a review of technological developments in microwave power ...xajzkjdx.cn/gallery/375-may2020.pdf ·...

A Review of Technological Developments in Microwave Power Dividers

APARNA B BARBADEKAR 1, PRADEEP M. PATIL 2

1 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, AISSMS IOIT, Pune, India. 2 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, JSPM/TSSM’S COE, Pune, India.

Abstract

This paper presents a literature review on the milestone of technological developments in

microwave power dividers with regards to size reduction for system integration. This research

review has been carried out primarily to collect statistical data about S parameters, size and

bandwidth of different microwave power dividers and to study their interdependency while

developing multiband dividers. Wilkinson power divider (WPD), the first of its kind suffers from

narrow bandwidth and large size at a low frequency band. Over the years, dividers have been

changing their structure so that they can be more compatible for system integration. Various

design approaches have been used to minimize the power divider in terms of size such as a

parallel strip line, branch directional couplers, bridge-T coils etc to replace quarter wave λ /4

transmission line, where lambda (λ) is wavelength. In order to meet the demanding

communication standards, research attempts have been made to address the requirements for

multiband and broadband power dividers. The result obtained from the statistical data shows

that the proposed study could realize the reduction in the circuit size when compared with

conventional WPD. The results show the size reduction of the modified WPD operating at single

frequency varies from 57.67% to 91.25%.The size reduction is obvious with multiband dividers.

It is further observed that the isolation loss goes down by 30.5% to 27.2% when output ports

vary from 4 to 6.

Keywords: Single frequency, dual frequency, miniaturization, Wilkinson power divider

integration, S-parameter.

1. Introduction

Microwave power dividers are extensively used to divide the power from input port to output

port. T-junction and resistive type are least preferred due to their isolation being poor as

compared to third type Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) [1]. WPD plays a significant role in

communication systems because of its characteristics namely, simple configuration, the matching

of impedance and isolation at output ports [2-3].The WPD being large in size particularly at low

frequency because of the limitations of λ /4 transformers in each transmission path [4].WPDs are

Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology

Volume XII, Issue V, 2020

ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3505

of two types: equal or -3dB power divider and unequal power divider. Equal split power divider

finds it application in base station to drive the power equally, in wireless communication systems

and also signal processing applications. These power dividers are easy to design and implement.

However unequal power dividers [5] have a fabrication limitation of printing a thin conductor

width. Figure 1 shows conventional diagram of equal power divider and Figure 2, shows

equivalent transmission line circuit. The characteristic impedance is presented by Z0 and the λ

represents wavelength.

Researchers have been motivated by the latest technologies in cellular communication to put in

the effort to reduce the size and improve the bandwidth in order to design a more compact power

divider [6-15]. In order to meet the demanding standards of communication, researchers have

also made efforts to address the requirements of the broadband and multi band power dividers

[15-33].This paper presents a thorough survey of various design methodologies that have

evolved over the years for system integration and that are being utilized to minimize the

dimensions of the power dividers. Different techniques such as parallel strip line [7], branch

directional coupler [10], transmission lines [11], bridge-T coils [14] etc have been brought into

use instead of the λ/4 transmission line in the traditional WPD.

The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 review the research work in this field. Section 3

presents statistical data of S-parameters. Sections 4 presents the Results and Discussion and the

Conclusion based on our survey are given in section 5.References are cited at the end of the

paper.

2. Research work Review

The history of conventional WPD was summarized in [1-5] by the different authors. The WPD

had drawbacks such as narrow bandwidth and larger size due to the use of λ /4 transmission line

sections and its single frequency operation. In [6] the use of lumped passive components instead

of the transmission line section was suggested to reduce the circuit size. The lumped passive

components required in the network were obtained by equating ABCD matrices,



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3506

[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽ℓ 𝑗𝑍𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽ℓ

𝑗𝑌𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽ℓ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽ℓ] = [

1 +𝑍𝑇2

𝑍𝑇12𝑍𝑇2 +

𝑍2𝑇2

𝑍𝑇1

1

𝑍𝑇11 +

𝑍𝑇2

𝑍𝑇1

] (1)

From the above equation, the loss of transmission line section was not directly correlated to the

electrical length. Therefore the proposed WPD [7] can be implemented by λ /4 or 3λ /4 branches

[8].However, a limited bandwidth because of inductors with a high Q factor and a higher

insertion loss were the drawbacks that emerged. A novel idea was presented by Leung Chiu et

al. in [9] which included the use of parallel strip line structure. The design equations used were,

𝑅 = 2𝑍1 (2)

𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 = √(1 + 𝑘)𝑧1𝑧3 (3)

𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝐷 = √(1 +1

𝑘) 𝑧1𝑧2 (4)

Where Z1, Z2, Z3 are input impedances shown in Figure 1(a) at port 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

