a critical review of bim in indian context by (kamat et al)

K.L.E Society’s

B.V.BHOOMARADDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY,HUBLI-580031 (An Autonomous Institute Certified by ISO 9001 under VTU )

VISVESWARAIAH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM-590 014

A PROJECT REPORT On

A CRICTICAL REVIEW OF BUILDING INFORMATION

MODELLING

Submitted By:

Ajay Inamdar 2BV07CV002

Siddhartha Kamat 2BV07CV013

Naveengoud Patil 2BV07CV018

Saleem Malik Naik 2BV08CV402

Under the guidance of

Dr. Satish Annigeri Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering B.V.Bhoomaraddi College Of Engineering & Technology, Hubli-580031

K.L.E Society’s

B.V.BHOOMARADDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY,HUBLI-580031

(An Autonomous Institute Certified by ISO 9001 under VTU )

VISVESVARYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM-590 014

Certificate

This is to certify that the Project work entitled “A Critical Review of Building Information Modelling” is

a bonafide work carried out by Ajay Inamdar, Siddhartha Kamat, Naveengoud Patil, Saleem Malik

Naik in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering during

the year 2010-2011, is a record of the bonafide work carried out by them. They have worked under my

guidance and supervision and have fulfilled the requirements for the submission of this project report.

Guide Head of the Department

Dr. S. A. Annigeri Dr. S. S. Quadri

Professor Dept. of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.

Principal

Dr. Ashok. S. Shettar

B.V.B. College of Engg. & Tech.

Signature of Examiners

Name Signature

1………………………………….. …………………………….

2………………………………….. …………………………….

Page ii

Acknowledgement

The successful completion of any task will be incomplete

without complimenting those who made it possible and whose

guidance and encouragement has made our efforts successful.

We are very much indebted to our beloved guide Dr. Satish

Annigeri, whose sincere guidance; valuable suggestions and

benevolent direction were mainly responsible for the completion of

project.

We thank our beloved HoD Dr. S. S. Quadri for creating the

ambient atmosphere and for always being the inspiring force.

We are also thankful to A. N. Prakash and Professor Arvind

Galagali for spending their valuable time in interacting with us.

We are highly indebted to our principal, Dr. Ashok Shettar, for

his counsel and providing necessary facility during the development

of the project

We express our sincere thanks to all the teaching staff and non

teaching staff of Civil Engineering Department and also those who

have extended their invaluable help and cooperation directly or

indirectly during the project and thereby ensuring successful

completion.

Page iii

Synopsis

Imagine a virtual world where an architect, an engineer, a

contractor and a client are working simultaneously on a project. Their

goal to create the most cost effective, efficient and structurally sound

building possible, all without compromising their artistic vision. Sounds

impossible? Not any more. Welcome to the new world of BIM, where

interoperability and Integrated Project Delivery is key.

Building Information Modeling or BIM is the latest buzzword in

construction industry worldwide. It is a process of demonstrating both

graphical and non-graphical aspects of the full building life cycle and

creating a single repository of design and construction documents,

specifications and schedules. The process generates 3D Model

encompassing geometric and geographic information of the building and

properties of its components. Bentley, ArchiCAD and Tekla Structures

are the popular CADD software used to generate standard 3D BIM

models.

Building Information Modeling is clearly gaining momentum as

the technology evolves and greater interoperability is possible between

disparate software systems. This project deals with a critical analysis of

BIM and our experiences with BIM.

http://www.articlesbase.com/business-opportunities-articles/what-is-bim-model-or-building-information-modeling-860920.html


Page iv

Contents Certificate i

Acknowledgement ii

Synopsis iii

Contents iv

List of figures vi

Chapter 01 Introduction 1

1.1: Introduction 1

1.2: Scope of the project 1

1.3: Objectives of the project 2

Chapter 02 Literature Review 3

2.1: Building life cycle 3

2.2: Life-Cycle management in other fields 5

2.3: Industry research 6

2.4: Building Information Modeling 9

2.5: IFC file format 17

2.6: Market analysis 18

2.7: Case Study 20

Chapter 03 Methodology 21

3.1: Workflow 21

3.2: ArchiCAD Modeling 21

3.3: ArchiCAD –Tekla Interoperability 23

3.4: Tekla structures 24

3.5: Tekla- STAAD.Pro Interoperability 25

3.6: MS Excel 26

3.7: MS Project 28

3.8: Other Utilities of Model 28

Page v

Chapter 04 Discussion 30

4.1: Model Description 30

4.1.1: Introduction to the Model 30

4.1.2: Phases of Model 32

4.1.3: Design Efficiency 33

4.1.4: Discrepancies in 2D Plan (Hard Copy) 34

4.1.5: Drawings and Views 36

4.1.6: Material Take-off and Lists 40

4.1.7: Model in Tekla Phase: Part I 43

4.1.8 Model in STAAD.Pro phase 46

4.1.9 MS Excel design module 50

4.1.10 Tekla Phase Part II-Reinforcement Detailing 56

4.2: Drawbacks 59

4.2.1: Complexity level of BIM software 59

4.2.2: Cost of the software 59

4.2.3: Information flow 59

4.2.4: Programming 61

Chapter 05 Conclusion 62

References 63

Appendix 64

1) ArchiCAD modeling 64

2) ArchiCAD-Tekla Import 65

3) Tekla structures 67

4) STAAD Pro. 69

Page vi

List of figures

Figure 2.1 Phases of typical Construction 3

Figure 2.2 Typical workflow in civil engineering projects in current practice 4

Figure 2.3 Typical phases in a building life cycle 4

Figure 2.4 Product Life Cycle Graph 5

Figure 2.5 Construction site of Novotel and Ibis in Bengaluru 6

Figure 2.6 Service Shaft. of the building 7

Figure 2.7 Comparison of CAD and Parametric 9

Figure 2.8.Various stakeholders 10

Figure 2.9 Construction medias 10

Figure 2.10 Time vs Effort Graph 10

Figure 3.1 Workflow for the Project 21

Figure 3.2 Workflow Archicad and Tekla 23

Figure 3.3 Spreadsheet for importing results 26

Figure 3.4 VBA Module 27

Figure 3.5 Open STAAD 27

Figure.4.1 Rendered View on the North Face of Building 30

Figure 4.2 Rendered View of Building on the N-W Side 31

Figure 4.3 Entire Model View 32

Figure 4.4(a) Partial Structural Display 33

Figure.4.4(b) Another view of 4.4(a) 33

Figure 4.5(a) Clash of window and adjacent column: Exterior View 35

Figure 4.5(b) Zoomed view of plan. 35

Figure 4.5(c) Beam in Service Shaft 36

Figure 4.5(d) Misplaced Beam 36

Figure 4.6(a) North Elevation of the building 37

Figure 4.6(b) North West Elevation of the Building 38

Page vii

Figure 4.6(c) Section in the North-South direction 39

Figure 4.7(a) 3D cut away sections through the Building 39

Figure 4.7(b) 3D cut away plane at the ceiling level of 3rd

floor 40

Figure 4.8 Zones in the building 41

Figure 4.9 Reference Model in Tekla 44

Figure 4.10 Beams and Columns as native Tekla Objects 45

Figure 4.11 View of a section of the analysis model 46

Figure 4.12 Rigid links 47

Figure 4.13 Grid used for model 48

Figure 4.14 Structural model indicating frame used 49

Figure 4.15 Analysis frame 49

Figure 4.16 Members selected for design 57

Figure 4.17 Detailing of column and Beam 57

Figure 4.18 Detailing of footing 58

Fig 4.19 Reinforcement in footing 58

Figure 1(a) Reference model window- selecting layers 66

Figure 1(b) Reference model window-detecting changes 67

Figure 2 beam properties window 68

Figure 3 Rebar in beam 69

Figure 4 2D plan of the building

Project report on Critical review of Building Information Modeling

Department of Civil Engineering, BVBCET Page 1

Chapter 01 Introduction

1.1. Indian market

India is on the verge of becoming the 3rd largest construction market in the world

by 2020. India's stable legal and commercial environment, combined with its government's

economic liberalization policies, has led to strong economic growth, low inflation and

significant increases in foreign investment. The growth of its technology sector - drawing on

an abundant, well-educated labour pool - is renowned. IT hubs are quickly being established

in the suburbs of most major Indian cities, often likened to Indian Silicon Valleys.

According to the report ―Real Estate Construction - India‖ available at the real estate

construction industry in India is reviving itself from the global economic downturn of last

year, and is showing signs of growth in future. The current size of the real estate

construction industry in India is estimated to be approximately US$44 billion. The industry

is expected to witness an annual average growth rate of approximately 26 percent till

2014.[1]

This strong economic performance has resulted in a building frenzy, particularly in

metropolitan areas. All types of construction -- residential, infrastructure, industrial and, of

course, commercial -- are booming.

