a revolution in transportation
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A Revolution in Transportation. A Revolution in Transportation. In 1816, Henry Clay’s American System initiated federally funded “internal improvements” The National Road became the 1 st federal transportation project Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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A Revolution in Transportation
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A Revolution in TransportationIn 1816, Henry Clay’s American
System initiated federally funded “internal improvements”–The National Road became the
1st federal transportation project–Thousands of private turnpikes
were built by entrepreneurs–Roads were useful but they did
not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation
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America's 1st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790
America's 1st Turnpike: Lancaster, PA 1790
By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities
By 1832, nearly 2,400 miles of roads connected most major cities
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Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
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Principal Canals by 1840Steamboats & canals stimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of
manufactured goods to the West
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Steamboats & CanalsMississippi & Ohio Rivers helped
farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West:–Fulton’s invention of steamboats
helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing
–State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North
Steamboats provided upstream shipping with reduce costs & increased speeds
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Robert Fulton’ s SteamboatRobert Fulton’ s Steamboat
The ClermontThe Clermont
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The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West
The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial
capital of the U.S.
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Inland Freight Rates
Inland Freight Rates
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The RailroadFrom 1840 to 1860, the greatest
new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads –In 1840s, railroads began to
challenge canals’ dominance–Stimulated industrial &
commercial agricultural growth –Led to new forms of finance,
such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies
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The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
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The Railroad Revolution,
1850sImmigrant
labor built railroads in the North
Slave labor built railroads in the South
The Expansion of Railroads by RegionRailroad Expansion by 1860
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Transportation Revolution by
1840: Rivers, Roads,
Canals, & Railroads
Jackson’s assault on the 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did
not stop transportation improvements
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The Market Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution BoomsIn the 1840s, American industrial
production became more efficient:–Due to numerous industrial
innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South
–Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming
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Rise of Commercial AgricultureThe antebellum era saw a boom
in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to:–Lower transportation costs –New agricultural innovations like
McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator
–The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops
Ohio, NY, & PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton
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Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793
Actually invented by a slave!
Actually invented by a slave!
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John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow
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Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
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Early IndustrialismIn 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing
was made by women at home in the “putting out” system
By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions–The most famous factory was
the Lowell Mill in Boston–Still, only 9% of Americans were
involved in manufacturing
Brought families extra income
“Cottage Industry”
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Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Early Textile Loom
Early Textile Loom
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Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840sSewing Machine
1840sSewing Machine
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Eli Whitney’s Other Critical InventionEli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention
Introduced Interchangeable Rifle PartsIntroduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts
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(Two more critical inventions of the era that have little to do with the Market Revolution)
Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840
Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858
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The Lowell System:The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
The Lowell System:The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell Boarding Houses
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Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”
What was their typical “profile?”
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New England Dominance in
Textiles
New England Dominance in
Textiles
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The Market RevolutionBy 1840, improved transportation
& innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a national market economy:–U.S. developed a self-sustaining
national economy of commercial farming & manufactured goods
–But, the U.S. economy was driven by regional specialization
Northern industrySouthern cotton production
Western commercial farming
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America in 1840The Antebellum SouthCotton production
divided society in the Deep South:–Large plantations
with lots of slaves made good money
–Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming
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Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1840Slave Population, 1860
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America in 1840The Antebellum WestLand was cheapSettlers transformed
the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms:–Wheat & corn–Hogs & cattle
Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market
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America in 1840
The Antebellum NorthShifted from yeoman
to small commercial farming
Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South
Experienced rapid urbanization
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U.S. Urban
Centers
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American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
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The Market RevolutionNew innovations made work
easier & improved American industry & agriculture
However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s –60% of the population were still
involved in farming–Most production was still done
traditionally in small workshops
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Mass Immigration Begins
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Mass Immigration BeginsFrom 1840 & 1860, 4 million Irish
& Germans immigrated to America
Motivations for immigration:–Most came for higher wages in
northern industrial jobs–The potato blight from 1845-
1854 brought 1.5 million Irish immigrants
–Low fares on trans-Atlantic ships made access easier
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Immigration to the US
1820-1860
Where did immigrants go?
Industrial workers
Farmers
Cotton farming & cattle
Gold miners
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Mass Immigration BeginsImmigrants filled low-paying jobs
in northern cities or migrated into the West to become farmers–This vast pool of cheap labor
provided fuel for the U.S. Industrial Revolution in 1850s
–In the 1840s, factory labor began to shift from American women & children to immigrant men
In 1836, 4% of the Lowell Mill workers were foreign-born; By 1860 62% were foreign-born
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Mass Immigration BeginsLow immigrant wages contributed
to urban slums where poverty, disease, & crime were common
This influx of immigration led to urban reform movements:–Provided police forces, sanitized
water, sewage disposal, & improved housing standards
–But the immigrant poor were largely unaffected by the results
Affluent city dwellers moved to America’s 1st suburbs
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Anti-Immigrant ReactionImmigrant groups were met with
prejudice (esp the Irish Catholics) & tension in 1840s & 1850s
Nativism emerged among American-born citizens:–Suspicion of the new ethnic
neighborhoods & alien cultures–Led to bloody anti-Catholic riots,
charges of despotism, & anti-Irish propaganda
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Nativist propaganda targeting German & Irish immigrants
Anti-Catholic “Native American” mob battling the state militia in Philadelphia in 1844
The “Know-Nothing” Party
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Conclusions In the 1830s & 1840s, the USA
was growing more democratic & economically self-sufficient:–Innovation & transportation
improvements connected regional specialization into a nation market economy
–This economic growth will stimulate a sense of “manifest destiny” into the West & sectional divisions between North & South