A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO STM VALIDATION

Human Factors Assessment of STM Tools: A Scientific Approach

Dr Claire Pekcan Professor of Maritime Applied Psychology

Warsash Maritime AcademySouthampton Solent University

Agenda

• Implications of STM for Seafarers and Shore Control

• STM Validation by the EMSN• Human Factors Assessments• Real life: can you help?

Situational Awarenesson shore ...

... and aboard

STM Validation by the EMSN

EMSNEnglish Channel

EMSNWestern Baltic

ExperimentsControlled Experiment (~ 1 hour)

Local testing @ WMA and Chalmers

2 live bridges2 target ships4 runs per day20 seafarers per week

No STM normal HO X OT TSS

With STM normalHO X OT TSS

No STM fog HO X OT TSS

With STM fogHO X OT TSS

Measures Eye tracker – allocation of attentionSituational awareness diaryPerformance: COLREGS compliance

Ship-Related

Position, Heading, TCPAs, CPAs, Speed, Time

Close quarters’ situations and near misses

Equipment Use(1=Most Frequent)

Equipment English ChannelMean Rank

BalticMean Rank

Radar 1.57 1.60

ECDIS 3.17 1.60

Look Out 3.67 2.80

AIS 4.00 3.75

Conning Display 4.14 4.00

VHF 5.71 6.40

Telephone 6.83 7.60

Human FactorsTypes of Errors1. Violation

(conscious failure to adhere to procedures or regulations) e.g. performing a checklist from memory

2. Procedural (followed procedures with wrong execution) e.g. wrong parameters set on ECDIS

3. Communications (missing or wrong information exchange or misinterpretation) e.g. misunderstood helm order

4. Proficiency(error due to lack of knowledge or skill) e.g. inability to programme to automation

5. Decision(decision that unnecessarily increases risk) e.g.unnecessary route deviation into shallow water

Error Response Ratings

1. Error trapped2. Failed to respond3. Error exacerbated4. Necessitated emergency action

Real Life

www.vesselfinder.com

Orange – TankersYellow – General CargoGreen – FerriesLight Blue – Fishing VesselsPurple – Sailing Vessels

STM On-board: Can you help?

Questionnaires:STM Tools Acceptance

1 Average (N=14)

7

Useless 5.46 Useful

Pleasant 2.23 Unpleasant

Bad 5.77 Good

Nice 2.50 Annoying

Effective 1.85 Redundant

Irritating 6.00 Likeable

Assisting 1.93 Worthless

Undesirable 6.00 Desirable

Alertness + 3.00 Sleep +

Sit aware + 3.77 Sit aware -

Port Call Synchronisation

Questionnaires:Usability

Interviews: Thoughts and Opinions

1. E-Navigation is considered by some to offer a number of advantages over paper chart navigation. What is your opinion?

2. There have been recent calls from some quarters to revert to paper charts as the primary means of navigation. What are your thoughts?

3. Describe your experiences using the STM tools on board your ship.

4. How do you feel about using the STM tools to navigate?5. What are your thoughts on the need to continue

teaching traditional navigational skills such as chart work and celestial navigation?

6. Etc……

Thank you for listeningclaire.pekcan@solent.ac.uk