forces An external foru actlng directly on aprcJvdn.g equilibrium among bodies Pody.or m...~1 systems. reactive force An external force generated Py the~micsThe h~.ch of mech;uuc5 that dealsaction of one lIody on another.Nlth :~~ motlcn and equlllDrlum ofbod:es or m3tertll systems underthe ~C:le In feudal times.esp. In times of siege. Also calledchapel A slTl3n towa-forming part of aAsubordinate or private place ofcitadeldonjen. ~ .... ---.. -: ~rger stroctue, frequentlyworship or prayer within a larger A fortress In a commanding posltlon In or ~Innlng ~alstance above thecomplex.neara city, used In the control of the ground. Also CJf1eJ tourdk. . Inhabitants and In defense during attack ar~ l7artrun siege. A sm.all o.~ll9lng turret