However, the structure introduced a discontinuity for the divider along with a reduction in

performance of the circuit. . In 2008, Jun-Bo Jiang et al, introduced the use of a bent microstrip

line in place of straight microstrip line to reduce the circuit size [10]. In [11], a novel compact

CNS power divider shown in Figure 1(e) was designed which used an equivalent low pass filter

circuit instead of the λ/4 transmission lines. The observation here was that the center frequencies

reflection coefficient was offset slightly to the low frequency. Using structures that were based

on the two branch directional coupler theory was suggested by Kejia Ding et al. [12]. Even/odd

modes motivation method [13] was used to design and analyzed the power dividers useful in

microwave circuits and antenna fed network. The structure based on single layer microstrip line

with capabilities to design different types of power dividers was proposed in [14]. It could reduce

occupational area and suppresses harmonic [15], multiband [16-17], and arbitrary dividing ratio

[18-19].The power divider used two section transmission line, two inductors and two resistors as

shown in Figure 1(b).



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3507

Figure 1 (a) Modified WPD with a swap and shunt resistors, (b) Layout of unequal power divider, (c)Circuit model

of 4- way power divider, (d) Schematic of n-way power divider

A compact 1:1 and 1:9 dividers at 1GHz frequency totally based on Wilkinson topology was

designed with the use of two microstrip circuits [20]. In the present topology, the first stage was

1:2 power divider were as second stage used was two power dividers but converted to three

output ports[21].The resultant 1:6 power divider could separate an incoming signal with

equivalent amplitude of outputs into 6 output ports. Replacement of all λ /4 lines [22] with the

use of step impedance resonator (SIR), implementation of glass based TFIPD technology [23]

and the use of Bridge T-coils [24-25], to reduce the size without affecting the operational

bandwidth of the proposed power divider shown in Figure 1(c). In n-way power divider with n

quarter wave transmission line was presented in [26].Each line had a characteristic impedance

that is √𝑛 Z0 and isolation impedance Zis as shown in Figure 1(d).Isolation impedance acted as



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3508

open circuit because of symmetry of the structure. Hence perfect input match and equal power

division was possible irrespective of electrical length θ.Hence in the reduction in the circuit size

and isolation loss [27-28] was possible with the proposed power dividers.

Various design approaches of power dividers [6-28] could effectively reduce size up to 90 %

[11], but at a single frequency. Therefore in order to address the demand of the standards of

telecommunication, researchers have focused their attentions toward the design of broadband,

dual band and multiband power dividers.

Figure 2(a) Three-way power divider based on NabuoNagai, (b) WPD in microstrip form

In 2013, a planar six-way power divider [29] was presented which was based on Nobuo Nagai

theory [30] to reduce the size area with a good harmonic suppression. The structure shown in

Figure 2(a) was two dimensional, easy to design and symmetrical. The planar structure sections

in cascade used to increase bandwidth. UBW power divider was designed in[31] with the use of

three open stubs on each branch and use of defected ground structure (DGS) on the back of inter

digital coupled lines. Multistage λ /4 impedance transformers were used to increase the

bandwidth and reduced the size of proposed UWB power divider in [32].The physical model

shown in Figure 2(b) was simulated with HFSS software to get the desirable result.UWB, strip

line, power divider operating over the frequency band [2-28] was presented in [33]. The thick

layers provided at the top and bottom of the dielectric use increase the width of strip lines and

reduced the effect of fabrication tolerances on the divider performances. Modeling approach



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3509

based on conventional line theory was presented in [34] to analyze the performance of unequal

dual frequency power divider.

Figure 3 (b) dual band coupled line WPD, (c) Standard model cell for dual band power divider

Dual band coupled line WPD was proposed in [35]. The structure shown in Figure 3(a) had two

section coupled lines and two isolation resistors which leads to minimize the size of the power

divider. Based on theoretical analysis power divider could operate over wide frequency range (1

to 3) without additional requirements on microstrip fabrication and could cover all other dividers

[36-39]. A generalized WPD with various features such as equal [40-44] or unequal power

divisions [45-46] power dividers was useful for dual band applications. The planar structure

proposed in [47] and based on a recombient structure concept in[48] was useful to design a novel

three way dual band, arbitrary planner power divider (can be generalized to any number). The

large separation between W1 and W2 shown in Figure 3(b) reduced the parasitic effect without

reducing the efficiencies of the power divider. Multisection impedance transformers were

proposed [48] to increase the operation band with two-section transmission lines [49] with two

isolation resistors were in the structure. The offset double side parallel strip provided high

impedance in unequal power dividers. A presentation in [50] brought forth a generalized WPD

that included lumped elements were able to enable dual band and unequal power division. This

particular divider had an edge in the characteristics of isolation and bandwidth of reflection at the

output terminals as well as in the choice of inductance. Moreover, this was accomplished with no

degradation in the impedance as well as in the power division characteristics. Haijun Fan et al,