Application of software in the field of construction has increased enormously in

recent times. Many Indian companies are been outsourced by various countries in the field

of structural analysis, drafting and detailing. Designers are still using CAD and are creating

collections of non-integrated files that collectively generate a set of paper drawings,

schedules and specifications.

1.2. Scope of the project

Building Information Modelling or BIM is the latest buzzword in construction

industry worldwide. It is a process of demonstrating both graphical and non-graphical

aspects of the full building life cycle and creating a single repository of design and

construction documents, specifications and schedules. The process generates 3D Model

encompassing geometric and geographic information of the building and properties of its

components.

Our project deals with a critical study of the all the BIM software available in

market. We are dealing with the advantages of using BIM compared to the conventional

method. We are trying to Figure out the difficulties and setbacks of BIM. We are also

focusing on the kind of efforts which goes in learning this kind of software.

We have also tried to chalk out the workflow of process, keeping a track on the

information flow.




1.3. Objectives of project

1. To carry out a research on BIM technology and its advantages. 2. To study the software tools available in the market which support BIM technology 3. To study the workflow of the processes from design to execution using BIM 4. To demonstrate a small scale project demonstrating the integration of all the software

tools required to implement BIM. 5. To model, analyse, design and estimate bill of materials for an example building

using BIM technology. We will build a virtual model loaded with all information

necessary before the construction process begins.

6. To automate the exchange of data between model, structural analysis, design and

detailing using spread sheets, structural analysis software and BIM software.

7. To study other utilities of BIM



Chapter 02 Literature Review

2.1. Building life cycle

The life cycle of building involves various stake holders. The client has to first

approach the Architect or Project management consultants. The construction process

involves following stages as shown in Figure 2.1,

Figure 2.1 Phases of typical Construction

Concept Phase: The concept of the construction is been worked out in this phase. This

phase revolves around the Architect. This phase generally involves interaction with client

and finalizing of the concept. Though the final decision is been taken considering other

parameters like analysis, site condition etc.

Design phase: Once the initial concept is been finalized, it’s then sent to the structural

engineer. Information generally been passed on as 2D drawings. The structural engineer

does the analysis and design, and an interaction takes place between Architect and Structural

engineer regarding the placement of structural members. Once the design is been finalized

then the information (Reinforcement details) is sent to Detailer. In the due course of time,

the architect sends the 2D plan of the structure to the quantity estimator as well as MEP

consultant. Though estimator would have given an abstract cost picture to the client earlier,

he studies the materials and prepares a detailed estimate of the complete structure. The MEP

consultant uses the 2D floor plan and decides the ducts of electric and plumbing. All the

building services drawing are done in 2D plans given by the architect.

Tendering phase: Once the estimator gives his estimation, then tendering is been done. In

this phase, the building contractor is identified and the project will be awarded to him as per

his experience. There’s overlap between the design and tendering phase.



Construction phase: Once the tendering is been done the construction process is been

started. Architects release several copies of working drawings as per the requirements. If any

problems are faced during the construction, then it is been referred to previous stages.

Close out: This process involves in finishing and handing over the building to client along

with all the drawings and documents.

Figure 2.2 Typical workflow in civil engineering projects in current practice

Figure 2.3 Typical phases in a building life cycle (source: Revit and Civil 3D

Interoperability master graphics http://masterg.com)

http://masterg.com/



2.2. Life-Cycle management

All products and services have certain life cycles. The life cycle refers to the period

from the product’s first launch into the market until its final withdrawal and it is split up in

phases. During this period significant changes are made in the way that the product is

behaving into the market i.e. its reflection in respect of sales to the company that introduced

it into the market. Since an increase in profits is the major goal of a company that introduces

a product into a market, the product’s life cycle management is very important. Some

companies use strategic planning and others follow the basic rules of the different life cycle

phase that are analysed later.

The understanding of a product’s life cycle, can help a company to understand and

realize when it is time to introduce and withdraw a product from a market, its position in the

market compared to competitors, and the product’s success or failure.

Product life cycle management

The product’s life cycle - period usually consists of five major steps or phases as

shown in Figure 2.4. Product development, Product introduction, Product growth, Product

maturity and finally Product decline. These phases exist and are applicable to all products or

services from a certain make of automobile to a multimillion-dollar lithography tool to a

one-cent capacitor. These phases can be split up into smaller ones depending on the product

and must be considered when a new product is to be introduced into a market since they

dictate the product’s sales performance.

Figure. 2.4: Product Life Cycle Graph [source: William D. and McCarthy J. E. Product

Life Cycle: “Essentials of Marketing”, Richard]

Product life cycle management is used in most of the fields, with different

nomenclature.



2.3. Industry Research

In order to have a clear picture of the working process and problems faced in the

industry, we interacted with industry experts.

Interaction with A.N. Prakash, Project Management Consultant dated 22/09/2010

in Bangalore. The following were the opinions of A.N. Prakash

“The Reinforcement in junctions is not modeled properly hence it is difficult

to execute on site”.

“Service shaft drawings are 2D hence it is difficult to visualize”.

Site Visit of 4-star and 3-star Hotel Novotel and Ibis, Sarjapur Road, Outer Ring

Road, Bangalore

“Clashes in the building services with the structural members is the common

problem on site”.

Figure 2.5 Construction site of Novotel and Ibis in Bengaluru



Figure 2.6 Service Shaft.of the building

Interaction with Prof. Aravind Galagali dated: 2/10/2010

“The delay in issuing of working drawings leads to the delay in construction

process”.

The following is the exhaustive list of the reasons leading to delay of work

1. Delay in handing over of site

2. Unforeseen ground conditions

3. Conflicts between owner and other parties

4. Improper planning of contractor during bidding stage

5. Poor means of contracting

6. Inaccurate specification of site condition

7. Unrealistic time schedule given in contract

8. Faulty soil investigation report

9. Slow decision from owner

10. Bureaucracy in client's organization.

11. Ambiguity in specifications and conflicting interpretation by parties.

12. Unrealistic inspection and testing methods proposed in contract.

13. Delay in approval of completed work by client (i.e stage passing)

14. Delay in approval of shop drawings and samples

15. Non availability of drawing/ design on time



16. Consultant or Architect's reluctance for change

17. Obtaining permissions from local authorities

18. Poor organizational structure for client or consultant

19. Financial Constraints of contractor

20. Delay in running bill payments to the contractor

21. Inadequate experience of contractor

22. Poor labour productivity

23. Lack of control over sub-contractor

24. Frequent change of sub-contractor

25. Poor site management and supervision

26. Rework due to errors in execution

27. Rework due to change of design or deviation order

28. Delay in material delivery by vendors

29. Change in material prices/ price escalation

30. Improper storage of materials leading to damaged material when necessary

31. Local political conditions



2.4. Building Information Modelling

2.4.1 History of BIM

Building modelling based on 3D solid modelling was first developed in late 1970s

and 1980’s. Cad system such as RUCAPS, TriCad, GDS, and Calma developed their own

basic capabilities. With the introduction of products from Autodesk, Bentley, ArchiCAD,

Tekla Corporation and others the building modelling has evolved drastically.

Figure 2.7 Comparison of CAD and Parametric [source:

www.autodesk.com/buildinginformation]

Figure 2.7 shows the overall effectiveness or benefit level of each of these three

different technologies (vertical axis) measured against the effort required to achieve those

benefits (horizontal axis). In addition, the horizontal dashed line represents the minimum

degree of effectiveness that can be properly characterized as building information

modelling. Below this building information modelling threshold are existing, traditional

industry processes that are well-supported by traditional drafting and task automation.

Above this line are increasing degrees of building information modelling effectiveness. The

three solid lines show the effectiveness achievable at a given level of effort using these three

different technologies, namely, CAD, Object CAD and Parametric building modelling. The

orange line on the chart represents parametric building modelling technology.

2.4.2 Introduction to BIM

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the process of generating and managing

building data during its life cycle. Typically it uses three-dimensional, real-time, dynamic

building modelling software to increase productivity in building design and construction.

The process produces the Building Information Model (also abbreviated BIM), which

encompasses building geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, and

quantities and properties of building components.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building



Figure 2.8 Various stakeholders (source:

Revit architecture 2010 brochure)

Figure 2.9 Construction medias (source:

www.Tekla.com )

Building information modelling covers geometry, spatial relationships, light

analysis, geographic information, quantities and properties of building components (for

example manufacturers' details). BIM can be used to demonstrate the entire building life

cycle, including the processes of construction and facility operation. Quantities and shared

properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be isolated and defined.

Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility

or group of facilities.