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3510

came up with an innovative, reconfigurable structure with a high dividing ratio power divider

[51]. Merely three p-i-n diode were utilized without any d.c. blocking capacitors. The planar,

wide band with tunable power division ratio was the focused of the design in [52]. The proposed

power divider use λ /4 wavelength three line parallel couples structure with controllable coupling

factors using two centrally connected varactors. Even/odd mode [53] analysis could be used for

the proposed structure. The different power division ratios were obtained by changing the

coupling factors between the central line and two side lines. The artificial transmission line

(ATL) technology [54]and double sided parallel strip lines (DSPSL) were used in design a 4:1

unequal WPD[55].It was found that ATLs reduce the size of microwave components at low

frequency band and hence minimize the structure so as to suit for wireless communication

applications. The concept of complete termination for 3dB power dividers was presented in

Hybrid microstrip form [56].The accuracy of design approach was confirmed with the

measurement of S-parameters based on their characterization.

Filtering power dividers have been he focused of the multiple studies in the recent times. The

proposed power divider in [57] was a narrow bandwidth with a wide stop band. A three terminal,

two-pole band pass filters [58] and low pass filter [59] were used to substitute two- quarter wave

length transformers in the conventional WPD. In [60] there was a report of a novel class of

power dividers that filtered on the basis of quasi-band pass section. It had features like frequency

controllable single/multiband operation.The operation was scalable to multiple bands using a

design methodology that was simple. Innovative wide band power dividers that include filter

function is proposed was searched and presented in [61]. The schematic of this proposed power

divider is shown in Figure 4(a). The electrical lengths θ and port impedances Z0 were set as 𝜋

2 at

the center frequency fc. Due to the use of transversal signal-interference section [62]. The

bandwidth was increased to a 90% due to the additional transmission zeros and poles as

compared with conventional power divider. Use of isolation resistor with series of resistor-

inductor-capacitor network, increased the isolation bandwidth to about 200%.The power divider

could be a practical substitute of traditional WPD. The structure [63] with a pair of short ended

parallel coupled lines (PCLS) could realize multiple transmission zeros and poles so as to

achieve a wide filtering response. The isolation resistors R1 and R2 shown in Figure 4(b) were



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3511

added for matching and isolation between port 2 and 3.The features of the divider were compact

size, sharp selectivity wide bandwidth and filtering function.

Figure 4(a) Generalized model of dual band WPD with RLC circuit, (b) Wide band filtering power divider FPD

3. Statistical data analysis:

In this section, we have summarized all the reviewed literature. Table 1 compares S-parameters,

Table 2 compares various technologies used for size reduction and Table 3 compares various

parameter variations due to different design technologies used.

Table 1.Performance comparison of S-parameters

Reference

paper

Return

loss

(dB)

Insertion

loss (dB)

Isolation

(db)

Size in area

mm2

Center

Freq.

(GHz)

Comments

6 >30.4 <0.16 27 0.015 4.5 GHz CMOS technology is used in

fabrication.1:2 WPD.

9 2 <0.7 >25 25.10cm2 2GHz

A parallel - strip swap was used to

enhance isolation. 1:1 PD

10 Good 4.77 >30 31.32 0.9 GHz

Bent micro strip line reduced the size

of the divider.1:2,1:12 unequal PD.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3512

11 Not

quoted

Not

quoted

Not

quoted 0.36 1.616

LTCC technology was used to reduce

the size.1:3 WPD

12 <-20 Not

quoted >17 87.40 2.5GHz

Two branch directional couplers used

to simplify the design and fabrication

power divider.

14 27.34 3.34 30 3.78 cm2 1 GHz Transmission lines and inductors

20 <12.3 <7.8 <12.8 DiClad 527

substrate 1.5 GHz Microstrip technology.

22

-20

<.02

-20

14.4

1.6 – 2.1

Pass band

Compact WPD with LTCC technology.

<-20

0.5

>20

1.7 - 3.7

Pass band

24 15 1.75 15 21.16 1.6

Glass-based TFIPD technology was

used to compact chip size. Broad band

4 –way PD.

26 16.2 4.8 24 0.06 2 n-way WPD reduced the insertion loss

& circuit size.

29 -20 8 >20 Not quoted 1.71-2.5 Planner six-way broad band,1:6 PD

based on Nubuo Nagal theory.

31 < 10 Small < -10 0.285 3.1 – 10.6 Inter-digital coupled-lines used in

design of UWB

32 < 1.25 -3.5 -22 9.30cm2 2 – 8 HFSS used to accelerate to the design

process.3dB UWB PD.

33 1.5 0.4 -18 8.36cm2 2 – 18

Coupled strip lines used to improve

isolation and impedance matching at

high frequencies.UWB PD.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3513

34

50 -- >50

FR4

substrate

f1=0.9

Genetic algorithm is proposed in

design optimization Dual Frequency

unequal PD. 50 -- >50

FR4

substrate f2=1.8

35

>25 >-3.15 >30 2.36cm2 f1=1.1

Coupled-line circuit structure is used.

>25 >-3.19 >30 2.36cm2 f2= 2.2

47 Not

quoted

1.51

<-21

F4B

Substrate

f1=0.6

Proposed design theory for generalized

power dividers

1.57 -9.8 F4B

Substrate f2=2.45

48

>15

-7.36

-26

Not quoted

f1=2.45 WPD is implemented on DSPSL. HFSS

optimization technique was used. Multi

section 2way power divider.

>15

-7.37

-25

f2=5.25

50

<-20

-4.77

< -20

Rogger-RT

5880

f1=1

Lumped elements enable dual band

(DSPSL) unequal power division in the

proposed divider.

<-20 1.76 <-20 f2=1.8

51 >15.4 1.6 >18 Roger 6002 5

Simulations are executed by HFSS and

ADS with pin diode equivalent circuits

.1:5 power divider.

52 10 3.5 – 5.8 >15 6.0cm2 0.7 – 1.4

Ring cavity multiple –way technique is

used.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3514

54 10 1.17 15 20.90 cm2 0.9

4:1 unequal WPD with artificial

transmission line (ATL) are used to get

high impedance.

55 >-20 Not

quoted >-20 12cm2 3.5

Even-odd mode analysis was used in

generalized power divider.

56

>25 4.75 23 0.02λ g2 0.9 Branch directional coupler is used.

59 Not

quoted

Not

quoted

0.9

Not

quoted

RO4003

Microstrip

Substrate

0.8 to 1.2 Reconfigurable , single /multiband

Filtering PD.

60 <-15 >17 0.80 λg×0.50

λg

1.55 -4.24

Wide band filtering PD operation by

embedding transversal filters is

realized.

61 >19.5 4.77 19.5 0.34 3.3 Asymmetric 3-way equal wide band

filtering PD.

Table 1 contains main variables of RF and microwave power dividers such as return loss,

insertion loss, isolation and size. Various reference papers are reviewed along with technology

used. The return loss shown in Table 1 varies from 15dB[14] to 30.4dB [6] for power dividers

operating at single design frequency[6-28].The dual frequency power dividers[21-25] show

excellent return loss from 15dB to 50dB.The highest insertion loss is observed is 8dB[16] and

lowest is 0.16dB[6] due to CMOS technology used. It is further observed that isolation loss

reduces with increasing output ports. In general the reduction in isolation marked is 30.5% to

27.2% when output port varies from 4 to 6.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3515

Table 2: Performance Comparison of different technologies used in size reduction

Reference

Paper

Center

Frequency

GHz

Size of

designed

PD

Conventional

WPD

reduction

in size

Technology used for replacement of

λ/4 transmission line

9 2 25.10cm2 62cm2 59.5%

Parallel strip line

10 0.9 31.32 cm2 74 cm2 57.67% Bent microstrip line in place of straight

microstrip line

11 1.616 0.36mm2 3.6mm2 90% Replacement of λ/4 transmission lines

with equivalent circuit

12 2.59 87.40 mm2 200 mm2 56.3% Branch directional couplers

14 1 3.78 cm2 9.28 cm2 60% Transmission lines, inductors

24 1.6 21.16 mm2 100 mm2 78.8% Bridge T coils in place of λ/4 lines.

26 2 0.06mm2 0.12mm2 50% Physical output port isolation

Performance comparison of different technologies use for size reduction of the power dividers is

shown in Table 2, which precisely shows the effects of technology used for replacement of λ/4

transmission line. The reduction in size of the power dividers varies from 50% [15] to 90% [9]

when compared with conventional WPD.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3516

Table 3.Performance comparison of parameters due to different design technologies used in microwave power

dividers

Reference

Paper

Isolation

(dB)

Phase

deviation

(in degree )

Amplitude

Deviation

(dB)

Size

(mm2)

Type of power divider

10 >30 0.35 ±0.023 31.32

3- way ,miniaturized ,wide band

WPD

14 30 ±2 -- 3.78 cm2 1:9, compact, microstrip WPD

24 15 ±6 0.6 21.16 4-Way broadband WPD

33 18 5 ±0.2 8.36cm2 In phase ultra wide band PD

51 18 -1.66 0.09 -- Reconfigurable 1:5 unequal PD

52 >15 ±5 ±0.7 6cm2 UWB, multiple way 1:32 inphase PD.

54 15 -5.1 ±0.53 20.90cm2 4:1 miniaturized unequal WPD

56 23 0.16 ±0.15 0.2 λg2 3-Terminal filter based WPD

60 >17 -0.65 0.72 0.80

λg×0.50 λg

UWB 3dB Filtering PD .