2.4.3 Definition

―Building Information Modelling or BIM is a digital representation of the building

process to facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital format.‖

Figure 2.10 Time vs Effort Graph [source: An introduction to Building Information

Modeling( BIM)- A Guide for ASHRAE Members]

http://www.tekla.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction



BIM fosters collaboration in the early phases of a project between team members

through the use of consistent and more complete information more effectively than do

traditional approaches. This allows design decisions to be made that optimize the whole

building at a stage when they are far less expensive to analyse, rather than the traditional

approach of optimizing individual components. This should minimize the need to make

changes later in the design or during the construction process when even small changes can

have enormous effects on both the construction cost and life-cycle cost of the building.

Above Figure illustrates this concept.

2.4.4 Building Information[3]

The information involved in modelling of a building are required for the following

segments,

1. Owners—High level summary information about their facilities, planning,

budgeting and decision support.

2. Planners—Existing information about physical site(s) and program needs

3. Realtors—Information about a site or facility to support purchase or sale

4. Appraisers—Information about the facility to support valuation

5. Mortgage Bankers—Information about demographics, corporations, and viability

6. Designers—Planning and site information

7. Engineers—Electronic model from which to import into design and analysis

software

8. Cost & Quantity Estimators—Electronic model to obtain accurate quantities and

share comparable

9. Contracts & Lawyers—More accurate legal descriptions as well as more accurate

to defend or on which to base litigation

10. Construction Contractors—Intelligent objects for bidding and ordering and a place

to store gained information

11. Sub-Contractors—Clearer communication and same support for contractors

12. Fabricators—can use intelligent model for numerical controls for fabrication

13. Code Officials—Code checking software can process model faster and more

accurately

14. Facility Managers—Provides product, warranty and maintenance information

15. Maintenance & Sustainment—More easily identify, track, budget, and schedule;

repair, replacement, maintenance needs

16. Renovation & Restoration—more easily identify, track, budget, and schedule

capital reinvestment requirements.

17. Disposal & Recycling—Better knowledge potential reuse / adaptation.



18. Scoping, Testing, Simulation—electronically build facility and eliminate conflicts,

simulate growth needs.

19. Safety & Occupational Health—Knowledge of what materials are in use and

MSDS

20. Environmental & NEPA—Improved information for environmental impact

analysis

21. Plant Operations—3D visualization of processes

22. Sustainability, Energy, LEED—Optimized energy analysis including energy and

condition analyses concurrently.

23. Space & Security—Intelligent objects in 3D provide better understanding of usage,

flow, security issues.

24. Risk Management—Better understanding of potential risks and how to avoid on

minimize

25. Occupant Support— better way finding and visibility into availability.

Basic terminologies [3]

Building Information model: A Building Information Model is a digital

representation of the physical and the functional characteristics of a facility.

Parameter: A quantity that is constant under a given set of conditions (rule set),

but may be different under other conditions.

Parametric: Rule based relationships between intelligent objects that enable

related properties to be updated when one property changes.

Integration: The incorporation of working practices, methods, processes, and tools

that creates a culture in which individuals and organizations are able to work together

efficiently and effectively.

Interoperability: In the context of BIM, IBD (Integrated Building Design) and

IPD (Integrated Project Delivery), defined as the ability to manage and communicate

electronic product and project data between collaborating firms’ and within individual

companies’ design, procurement, construction, maintenance, and business process systems.

Data Exchange Specification: An electronic file format specification for the

exchanging of digital data. They can be proprietary or open source and can be developed

and promulgated by anyone

Data Exchange Standard: A data exchange specification developed and balloted

by a standard developing organization for the purpose of standardizing electronic data

transmitted between different software applications.

IFC: Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) is a vendor neutral, open data exchange

specification. It is an object oriented file format developed for the building industry and is

commonly used in Building Information Modelling to facilitate interoperability between

software platforms. IFC was originally developed in 1995 by a group of American and

European AEC firms and software vendors through the International Alliance for

Interoperability (IAI). Since 2005 it has been maintained by building SMART International



XML: Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) is a general-purpose electronic text

tagging specification for creating custom mark-up languages. XML was recommended by

the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as an internet standard in 2008. It is classified as

an extensible language, because it allows the user to define the mark-up tags. XML’s

purpose is to aid information systems in sharing structured data, especially via the Internet,

to encode documents, and to serialize data. XML is a free and open standard. There are

many extensions and proprietary adaptations that exist.

Modular design: the engineering discipline of designing complex devices using

separately designed sub-components

2.4.7 Advantages of using BIM

Pre-construction benefits

1. Concept, feasibility and design benefits

2. Increased building performance and quality

Design benefits

1. Easier and more accurate visualizations of design.

2. Automatic low level corrections, when changes are made.

3. Generate accurate and consistent 2D drawings at any stage.

4. Earlier collaboration of multiple design disciplines.

5. Easy check against design intent.

6. Extract cost estimate during design stage.

7. Improve design efficiency and sustainability.

8. Discover design errors and omissions before construction(clash detection)

Construction and fabrication benefits

1. Synchronize planning, design and construction.

2. React quickly to design and site problems

3. Use design model for fabrication of components.

2.4.8 Advantages to various stake holders

Building Information Modelling or BIM is a godsend for the architects. They have

manifold benefits from this. It is used in presenting and visualizing building components,

construction sequences, resource allocation and other disciplines of construction process in a

virtual environment.

Benefits to Architects

1. BIM supports design investigation by letting architectural designers study multiple

design alternatives simultaneously within a single model.

2. Construction documents are generated more easily with BIM, letting architects to use

up more time on the building design

3. Production of well-coordinated documentation

4. Faster Building systems coordination (space reservation, clash detection)

5. Accuracy of detailed design activities like quantification and costing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_design



6. Design prototype (space arrangements, assemblies, materials)

7. Allows model checkers to assist with quality control

8. Analysis (space, lighting, energy, structural)

9. Drawing production quality (flexible, exploits automation, better coordinated)

10. Design exploration/interrogation (data rich visual models)

11. Engineering accuracy (measurement, context)

12. The data embodied within the building information model is rich and reliable which can

be used for early tasks such as schematic space planning and master scheduling

Benefits to Contractors

1. Contractors can create accurate construction schedules and arrange necessary materials.

2. Review construction plans and sequences

3. Study yard operation and site logistics

4. Prefabrication & assembly of materials in a controlled, factory environment which

results higher quality at a lower cost.

5. BIM offers a good cost estimation(quantity take off) throughout bidding and

procurement

6. Plan errors are set up once building the models which leads to smaller number of errors

and omissions necessitating rectifications by the contractor - saving costs and resources

7. BIM improves coordination in construction sequencing

8. Effective marketing presentation of construction approaches

9. BIM can check possible conflicts that may arise during building construction

10. BIM allows for more "what if" scenarios, such as construction sequencing options,

shuffling of human resources, fine-tuning cost factors, etc.

11. BIM assists clients and end-users in realizing and visualizing the end product

12. Shop drawing reduction (model to fabrication)

13. Digital fabrication (steel, HVAC ducts, piping)

14. Fewer call-backs and lower warranty costs

Benefits to Structural engineers

1. Structural detailing drawings will be produced more quickly with BIM

2. Through the process of BIM and integrated project delivery, structural designers can

keep away from costly clashes to examine beams, pipes, HVAC and electrical systems

before the commencement of the construction.

3. BIM will help to optimize parameters of the structural model at par with the design

rules

4. More purified engineering design can be made on sound theory minimizing rough

calculations.

5. Integrated modelling, analysis and design can be achieved without splitting up the tasks

6. BIM models can be exchanged easily among the architectural designer and HVAC

designer which creates better cooperation.

7. More attention to cost factors by studying alternative solutions on one model

8. Better and optimized constructions can be achieved by the combination with CAE

solutions.

9. The designer will notice building footings placed by structural engineers to help

maintain the structural integrity of the building



Benefits to Estimators

1. Cost engineers can utilize more accurate quantities from a building information

modelling source. They use the model's visual feedback to determine whether you

included everything in your cost plan.

2. BIM facilitate informed decisions with regards to time and costs and the impact of each

on a projects bottom line With VDC BIM offer the promise of substantial cost and time

savings on developing projects

3. BIM estimate the cost of the project throughout its development, and even estimate the

cost of operating and maintaining the finished project over its lifetime.

Benefits to Plumbers

1. With BIM Plumbing Designer can coordinate the exact footing locations to be stepped

down to guarantee that the gravity waste line can be routed out of the building without

issue

2. As BIM provides entirely 3-dimensional models, isometrics are easily created

3. As new fixtures are added the totals for fixture units are adjusted mechanically in the

schedule With BIM plumbing designers can use the Uniform Plumbing Code and the

schedule is based on the International Plumbing Code?

4. BIM can coordinate any obstructions in the projects which can decrease conflicts during

design phase and help prevent costly change orders during construction

5. With BIM plumbing designers can get a visual review in a three-dimensional

environment that can help tremendously in determining design options

6. BIM can perform clash detection to observe if any items are crossing each other, such

as sprinkler piping and ductwork

7. Fixture schedules is coordinated or connected to the architects schedule with a mere key

stroke if required.