61 >14.9 -5.5 0.6 0.34 Asymmetric 3-way equal wide band

PD

Table 3 compares the performance comparison parameters due to the change in design

technologies. The effect of amplitude balance and phase balance which is due to replacement of

λ/4 transmission line is shown in Table 3. The amplitude variation observed is 5dB in the power

dividers operating at 2-18GHz.The minimum phase balance is 0.3̊ at 0.9GHz and maximum is ±6̊

at 1.6GHz, which may destabilized the operation of power divider.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3517

4. Result and discussion

The most significant parameter in the design of the power dividers is size. Various technologies

are used to reduce the size of the conventional WPD. It is observed from Table 2 that the

reduction in size of the power divider varies from 50% to 90%. It depends upon how efficiently

one can modify the λ/4 transmission line with available technology. For other types of power

dividers from Table 1, size reduction is not an issue because of their wide band, ultra wide band

and dual band frequencies. Size reduction and improvement in bandwidth is obvious in these

power dividers.

The return loss reveals how much of the incidence power is lost due to miss match at the input.

The return loss is good for power dividers operating at single design frequency [1-28]. It varies

from 15dB [24] to 30.4dB [6] and the reflection varies from 0.20 to 0.0. It indicates that

maximum power is delivered to the load in case of power dividers operating at a single

frequency. The return loss in case of UWB [29-33] power dividers is very small. It varies from

1.2dB [32] to 1.5dB [33] and the reflection varies from 0.71 to 0.31. The dual frequency power

dividers [34-50] show excellent return loss variations from 15 dB to 50dB with reflection

variation from 0.09 to infinity. The power dividers [51-63] represent a new class of filter based

power dividers and show satisfactory return loss in Table 1.

The loss of signal power that results when a device is inserted in a transmission line is insertion

loss. It is expressed in dB. Excessive length is the most common reason for reducing insertion

loss. Excessive insertion loss can also be caused by poor terminated connectors/plugs. Reflected

losses, dielectric losses and copper losses increase insertion loss. It is observed that for all types

of power dividers the insertion loss is greater than the minimum specified i.e. 0.5dB shown in

Table 1. In broadband design, insertion losses are higher because it is physically a longer device

and hence accumulates more radiation, dielectric, and conductor losses. The highest insertion

loss observed is 8dB [29]. The lowest insertion loss is 0.16dB [6] due to CMOS technology used

in fabrication.

Isolation refers to a signal leak between open contacts. The larger the isolation value, the smaller

the leak, and the less interference indicating favorable characteristics. Isolation can be improved



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3518

over 20dB by using a good termination device. There are various factors which affects isolation,

namely, termination, discontinuities, structure of the device, mismatching losses and

manufacturing tolerances. It has been observed that the isolation reduces with increasing output

ports. For a 4 port power divider the observed value of isolation is 15dB when the ideal value is

21.6dB and for 6 port power divider the observed value is 12.8dB where as the ideal value is

17.6dB. In general the reduction in isolation is 30.5% and 27.2% for port-4 and port-6

respectively as shown in Table 1.

Some of the issues raised during the literature survey are:

Amplitude balance depends upon the evenness with which the power is split among the output of

power divider. However, there is a possibility of a small variation in the amplitude of each of the

signals. It is observed from Table 3, that the amplitude variation is 5dB in a power divider

operating at 2-18 GHz.

The phase balance is what indicates the differential phase shift of the output signals of the power

divider. In an ideal case each output signal should remain unchanged and the same at each port.

However in practice each signal at the output varies in phase by a few degrees. The minimum

phase balance at 0.9GHz is 0.3 ̊ and it is maximum of ±6 ̊ at 1.6GHz i.e. the phase balance

usually increases with increasing frequency as observed from Table 3. If it is more than the

allowed limit, it may destabilize the operation of power divider.

Inaccuracies in the calibration process can also cause errors in the results. The possible cause of

deviation between the measurement and simulation process may be due to the dimensions of the

wafer and its structures, like transmission lines can vary from production. Also the thickness of

the substrate can vary causing a deviation from the predicted behavior.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3519

5. Conclusion

The main scope of this paper is to present previous statistical data available on microwave power

dividers. We have reviewed multiple approaches for the design of multiband power dividers.

More ever, a discussion on varying frequencies and power rations for multiband WPDs using

various methods has been conducted. The size reduction marked varies from 57.67% to 91.25%.

It is further observed that the isolation loss goes down by 30.5% to 27.2% when output ports

vary from 4 to 6.The main variables of RF and microwave power dividers have a barter

relationship and hence the selection is made by the designer depending upon the requirements of

the applications.

Future work

In the area of wideband and ultra band filter design, the technique for co-design of filters and

power dividers is a new topic of interest. Using computer aided design tools capable of analysis

of microwave circuits, the calculation of the amplitude and phase of the scattering parameters

can be done very accurately. The use of a multilayer substrate can be useful for increasing the

bandwidth, reducing the size and improve the isolation of power dividers.