8. Fixture schedules, plans, riser diagrams, sections and details are mechanically

coordinated

9. Riser diagrams can be extended once and mechanically synchronized with the plans.

10. All engineering data, (such as drainage fixture units) are automatically and endlessly

followed in plan and scrutinized in a variety of views and filters.

11. Designer have get the ability to add, delete, and modify fixtures and outlets smoothly

with automatic update to the engineering data and the model

Benefits to Owners

1. Owners can create savings (5%-10%) on projects through the implementation of BIM

and save total projects cost. BIM can save additional expenses in construction cost as

well as operation costs.

2. Visualizing helps the owner's groups see what they will be getting resulting in dealing

with less change orders (building systems clash detection) during construction.

3. Get better design quality, better performing building (systems coordination, engineering

analysis)

4. Scheduling (4D) and costing (5D) are fully integrated with BIM model which will help

owners for constructing more sound decisions based on multiple, accurate real-time

information

5. Schedule compression (digital assisted fabrication, offsite fab)

6. BIM will help for more streamlined installation as all Issues are resolved in trade

coordination that will result for a better quality construction.

7. Owners can take more informed decisions about the possibility of a suggested project

with the help of accurate, 3D information models through BIM.



8. BIM includes all related information for owners to deal with the Property, building

systems and components

9. Efficient handover (data exchange for operations/maintenance)

2.4.9 Challenges with BIM

BIM has, for some time, been touted as the industry’s technological breakthrough

for efficient and cost-effective design and construction of highest quality. Yet, it appears that

a relatively small percentage of owners, designers, and contractors are fully embracing the

BIM concept while many are in a wait-and-see mode. In the meantime, software

development and industry group interest continues to grow at a rapid pace.

So what are the drawbacks to immediately implementing BIM?

As specialists on the performance side of the construction industry, we believe full

implementation in the mainstream of construction must overcome the following BIM

challenges:

1. Technological: Adapting to a currently complex industry to absorb BIM’s major

new technology to design, construction, and lifecycle operation will require:

2. Education: Model preparation and verification, BIM management and control.

3. Investment: People, software, procedures, databases.

4. Commitment: Vision, can-do attitudes, and the drive to improve.

5. Software Development: More comprehensive and detailed applications for

structural design, MEP and construction (4D and 5D), including interoperability of

vendor products.

6. Cultural and Organizational: Entering BIM into mainstream of a company’s

practice will require transformation of the traditional management structure to the

new BIM enhanced teamwork and use of simulated visualization. BIM-savvy

construction engineers will be in high demand and in line for fast-track career

opportunities.

2.4.10 6D Construction

BIM, 3-dimensional, can incorporate 4D (time) and 5D (cost) virtual modelling of buildings,

and all aspects of life-cycle facility management (6D?)

For BIM to be virtual a model of a buildings life-cycle, input is required from multiple

sources: architects, architectural engineers, specifies, estimators, scientists interested in

performance modelling, constructors and construction vendors, computer software vendors,

owners, facility managers, funding sources, management / leadership, and users.

Life cycle BIM includes real property commerce, maintenance and operations, sustainability

/ green / high performance, physical and functional conditions and needs, etc.



2.5. Industry Foundation Class (IFC)[4]

What are IFCs?

IFC is a 3D file format specific to the Building Industry that allows a user of 3D

software to Save as or export a file such that any other 3D software that is IFC compliant

can open it and retain the intelligence built into the file's objects. IFC is an acronym that

stands for Industry Foundation Class, a specification for sharing building data. IFC offers a

common language for the sharing of intelligent objects between disciplines across the

building lifecycle. In the IFC file format, a window knows it's a window, a wall, etc., no

matter what software opens the IFC model. The IFC intelligent file format is to the 3D

model, composed of walls, windows, doors, slabs, roofs as the dwg or dxf file formats are

to the 2D world of lines, arcs and circles. The IFC format is based on the idea that Building

Industry objects, families, or components can compose an integrated 3D Building

Information Model or Virtual Building. These objects are defined to support the whole life

cycle of a building's development from inception, design, documentation and construction,

then through building operation, facility management and finally demolition and/or disposal.

IFC is an open standard file format available to all participants in the Building Industry, for

use world-wide, including use by all Building Industry software vendors.

Why use the IFC format?

Why would you choose IFC instead of traditional techniques such as 2D files in dwg/ dxf or dgn format?

The principal benefit of IFC's is their object description not only does the IFC

protocol preserve the full geometric description in 3D, but it also knows its location and

relationships, as well as all the properties (or parameters) of each object, such as finish,

serial number and material description. This means users can safely work without fear of

being isolated from consultants, clients or other specialists using other software. Industry-

wide and continuous sharing of information between cad (and non- CAD) applications for

the life cycle of the building is the goal of the IFC.

What is interoperability and why is it necessary?

Interoperability is the ability to exchange intelligent information reliably and

consistently between different software applications. For a user, it is the ability to utilize

data in his/her application from another project participant on a different system & discipline

and vice versa. Traditional cad software is based on a two-dimensional drafting paradigm.

The member organizations of the IAI and other industry colleagues were frustrated when

they tried to share information between their 2D (and some 3D) applications. They could not

access data completely, and sometimes not at all. The reason was that there was no standard

for defining the parts of a building, which caused duplications, errors, delays, low quality

and extra costs.

How does the IFC format help interoperability?

IFC's are non-proprietary, and available globally to any company that defines AEC

objects. The important concept here is the term object. Objects in a building, have geometry,



that is, a 3D description. Objects also have properties, like their product name, finishes, and

cost. Some objects are real like a door; some objects are abstract, like construction cost.

Who developed the IFC file format?

The IFC format was originally developed by the International Alliance for

Interoperability established in 1995 by American and European AEC (Architecture

Engineering and Construction) firms, along with software vendors, to promote

interoperability between software in the Industry. Since 2005, the IFC specification is

developed and maintained by building SMART International. Building SMART

International is actively facilitating IFC implementation and adaptation via local chapters

world-wide.

2.6. Market analysis

There are a number of software tools which generates 2D and 3D models but for

this project the software should support intelligent file format :IFC

List of software tools that support BIM

Architecture

1. Autodesk Revit Architecture

2. Graphisoft ArchiCAD

3. Nemetschek Allplan Architecture

4. Gehry Technologies - Digital Project Designer

5. Nemetschek Vectorworks Architect

6. Bentley Architecture

7. 4MSA IDEA Architectural Design (IntelliCAD)

Sustainability

1. Autodesk Ecotect Analysis

2. Autodesk Green Building Studio

3. Graphisoft EcoDesigner

4. IES Solutions Virtual Environment VE-Pro

5. Bentley Tas Simulator

6. Bentley Hevacomp

Structures

1. Autodesk Revit Structure

2. Bentley Structural Modeler

3. Bentley RAM, STAAD.Pro and ProSteel

http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/pc/index?id=3781831&siteID=123112

http://www.graphisoft.com/products/archicad/

http://www.allplan2009.com/en/home

http://www.gehrytechnologies.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50&Itemid=102

http://www.nemetschek.net/architect/index.php

http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Bentley+Architecture/

http://www.4msa.com/ideaENG.html


https://www.greenbuildingstudio.com/

http://www.graphisoft.com/products/ecodesigner/

http://www.iesve.com/Software/VE-Pro

http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Bentley+Tas/

http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Building+Analysis+and+Design/Hevacomp.htm


http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Bentley+Structural/

http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Structural+Analysis+and+Design/



4. Tekla Structures

5. CypeCAD

6. Graytec Advance Design

7. StructureSoft Metal Wood Framer

8. Nemetschek Scia

MEP

1. Autodesk Revit MEP

2. Bentley Hevacomp Mechanical Designer

3. 4MSA FineHVAC + FineLIFT + FineELEC + FineSANI

4. Gehry Technologies - Digital Project MEP Systems Routing

5. CADMEP (CADduct / CADmech)

Construction

1. Autodesk Navisworks

2. Solibri Model Checker

3. Vico Office Suite

4. Vela Field BIM

5. Bentley ConstrucSim

Facility Management

1. Bentley Facilities

2. FM:Systems FM:Interact

3. Vintocon ArchiFM (For ArchiCAD)

http://www.tekla.com/us/products/Pages/Default.aspx

http://cypecad.cype.us/

http://www.graitec.com/en/ad.asp

http://www.strucsoftsolutions.com/products.asp#mwf

http://www.scia-online.com/en/display-news.php?myframe=http://www.scia-online.com/WWW/websiteUS.nsf/0/322efca3fe73de6ac12576dc002b9738!OpenDocument

http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/pc/index?siteID=123112&id=6861034

http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Hevacomp+Mechanical+Designer/

http://www.4msa.com/FineHvacENG.html

http://www.gehrytechnologies.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=225

http://www.map-software.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&Itemid=2&id=52

http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/item?siteID=123112&id=11648969

http://www.solibri.com/

http://www.vicosoftware.com/products/Vico-Office/tabid/85286/Default.aspx

http://www.velasystems.com/products/field-BIM/

http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/ConstructSim/Product-Overview.htm

http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Bentley+Facilities/

http://www.fmsystems.com/products/interact.html

http://www.archifm.com/english/vinto-megoldasok.php?cmd=1



2.7. Case study[8]

Case Study by PCL Constructions based in Colorado USA

Aims of the Company:

The company’s mission is to build projects twice—once in the virtual world and once in the

real world. Before crews take to the field, a project is modeled virtually.

PCL teams use BIM to create a prototype where they can identify issues before they have an

impact on budget and schedule.

When it’s time to build the project in the real world, the goal is to have eliminated at least 90

percent of issues before they reach the field.

The process redefines value engineering as the team minimizes redesigns, requests for

information, coordination issues and rework on site.

Through VDC, the company aims to improve risk management and communication.

BIM advantages as estimated by the Company:

PCL is realizing roughly a 500 percent return on investment with BIM.

The vast majority of that payback is coming from clash-detection efforts that greatly reduce

costly change orders.

The company has realized big return on low effort in the 4-D sector i.e.: scheduling of the

project using BIM.

BIM has helped the company avoid costly errors on a number of their projects.

While estimating quantity take-off, BIM check showed a difference of 70,000 cu. yards

from the original take off of 100,000 cu. yards, thus saving them $3 million.

The combined effort required 560 man-hours, generating expenses well short of its total cost

savings.

By layering the architectural, structural and MEP systems in BIM, the team discovered

nearly 3,500 total clashes. Though, only 500 of these clashes would have cost the company a

lot of time in getting them clarified.



Chapter 03 Methodology

3.1. Workflow

Figure 3.1 Workflow for the Project

The workflow of the design process in BIM is carried out as shown in Fig. 3.1. The

flow of data is in .ifc format. The file moves from one stage to another by integrating the

information from every intermediate process.

3.2. ArchiCAD

ArchiCAD is an architectural BIM CAD software for Macintosh and Windows

operating systems, developed by the Hungarian company Graphisoft. The newest version

(2010) is ArchiCAD 14. ArchiCAD offers specialized solutions for handling all common

aspects of aesthetics and engineering during the whole design process of the built

environment — buildings, interiors urban areas, etc.

Development of ArchiCAD started in 1982 for the original Apple Macintosh.

ArchiCAD is recognized as the first CAD product on a personal computer able to create

both 2D drawings and parametric 3D geometry. On its debut in 1987, ArchiCAD also

became the first implementation of BIM under Graphisoft's Virtual Building concept. Today

more than 150,000 architects are using it in the building design industry.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_Information_Modeling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintosh

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphisoft

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Building

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect



Software Overview

ArchiCAD is a complete design suite with 2D and 3D drafting, visualization and

other functions for architects, designers and planners. A wide range of software applications

are integrated in ArchiCAD to cover most of the design needs of an architectural office:

1. 2D CAD software — drawing tools for creating accurate and detailed technical

drawings

2. 3D Modelling software — a 3D CAD interface specially developed for architects

capable of creating various kind of building forms

3. Architectural rendering and Visualization software — a high performance rendering

tool to produce photorealistic pictures or videos

4. Desktop publishing software — with similar features to mainstream DTP software to

compose printed materials using technical drawings pixel-based images and texts

5. Document management tool — a central data storage server with remote access,

versioning tool with backup and restore features

6. Building Information Modelling software — not just a collection of the above

mentioned applications with an integrated user interface but a novel approach to

building design called BIM

Features of ArchiCAD 14

1. Working with parametric objects: ArchiCAD allows the user to work with data-

enhanced parametric objects, often called "smart objects" by users. This differs from

the operational style of other CAD programs created in the 1980s. The product

allows the user to create a "virtual building" with virtual structural elements like

walls, slabs, roofs, doors, windows and furniture. A large variety of pre-designed,

customizable objects come with the program. ArchiCAD allows the user to work

with either a 2D or 3D representation on the screen. Two-dimensional drawings can

be exported at any time, even though the model in the program's database always

stores data in three dimensions. Plans, elevations, and sections are generated from

the three dimensional virtual building model and are constantly updated if the user

'rebuilds' the view. Detail drawings are based on enlarged portions of the model, with

2D detail added in.

2. Collaboration and remote access: ArchiCAD released its first file exchange based

Teamwork solution in its version 5.1 in 1997 which allowed more architects to work

on the same building model simultaneously. A completely rewritten Teamwork "2.0"

solution with a new database approach came out in version 13 in 2009 named

Graphisoft BIM Server. Since only the changes and differences are sent to the central

storage this solution allows remote access to the same project over the internet thus

allowing worldwide project collaboration and coordination.

3. APIs and scripting: Third-party vendors and some manufacturers of architectural

products have compiled libraries of architectural components for use in ArchiCAD.

The program includes Geometric Description Language (GDL) used to create new

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_Modeling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_rendering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_management




components. Also API (Application Programming Interface) and ODBC database

connections are supported), for third party Add-On developers. Via direct API links

to 4D and 5D software such as Vico Office Suite or Tocomani Link, ArchiCAD

model can be exported to BIM-based cost estimation and scheduling. ArchiCAD is

also directly linked via API to Solibri's Model checking and quality assurance tools.

4. Data interchange: ArchiCAD can import and export DWG, DXF and IFC files

among others. Graphisoft is an active member of the International Alliance for

Interoperability (IA), an industry organization that publishes standards for file and

data interoperability for architectural CAD.

3.3. ArchiCAD- Tekla Interoperability

The main idea in the collaboration between architects and structural designers is to

create an optimal workflow, which includes a clear division of responsibilities and effective

ways to manage changes by each discipline. As the two disciplines have different tasks, they

use and store different information in their building models. For efficient collaboration,

there is no need to share all of the information – just the information that the other partner

needs.

IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) is a commonly used object-oriented file format,

whose data model has been developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability to

facilitate interoperability in the building industry. Both Tekla Structures and ArchiCAD

support and are certified for the latest IFC 2x3 format.

ArchiCAD

Drawing drafts, architectural modelling

Filtering load bearing structure

Model export (Step 1 in Fig. 3.2)

Tekla Structures

Importing architectural model as reference

Structural modelling

Model export (Step 2)

ArchiCAD

Merging the structural model

Updating the architectural model based on

the structural suggestions


Tekla Structures

Insertion of new architectural reference

Comparison of reference model

Updating the changes in the structural

model (Step 4)


Figure 3.2 Workflow Archicad and Tekla



ArchiCAD and Tekla Structures

Several iterations of the Workflow to

refine the design (6 and 7)

Final architectural and structural documentation (8) [5]

3.4. Tekla structures

Tekla Structures is Building Information Modelling (BIM) software that enables

the creation and management of accurately detailed, highly constructible 3D structural

models regardless of material or structural complexity. Tekla models can be used to cover

the entire building process from conceptual design to fabrication, erection and construction management.

Interoperability: Tekla BIM software can be used to interface with other existing

applications, or solely as a platform to develop a customizable internal solution. It is an open

solution that supports interoperability and standardization. Tekla Structures links with

various systems through Tekla Open API application programming interface that is

implemented using Microsoft .NET technology. Examples of standard formats supported by

Tekla are IFC, CIS/2, SDNF and DSTV. Examples of proprietary formats supported by Tekla are DWG, DXF and DGN.

Innovative, integrated and open 3D modelling: Structural design is gradually

shifting from 2D drafting towards 3D modelling. Tekla has developed an innovative solution

for Structural Building Information Modelling, a subset of the commonly used concept

Building Information Modelling (BIM).

Tekla Structures is the first completely integrated 3D solution for structural design.

It has the power to create and manage all types of structures made of steel, concrete or any

other materials. New and unique modelling tools such as automated and intelligent

parametric adjustments have been added to the software.

Tekla Structures opens up new business opportunities for users as project run-

through time is decreased. Structural Building Information Modelling with Tekla Structures

allows for a smooth flow of information previously dreamed about. This inevitably reflects

in shortened lead times and a capability to respond to schedule challenges. Eventually,

overall project cost will be lower.

1. Increased productivity with modelling: Tekla Structures is a versatile 3D

modelling system that gives you the power to create all types of structures made of

steel, concrete or any other materials. It allows creating an intelligent model of any

size or complexity with ease and precision. The model can be shared throughout the

design, detailing, fabrication and erection phases, creating a smooth flow of

information previously dreamt about. This results in remarkable gains in efficiency

and accuracy. Tekla Structures provides with unique opportunity to increase the

overall productivity of the entire structural design process.