Acknowledgment

Ms.Aparna Balaji Barbadekar has been working as Assistant Professor in department of

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Vishwakarma Institute of Information

Technology, Pune, till date.She is getting good support from her parent institute and the guide.

Dr. Pradeep Mitharam Patil who is presently working as Professor of Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering at JSPM/TSSM’S COE Pune, (India). He is member of various

professional bodies like IE, ISTE, IEEE and Fellow of IETE. He has been recognized as a PhD

guide by various Indian universities like University of Pune, Shivaji University, Kolhapur and

North Maharashtra University Jalgaon. His research areas include pattern recognition, neural

networks, fuzzy neural networks and power electronics.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3520

References

[1] E. J. Wilkinson, “An N-Way Hybrid Power Divider,” IRE Transactions on Microwave

Theory and Techniques, Vol. 8 Issue 1, pp. 116-118, 1960.

[2] D. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

pp. 308-361, 2005.

[3] L. I. Parad and R. L. Moynihan, "Split-Tee Power Divider", IRE Trans. Microwave

Theory Tech., Vol. 8, January 1965, pp. 91–95.

[4] S. B. Cohn, "A Class of Broadband Three-Port TEM-Mode Hybrids", IRE Trans.

Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 16, February 1968, pp. 110–116.

[5] R. B. Ekinge, "A New Method of Synthesizing Matched Broad-Band TEM-Mode Three-

Ports", IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 19, January 1971, pp. 81–88.

[6] Liange Hung Lu, Yu-Te Liao, and Chung Ru Wu,“A Miniaturized Wilkinson Power

Divider With CMOS Active Inductors,” IEEE Microwave And Wirless Components

Letters,Vol.15, No. 11,November 2005.

[7] L.-H Lu,S Mohammadi,G.E.Ponchak,P.Bhattachraya and L.Katehi, “Design and

Implementation of micromachined lumped quadrature hybrid,” in IEEE MTT-S

Int.Dig.,2001,pp 1285-1288.

[8] U.Yodprasit and J Ngarmnil, “Q-enhancing technique for RF CMOS active Inductor,” in

Proc.IEEE Int.Symp.Circuit Systems,2000,pp.589-592.

[9] Leung Chiu, Quan Xue,“A Parallel-Strip Ring Power Divider with High Isolation and

Arbitrary Power-Dividing Ratio,” IEEE Transaction On Microwave And Techniques,

Vol.55, No.11,November 2007.

[10] Jun-Bo HJiang, Ze-Hong Yan, Fang-Fang Fan, Xin Zhang, “A Miniaturized Three Way

Power Divider,” IEEE 2008.

[11] Li Yuenjin Xing Menjiang, Zhu Zhangming, Yang Yintage,“Novel Compact Compass

Navigation System (CNS) Power Divider,” IEEE 2010.

[12] Kejia Ding, Donglin Su,Fei He and Yazhou Wang,“A Novel Micro strip Line Three-Way

Power Divider,”IEEE 2011.

[13] Tsinghua University.Microstrip Circuit Beijing:Posts &Telecom Press 1976,pp.179-186.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3521

[14] Rashid Mirzavand, Mohammad Mahdi Honari, Abdolali Abdipour and Gholamreza

Moradi, “Compact Microstrip Wilkinson Power Dividers with Harmonic Suppression and

Arbirary Power Division Ratios,”IEEE Transaction On Microwave And Techniques,

Vol.61,No.1,January 2013.

[15] F.Wei, L.Wen-Tao, S. Xiao-Wei, and W. Yan-Yi, “Design of compact in-phase power

divider with one narrow notch band for UWB application,”Electron. Lett., vol. 48, no. 3,

pp. 166–168, Feb. 2012.

[16] X. Wang, U. Sakagami, K. Takahashi, and S. Okamura, “A generalized dual-band

wilkinson power divider with parallel and components,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory

Techn., vol. 60, no. 4, pp.952–964, Apr. 2012.

[17] Y. Wu, Y. Liu, and Q. Xue, “An analytical approach for a novel coupled-line dual-band

wilkinson power divider,” IEEE Trans. Microw.Theory Techn., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 286–

294, Feb. 2011.

[18] J.-L. Li and B.-Z. Wang, “Novel design of Wilkinson power dividers with arbitrary

power division ratios,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2541–2546, Jun.

2011.

[19] F. Lin, Q.-X. Chu, Z. Gong, and Z. Lin, “Compact broadband Gysel power divider with

arbitrary power-dividing ratio using microstrip/ slotline phase inverter,” IEEE Trans.

Microw. Theory Techn., vol. 60,no. 5, pp. 1226–1234, May 2012.