2. True 3D modelling: Tekla Structures brings projects to life. Simply model, analyse

design and detail using the same model. Change management is made easier as the

model automatically updates every single detail. Tekla's unique parametric

modelling technology provides you with unlimited possibilities. Even with just one

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/bim.aspx

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#tekla-open-api

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#ifc

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#cis2

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#sdnf

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#dstv

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#dwg

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#dxf

http://www.tekla.com/international/solutions/building-construction/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx#dgn



parameter chance, the model will calculate the rest. Intelligent 3D modelling

dramatically improves the productivity and accuracy.

3. Complete integration: All information for project analysis and design is now

available within one building model. Both steel and concrete detailing and

engineering professionals can share the same database - significantly reducing design

task overlap. The shared model is also controlled throughout the design, detailing,

fabrication and phase to ensure a consistent transfer of information.

4. Seamless integration: Tekla Structures provides structural design professionals with

indisputable benefits through intelligent 3D modelling. There is no need to re-

engineer the underlying IT infrastructure nor the existing design and analysis

software. The customized interface includes a number of links that facilitate data

transfer among other systems (AutoCAD, PDMS and PDS). Tekla Structures also

incorporates the latest CIMsteel Integration Standards (CIS/2).

5. Concrete Detailing: Tekla Structures is the first real parametric 3D modelling

software for the concrete industry. The intelligent 3D model contains all the

reinforcements and information required for manufacturing and construction. When

changes do occur, the built- in intelligence automatically stores the modified

information. Both the model and drawings remain consistent. And the drawings and

reports can be produced automatically whenever needed. In contrast to 2D systems,

overall productivity is greatly increased resulting in remarkable gains in efficiency

and accuracy.

Benefits

Tekla Structures provides unforeseen opportunities to improve the efficiency.

Better service can be provided to clients as overall project quality increases and project run-

through time decreases. Intelligent 3D modelling prevents costly errors from occurring due

to the accuracy of the work. Complex concrete design and detailing projects can now be

better managed.

3.5. Tekla- STAAD.Pro Interoperability

STAAD.Pro is a powerful analysis tool which is widely used by structural

engineers. We can prepare the structural model in the Tekla structures itself and then send

the model to STAAD.Pro. Now preparing the structural model means the following,

Defining the material

Type of connection between members

Defining and assigning the loads

Defining the load combinations

Assigning the supports

Selecting the design codes

Defining the design parameters

And many more features are available; the defined things can always be changed or

edited in STAAD.Pro. There is file format available for the information exchange for steel

structures.



The CIM Steel Integration Standards (CIS/2) is a product model and electronic data

exchange file format for structural steel project information. Apart from this the best

alternative available is using Open API of Tekla and STAAD.Pro. This can be achieved by

using C# programming. In fact there are already some macros been written for this. These

can be downloaded and can be installed.

3.6. MS Excel [6]

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft

for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables

and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very

widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel

forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Windows.

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual

Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a subset of Visual Basic programming language.

Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is impossible with standard

spreadsheet techniques.

STAAD Pro. and Microsoft Excel were linked by us, to fetch the analysis result

computed by STAAD in Excel and to carry out the design process in Excel. This was done

by writing a VBA module in Microsoft Excel. The whole idea is STAAD Pro is a Powerful

structural analysis tool but the design given by the STAAD Pro is not that good. Design for

a particular structure or member is different from different designers. Each designer will

follow a different way, with different assumptions and approaches. So the design of the RC.

or steel members can be carried out in Microsoft Excel.

Figure 3.3 Spreadsheet for importing results

The Figure 3.3 is a snapshot a Macro enabled spreadsheet, for which VBA module

is written to link with excel. The image below shows VBA code written for the excel sheet.

http://www.aisc.org/interoperability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_table

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic



Figure 3.4 VBA Module

We have selected suitable codes from the additional modules, Open STAAD. The

following shows the Open STAAD codes.

Figure 3.5 Open STAAD

The analysis will be carried out in STAAD.Pro and design was been carried out in

Excel. Tekla is one of the excellent detailing tool, Tekla structures is linked with Excel for

generating reports and for design of connections, but this is restricted only to steel

structures.



3.7. MS Project [7]

Microsoft Project (or MSP or WinProj) is a project management software program

developed and sold by Microsoft which is designed to assist project managers in developing

plans, assigning resources to tasks, tracking progress, managing budgets and analysing

workloads.

The application creates critical path schedules, and critical chain and event chain

methodology third-party add-ons are also available. Schedules can be resource levelled, and

chains are visualized in a Gantt chart. Additionally, Project can recognize different classes

of users. These different classes of users can have differing access levels to projects, views,

and other data. Custom objects such as calendars, views, tables, filters, and fields are stored

in an enterprise global which is shared by all users.

Microsoft Project was the company's third Windows-based application, and within

a couple of years of its introduction it became the dominant PC-based project management

software.

Features

Project creates budgets based on assignment work and resource rates. As resources

are assigned to tasks and assignment work estimated, the program calculates the cost, equal

to the work times the rate, which rolls up to the task level and then to any summary tasks

and finally to the project level. Resource definitions (people, equipment and materials) can

be shared between projects using a shared resource pool. Each resource can have its own

calendar, which defines what days and shifts a resource is available. Resource rates are used

to calculate resource assignment costs which are rolled up and summarized at the resource

level. Each resource can be assigned to multiple tasks in multiple plans and each task can be

assigned multiple resources, and the application schedules task work based on the resource

availability as defined in the resource calendars. All resources can be defined in label

without limit. Therefore it cannot determine how many finished products can be produced

with a given amount of raw materials. This makes MS Project unsuitable for solving

problems of available materials constrained production. Additional software is necessary to

manage a complex facility that produces physical goods.

3.8. Other Utilities of Model

There are many other uses of the generated model. The information in the model

can be used for various other purposes:

Autodesk Ecotect Analysis

Autodesk Ecotect Analysis-sustainable design analysis software is a comprehensive

concept-to-detail sustainable building design tool. Ecotect Analysis offers a wide range of

simulation and building energy analysis functionality that can improve performance of

existing buildings and new building designs. Online energy, water, and carbon-emission

analysis capabilities integrate with tools that enable you to visualize and simulate a

building's performance within the context of its environment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management_software

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_manager

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_%28project_management%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_method

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_chain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_chain_methodology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_chain_methodology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt_chart



Whole-building energy analysis—Calculate total energy use and carbon emissions of

your building model on an annual, monthly, daily, and hourly basis, using a global

database of weather information.

Thermal performance—Calculate heating and cooling loads for models and analyse

effects of occupancy, internal gains, infiltration, and equipment.

Water usage and cost evaluation—Estimate water use inside and outside the building.

Solar radiation—Visualize incident solar radiation on windows and surfaces, over any

period.

Day lighting—Calculate daylight factors and luminance levels at any point in the model.

Shadows and reflections—Display the sun’s position and path relative to the model at

any date, time, and location.



Chapter 04 Discussion

4.1. Model Description

4.1.1: Introduction to the Building

Figure.4.1 Rendered View on the North Face of Building

General Details:

Title: Proposed Apartment for Shri. Ramesh Bonageri, Hubli

Design Consultants: Soham Architects and Interior Designers

Building Type: Residential-Ground (Parking)+3

No. of Flats: 5 Flats x 3 Floors= 15 Flats.

Type of Flat: 2BHK

Floor to Floor Height: 10’

Slab Thickness: 5‖

Elevator: Yes

Staircase: Single Flight



Figure 4.2 Rendered View of Building on the N-W Side

The entire model which is saved as a single file in .IFC format comprises of the

following in various stages (software phases). These include:

1) 2D Plans of each floor (ArchiCAD Phase)

2) 3D geometry of Building (ArchiCAD Phase)

3) Structural Elements (ArchiCAD/Tekla Phase)

4) Interiors and Exterior Elements (ArchiCAD Phase)

5) Reinforcement Details (Tekla Phase)

6) Load and analysis Model (STAAD.Pro Phase/ Tekla Phase)

The model (Figure 4.2) is a detailed replica of the actual structure intended to be

built or being built before even the completion of the project. This model is detailed enough

so as to visualize the actual construction, any iteration or alterations required can be easily

carried out in the planning stage. This can significantly reduce costs of construction in some

cases, where alterations may be carried out in the later stage of the construction. The

complications like design of shaft, reinforcement at junctions are easily modeled here. Since

this model is close to reality, there is no need of preparing any mock-ups of interiors or

exteriors, which can save fair bit of money. The model is used as good presentation material

for clients, since the model is more effective compared to the 2D drawings. The model when

in ArchiCAD phase offers some excellent features like rendering, walkthrough, construction

simulation etc. ArchiCAD offers some add-ons like Virtual Building Explorer (VBE),

Atlantis Studio were used to create well defined presentations. The model is not only useful

until the construction stage; it can play a major role in life cycle management of the

building.