[20] Nyccy Agma Pribawa, Achmad Munir,“Wilkinson Topology-based 1:6 Power Divider

for L-Band Frequency Application’’, IEEE 2012

[21] D Maurin and K Wu, “A compact 1.7-2.1 GHz three- way power combiner using

microstrip technology with better than 93,8% combining efficiency,”IEEE Microwave

and Guided Wave Lett.,vol.6,No 2,Feb. 1996.

[22] Bo Fu, Xubo Wei,“A Compact Wilkinson Power Divider with LTCC Technology,” IEEE

2012.

[23] K.Zoschke,M Wolf, T Jurgen,E.Michael, F.Oswin, S.Thomas, R.Katrin, and S.Herbert,

“Thin film integration of passive-single components, filters, integrated passive devices,”

in 54th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, pp.294-301,2004.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3522

[24] Tzu-Gai Tseng and Yo-Shen Lin,“Miniature Broadband Four-Way Power Divider in

Glass-Based Thin-Film Integrated Passive Devise Technology,” IEEE 2013.

[25] Y.S. Lin and J.-H.Lee, “Miniature ultra-wideband power divider using bridged T-coils,”

IEEE Microw.Wireless Compon.Lett.,vol.22, no.8,pp.391-393,Aug.2012.

[26] Wonseok Choe and Jinho Jeong,“Compact Modified Wilkinson Power Divider with

Physical Output Port Isolation,’’ IEEE Transaction On Microwave And Techniques,

Vol.24, No.12,December 2014.

[27] K.-H Yi and B.Kang, “Modified Wilkinson power divider for nth harmonic

suppression,”IEEE Microw,Wireless Compon.Lett.,vol.13, no 5,pp.178-180, May 2003.

[28] P.-H Deng,J.-H Guo, and W.-C Kuo, “New Wilkinson power divider based on compact

stepped- impedance transmission lines and shunt open stubs,”Progress Electromag.

Res.,vol 123,pp.407-426,2012.

[29] Li-Bin Wan and Ya-Lin Guan, Wei-Long Fu,“A Novel Planar Six-Way Power Divider,”

IEEE 2013.

[30] N. Nagai and E.Maekawa, “Considerations on n-way hybrid power divider using coupled

multiwire lines,” Trans.Inst.Elect.Comm.Eng, Japan,vol.J60-B,pp.157-164,Mar.1977.

[31] Wei-Quian Liu, Feng Wei, Chun-Hui Pang, Xiao-Wei Shri,“Design of a Compact Ultra-

Wideband Power Divider,” IEEE 2012.

[32] Fanghai Xu, Gaofnet Guo, En Lie, Ju Wu,“An Ultra-Broadband 3 dB Power Divider,”

IEEE 2012.

[33] P.O.Afanasieve, V.A.Sledkov and M.B.Manuilov, “A Novel Design of Ultra-Wideband

Strip-Line Power Divider For 2-18 GHz,” IEEE 2013.

[34] Wang Wei, Lin Wencheng, Chen Dan, Peng Neng, Li Kai & Lan Zhongwen,“Design of

Dual-Frequency Unequal Power Dvider with Genetic Algorithm,” IEEE 2009.

[35] Yongle Wu, Yanan Liu and Quan Xue,“An Analytcical Approach for Novel Coupled-

Line Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider,” IEEE Transaction On Microwave And

Techniques, Vol.59, No.2,February 2010.

[36] X. Tang and K. Mouthaan, “Analysis and design of compact two-way Wilkinson power

dividers using coupled lines,” in Asia–Pacific Microw. Conf., Dec. 7–10, 2009, pp. 1319–

1322.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3523

[37] M.-J. Park, “Two-section cascaded coupled line Wilkinson power divider for dual-band

applications,” IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 188–190, Apr.

2009.

[38] M.-J. Park, “Dual-band Wilkinson divider with coupled output port extensions,” IEEE

Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 2232–2237, Sep. 2009.

[39] C. Law and K.-K. M. Cheng, “Compact dual-band power divider design using branch-

lines and resistors only,” in Asia–Pacific Microw. Conf., Dec. 16–20, 2008, pp. 1–4.

[40] L. Wu, Z. Sun, H. Yilmaz, and M. Berroth, “A dual-frequency Wilkinson power divider,”

IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 278–284, Jan. 2006.

[41] K.-K. M. Cheng and C. Law, “A novel approach to the design and implementation of

dual-band power divider,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 487–

492, Feb. 2008.

[42] M.-J. Park and B. Lee, “A dual-band Wilkinson power divider,” IEEE Microw. Wireless

Compon.Lett., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 85–87, Feb. 2008.

[43] T. Yang, J.-X. Chen, and X. Y. Z. Xue, “A dual-band out-of-Phase power divider,” IEEE

Microw. Wireless Compon.Lett., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 188–190, Mar. 2008.

[44] Y. Wu, Y. Liu, and X. Liu, “Dual-frequency power divider with isolation stubs,”

Electron. Lett., vol. 44, no. 24, pp. 1407–1408, Nov. 2008.

[45] Y. Wu, Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Gao, and H. Zhou, “A dual band unequal Wilkinson power

divider without reactive components,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 57, no. 1,

pp. 216–222, Jan. 2009.

[46] Y.Wu,Y. Liu, and S. Li, “An unequal dual-frequency Wilkinson power divider with

optional isolation structure,” Progr. Electromagn. Res.,vol. 91, pp. 393–411, 2009.

[47] Yongle Wu, Yuanan Liu, Quan Xue, Shulan Li,Cuiping Yu,“Analytical Design Method

of Multiway Dual-Band Planar Power Dividers with Arbitrary Power Division,” IEEE

Transaction On Microwave And Techniques, Vol.58, No.12 , December 2010,.

[48] Suyang Shie, Wenquan Che,“Dual-band Power Divider Based on Double-side parallel

strip Line (DSPSL) ”, CJMW 2011 Proceedings.

[49] K.K.M.Cheng and F.L.Wong, “A new Wilkinson power divider design for dual band

application,” IEEE Microw.Wireless Compon.Lett., vol.17, no. 9, pp.664-666,Sep. 2007.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3524

[50] Xiaolong Wang, Iawata Sakagami, Kensaku Takahashi & Singo Okamura,“A

Generalized Dual-Band Wilkinson Power Divider with Parallel L C, and R components ,”

IEEE transaction on microwave theory and techniques, vol.60, no.4 , ,april 2012.

[51] Haijun Fan, Xianling Liang,Junping Geng,Ronghong Jin and Xialang Zhou,

“Reconfigurable Unequal Power Divider With a High Dividing Ratio,” IEEE Microwave

And Wireless Components Letters 2015.

[52] L.Guo, H.Zhu and A.M. Abbosh , “Wideband Tunable In Phase Power Divider Using

Three –Line Coupled Structure,” IEEE. Microwave And Wireless Components Letters

Letter 2016

[53] A.Abbosh, “Design of Ultra-wideband three-way arbitrary power divider,”IEEE

Trans.Microw.theory Tech .,vol 56, no 1,pp.194-201,Jan 2008.

[54] C.-W.Wang,T.-G. Ma and C.-F.Yang, “A New planar artificial transmission line and its

applications to a miniaturized butler matrix,” IEEE transactions on Microwave Theory

and Techniques, vol.55, no.12,pp.2792-2801,2007.

[55] Wen Huang, Wei Ruan and Fai tan, “,A miniaturized 4:1 Unequal Wilkinson power

Divider using Artificial Transmission lines and Double Sided Parallel Strip lines,”

International Journal Of antennas and Propogation valume 2017.

[56] Anna Piacibello,Marco Pirola and Giovanni ghione, “Generalized Symmetrical 3dB

Power Dividers With Complex Termination Impedances,”IEEE Access 2020.

[57] Wei Ming Chau, Ko Wen Hsu and Wen Hua Tu, “Filter Based Wilkinson Power Divider

,” IEEE microwave and wireless components letters vol.24, no. 4april 2014.

[58] J.-S Hong and M.J.Lancaster, Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications. New

York:Wiley, 2001.

[59] W.H.Tu and K.Chang, “Microstrip elliptic- function low pass filters using distributed

elements or slotted ground structure,”IEEE Transas. Microw.Theory Tech.,vol

54,no.10,pp.3792,Oct 2006.

[60] Dimitra Psychogiou,Roberto Gomez Garcia, Andrew C.Guyette and Dimitrios Peroulis,

“Reconfigurable Single/Multi-Band Filtering Power Divider Based On Quasi bandpass

Sections,” IEEE Microwave And Wireless Components Letters Vol.64, No.9 ,Sepember

2016.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3525

[61] Lingxiao Jiao, Yongle Wu Yuanan Liu and Zabih Ghassemlooy , “Wideband Filtering

Power Divider With Embedded Transversal Signal Interference Sections,” IEEE

Microwave And Wireless Components Letters Vol.27, No.12,December L 2017.

[62] R.Gomez-Garcia, R.Loeches-Sanchez,DPsychogiou, and D.Peroulis, “Single/multi-band

Wilkinson-type power dividers with embedded transversal filtering sections and

application to channelized filters,”IEEE Circuits Syst. I,Reg.Papers,vol. 62.no.

6,pp.1518-1527,Jun 2015.

[63] Chuanming Zhu and Jian Zhang , “Design og High Selectivity Asymmetric three Way

Equal Wideband Filtering power Divider,” IEEE Access 2019.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 3526

a review of technological developments in microwave power ...xajzkjdx.cn/gallery/375-may2020.pdf ·...

Documents