4.1.2 Phases of the Model

a) Hard Copy: Hard copy of the building plan was acquired from the architect and then

redrawn in Graphisoft ArchiCAD. Please Refer Figure 4 in appendix.

b) 2D ArchiCAD File: Using the parametric modelling the building was created in a

2D layout while specifying height, length , thickness as well as material properties.

Different Layers are assigned to various elements of the building, for example

beams are assigned the layer AC-Beam, columns the layer AC-Column and so on.

Using various viewing options available in the software, we have created an

opportunity for the owner/architect/structural engineer to view the building in a 3D

manner which cannot be achieved in a 2D plan. There are various advantages to this

method of model visualization. Partial structural display can be achieved in which

we have various options to view the model as the following

1. Entire Model

2. Core of Load Bearing Elements.

3. Model without finishing.

4. Core Only.

Figure 4.3 Entire Model View



Figure 4.4(a) Partial Structural Display

Figure. 4.4(b) Another view of 4.4(a)

4.1.3: Design Efficiency

Using BIM affiliated software; we were able to achieve an efficient design process

when compared to the orthodox process of design and construction. The feasibility of a

construction can be tested well in advance. Iterations in the design phase can be easily done

to get the optimal design. The BIM model was good enough in identifying the errors in the



2D plan which will be discussed in detail in further topics. The major advantage of the BIM

process is the availability and usage of a single model that can be used in various phases of

the project. The BIM process is effective with respect to time, effort and accuracy of work.

Right from the architectural model to the project management as well as fabrication can be

controlled effectively and efficiently via this model. The transfer of model from one party

(architect) to another (structural engineer) is very simple and fast. As in case of orthodox

methods, 2D drawings are used to communicate between the various phases. The whole of

effort of understanding 2D drawings in case of orthodox methods and remodelling/drafting

of the elements is eliminated. Due to the transfer of one single model from one phase to

another and vice versa a significant amount of time is saved. In this way the interoperability

between the phases is enhanced. Any changes made in any phase can be easily identified by

the stakeholders concerned.

4.1.4 Discrepancies in 2D Plan

Identifying discrepancies is a major advantage of creating 3D models. Various

problems were identified on the 2D plans(hard copy) furnished by the architect. Which were

not corrected and were later on rectified on the site. Using the 3D model such discrepancies

were easily brought to the notice of those concerned. From the 2D plans furnished to us, we

created a 3D model to high accuracy. In a particular part of the building, while creating a

window of given dimensions, it intersected with the column. This was then rectified on the

site. But since the columns were already cast, the size of the window was reduced. Also, we

detected the existence of a beam in the service shaft. Such discrepancies could have been

avoided after viewing the model in 3D. A few of such discrepancies are illustrated via the

3D model in following Figures.



Figure 4.5(a) Clash of window and adjacent column: Exterior View

Figure 4.5(b) Zoomed view of plan.



Figure 4.5(c) Beam in Service Shaft

Figure 4.5(d) Misplaced Beam

4.1.5 Drawings and Views:

Another major advantage of 3D modelling is the generation of various views of the

building which are practically time consuming to make in 2D and some views very difficult

to comprehend and draw in 2D. Once the 3D model was complete we could generate

sections (Fig. 4.6(a)) and elevation (Fig. 4.6 (b)) at a click of a button. Some of these are

illustrated below. No extra work was needed to draw these views. These views are as

accurate as the 3D model. The accuracy of these views depends on the accuracy with which



the 3D model is created. 3D cut planes was created to illustrate the interior of the building in

a 3D view (Figure 4.7 (a) and (b)). The most promising advantage of the 3D model is that if

while in an elevation or sectional view some problems are noticed, these problems can be

rectified in the present view itself. Any changes made in the 2D elevation will automatically

change the corresponding element in 3D. In our model, while modelling the beams, slab and

columns we noticed that top face of the column, beams and slabs were not coinciding as

how they do in real construction. Such a change would require us to change the value of

elevation of that element from the origin, but using the 2D elevation it was rectified by jus

selecting the elements and dragging them in the desired position. This change was

automatically updated in the 3D model also.

Figure 4.6(a) North Elevation of the building



Figure 4.6(b) North West Elevation of the Building



Figure 4.6(c) Section in the North-South direction

Figure 4.7(a) 3D cut away sections through the Building



Figure 4.7(b) 3D cut away plane at the ceiling level of 3rd

floor.

4.1.6 Material Take off and Lists

We have created reports of quantity values of various elements in the model which

are directly generated by the software, thus eliminating the need for manual calculations.

These calculations are highly accurate due to the accuracy in modelling. It considers

openings in the walls, intersection between beams and walls, columns and walls etc. As an

element is created and assigned a reference ID, it automatically gets added to the

corresponding list of items. For example the list of all slabs as well as their dimensions and

other parameters associated with them are generated in the lists (List 1). Such lists are

generated for all elements of the building. This feature helped us to accurately determine the

quantities of concrete, brick masonry, doors, windows along with the accurate dimensions

needed for the construction. Another feature is creation of zones in the building for example,

zones like living room, bedroom, kitchen, residential space, office space and so on. As

shown in the Figure 4.8. For example a zone for all bedrooms in the 3rd floor of building

were created, once created we could get the various parameters associated with the zone,

like the floor area, wall surface area, height of room, perimeter, floor type etc. are calculated

and presented in the form of a list as illustrated in List 2. The following are examples of the

various lists that can be generated.



Figure 4.8 Zones in the building



List 1. Slab Details of Each Floor



List 2. Zones on 3rd

floor (Refer Figure 4.8)

4.1.7 Model in Tekla Phase: Part I

Model in Tekla Phase (Part I): the ArchiCAD 3D model is saved in .ifc format and

used as a reference model to create an analysis model which is then sent to STAAD.Pro. The

STAAD.Pro analysis is discussed in the succeeding topic. In this phase the ifc file is inserted

as a reference model (Figure 4.9). The reference model is an exact replica to scale of the

original architectural model and is used to create native Tekla objects. Native Tekla objects

are the exact geometrical replica of the 3D file, which will be used to perform Tekla

functions.



Figure 4.9 Reference Model in Tekla

These native Tekla objects (Figure 4.9) are created using the ifc object convertor

macro supplied by Tekla structures. The reference model is then deleted and the Tekla

objects are used to create an analysis model. Before creating this analysis model we assigned

materials to the objects (beams/columns) and defined material parameters. The dimensions

of the beams and columns remain exactly the same as the architectural model. The beams

and columns were assigned the cast in place profile.



Figure 4.10 Beams and Columns as native Tekla Objects.

An analysis model is then created using the analysis option. Tekla has in built

analysis and design modules. Since the analysis was done in STAAD.Pro, we used an API

STAAD.Pro link that integrated the analysis model of Tekla structures and used it to

perform structural analysis. We faced several problems while performing STAAD.Pro

analysis. These are discussed in the succeeding topic.



Figure 4.11 View of a section of the analysis model

4.1.8 Model in STAAD.Pro phase

The analysis model created in Tekla was sent to STAAD.Pro using the API link.

Since section properties as well as material properties were already assigned in Tekla, the

effort of doing the same was saved. When this model was integrated into STAAD.Pro it

created rigid links at intersections of beams and columns not having same centreline as

shown in Figure 4.15. This posed a problem in assigning of the loads and resulted in a lot of

errors. We found two ways to tackle this problem. First, either calculate the loads manually

for each beam and apply in STAAD.Pro or apply the loads in Tekla itself. But these gave

highly varying results. Hence we created a dxf file of the Tekla model and used it as grid to

create a node to node STAAD.Pro model (Figure 4.11) which had same centreline positions

thus eliminating the problems faced previously. We then applied material dimensions and

material properties to all the elements. Now that the model was complete, loads were added

as per is IS:875 (Part1) and (Part 2) codes and an analysis was performed. The results such

as member forces, moments, and support reactions were taken for a single frame of the

model (Figure 4.13) and inserted in the MS Excel design sheets to complete the design of

structural elements.



Figure 4.12 Rigid links



Figure 4.13 Grid used for model



Figure 4.14 Structural model indicating frame used

Figure 4.15 Frame taken for design



4.1.9 MS Excel design module

After performing analysis we used the results to perform RCC design of the frame

shown in Figure 4.13. The excel sheets were integrated with IS 456 provisions for RCC

design of beam, column and footing. Using the member forces and support reactions in the

excel sheets we could calculate the amount of reinforcement needed to withstand the loads

coming on the structure. The design examples are displayed below. These results are then

used to create reinforcement detail in Tekla structures. Thus allowing us to get ready made

bending schedules and quantity of steel required.



DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR SECTION @ SUPPORT (Node

95-155/Refer fig 4.15)

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

Grade of concrete M 20

Grade of steel Fe 415

fck = Characteristic Strength of concrete

20.00 N/mm2 fy = Characteristic Strength of steel

415.00 N/mm2

Kumax = 0.48

Rumax = 2.76 N/mm2

Ptmax = 0.96 %

Mdu = Maximum support moment

= 112.00 kNm

Section assumed in mm

b = 225 mm

D = 560 mm

Effective cover

d' = 35 mm

d = Effective depth

= 525 mm Mur-max =

Max. Mom. of resistance of singly reinforced section = 171.12 kNm

As Mr-max>Mdu, section will be designed as Singly

reinforced

Ast = Area of steel required

= 670 mm2



Excel Sheet Design of Beam (Node 95-155/Refer fig 4.15)

DESIGN OF T SECTION @ MIDSPAN

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION

Grade of concrete M 20

Grade of steel Fe 415

fck = Characteristic Strength of concrete

20.00 N/mm2

fy = Characteristic Strength of steel

415.00 N/mm2

Kumax = 0.48

Rumax = 2.76 N/mm2

Ptmax = 0.96 %

Mdu = Maximum midspan moment

= 68.80 kNm

Section assumed in mm bw = 225 mm

Df = 125 mm

D = 560 mm

Effective cover

d' = 35 mm

d = Effective depth

= 525 mm

L = Effective span

= 6120 mm

L0 = 0.7 * L

= 4284 mm

bf = L0 / 6 + bw + 6 Df

= 1689.0 mm

Xu = Df (Assumed)

= 125 mm Mur1 = 0.36*fck*bf*Dfu*(d-0.42*Df)

= 718.25 kNm

As Mr-max>Mdu, NA < Df

Ast = Area of steel required

= 366 mm

2

Xu = 7*Df/3

= 292 mm

Mur2 = 0.84*fck*bw*Df*(d-Df) + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*(d-Df/2) = 951 kNm

Xu = 200.00 mm Yf = 0.15*Xu + 0.65*Df

= 111.3 mm

OK

Mur = 0.36*fck*bw*Xu*(d-0.42*Df) + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)*Yf*(d-Yf/2) = 830.91 kNm

Ast = (0.36*fck*bw*Xu + 0.45*fck*(bf-bw)Yf) / 0.87*fy = 4957 mm2



Excel Sheet Design of Colmun (Node 70-155, Member No. 203, CRE-001)

DESIGN OF COLUMN

Design of Shorter side interior extreme columns of basement

Loads case Column no Position Fx(kN) My(kNm) Mz(kNm)

1.5(DL+LL) 4 Bottom 2424 0.5 1

Top 2387.00 24 2

Unsupported length of column 3.05 m

Effective length of column Le 1.9825 m

Ref: IS 456-2000, table 28, cl E3

Column size D 0.56 m d´= 40 mm

b 0.23 m d´/D= 0.071

Material Properties

Concrete of grade M30 fck 20 N/mm² Steel of grade Fe 415 fy 415 N/mm² Density of concrete 25 kN/m³ Main bars of size used 25 mm Tie bars of size used 8 mm

Le/D= 3.540179 <12

Therefor the column is short

emin=L/500+D/30 or

20mm 24.77 mm or 20 mm

Max axial load on column Pu=

2424.00 kN

Min eccentricity Moment = P x emin= 48.48 kNm

Total moment = 48.48 kNm

Pu/(fck*b*D)= 0.941

Mu/(fck*b*D²)= 0.034 from Sp 16 chart no 32

Pt/fck= 0.14

Pt = 2.8 Minimum Pt = 0.8 %

Provide Pt = 2.8 Ast =0.8 x b x D/100= 3606.4 mm²

Provide 8 bars of 25 mm dia (gives 3927.5 mm²)

Spacing of ties is min of followings

1) Min size of the column b= 230 mm

2) 16 times Φ of main bars= 400 mm

3) max spacing of

300 mm

Provide 12mm ties at 230 mm C/C



Design of Footing (Support #70)

Fck 20 N/mm2

Fy 415 N/mm2

SBC 250 kN/m2

L/B 1.25 Ratio b 225 mm d 560 mm clear

cover 50 mm Dia of

Bar 10 mm

Pu = 1616 kN P = 1077.33 kN w = 107.73 kN Pw = 1185.07 kN

Area of Footing= 4.74 m2

Length of Footing = 2434.20 mm

Length of Footing = 2400.00 mm

Breadth of footing = 1947.36 mm

Bradth of footing = 2000.00 mm

L/B,provd

1.200

Area of Footing provided = 4.80 m2

Upward Soil Reaction =

224.44 kN/m2

Factored Soil

Reaction 336.67 kN/m2

Computation of Moments along Both Axis:

Cx = 920.00 mm Cy = 887.50 mm Muxx = 284.95 kN-m

Muyy = 318.21 kN-m

Depth from Bending Moment Consideration:

Equating Mu = M.R.

dx,reqd 227.21 mm

dy,reqd 240.10 mm



Overall Depth = 306.00 mm

Overall Depth Provd= 700 mm

dx,provd 645.00 mm dy,provd 635.00 mm

Reinforcement along Both the Direction:

Astx,reqd 1245.01551 mm2

Astx,min 1857.6

Provide 10 mm dia bars at a spacing of 150 mm c/c

[Astx,provd

= 1256.6371 mm2]

Asty,reqd 1421.67717 mm2

1524

Provide 10 mm dia bars at a spacing of 100 mm c/c

[Asty,provd 1570.7963 mm2]

Check the Depth of Footing for Two-Way Shear(d/2): L2

ks = 1.70 >1 Hence ks 1.000

τc = 1.12 N/mm2

tv allowb 1.12 N/mm2 Shear

Force 1270.01 kN

tv reqd 0.49

tvreqd < allowable hence O.K.

Check the Depth of Footing for One-Way Shear(d):

Section L1-L1

Distance of critical sec. from edge of footing = 252.5 mm

Shear Force 204.02 kN

tv 0.1339

p% 0.0825

100As/bd 20N/mm2 tc 0.29

0.25 0.36

0.0825 0.2795791


0.5 0.48



Section L2-L2

0.15 0.28

Distance of critical sec. from edge of footing = 275 mm 0.0825 0.2259652

Shear Force 185.17 kN

0.25

0.36 tv 0.1458

p% 0.1237 tc 0.291


4.1.10 Tekla Phase Part II-Reinforcement Detailing

The results of the Excel designs of the RCC elements according to IS456 are used

to create reinforcement detailing. For the frame considered for analysis we have created

reinforcement so as to visualize the re-bars in a clear manner as compared to 2D drawings of

the same. The reinforcement can be viewed in 3D and also cutting planes can be created to

view the interior of the RCC elements containing the reinforcement. Reinforcement details

are shown in the following Figures. The reinforcement is created using the in-built macros

of Tekla structures. This reinforcement can only be added to native Tekla objects and not to

the reference model. The complete structural model is then saved and sent back to

ArchiCAD. The structural elements like the beams, columns and footing that were created in

Tekla structures are now available in the original ArchiCAD model also.



Figure 4.16 Members selected for design

Figure 4.17 Detailing of column and Beam



Figure 4.18 Detailing of footing

Fig 4.19 Reinforcement in footing



4.2. Drawbacks

4.2.1: Complexity level of BIM software

We have used ArchiCAD, Tekla, STAAD.Pro, MS Excel, VBA Programming and

MS Project. We strongly feel that the knowledge of basic 2D modelling software is essential

to understand the BIM software.

ArchiCAD has posted some training in their sites for learning the software. We feel

the help file in the software is not good enough. The basic modelling of ArchiCAD is

parametric and quite simple. But to use features like extracting material take off, generating

drawings etc. needs the understanding of the software to some extent. To successfully

transfer the model from one software to another, extra care should be taken by creating

layers and assigning the elements to that particular layer. Proper listing and labelling has to

be done for all elements. The model filter will help in transferring elements of the selected

layers.

The GUI of Tekla structures is quite complicated. There is very little training

material available for this software. But the help file of this is quite good and is enough to

learn to use the tools. However, some features are quite difficult to understand for example

preparing the model for analysis, reinforcement detailing of the members. One of the major

drawbacks of Tekla is that many of the features or tools are not an integral part of the

software. The API links for STAAD, the macro for IFC conversion are an example for that.

We didn’t find any sources to use these macros and API applications. To use most of the

features, a significant amount of understanding of GUI is required.

4.2.2 Cost of the software

The initial investment on the software is very high. Following are the approximate

quotes of software

1. Tekla BIM - Rs. 12,50,000

2. Graphisoft ArchiCAD - Rs. 1,75,000

3. Bentley STAAD.Pro - Rs. 2,40,000

Many important APIs are developed by third party developers and are not a part of

the original software. These APIs cost is in addition to the cost of software. For example the

link to send the file from Tekla to STAAD.Pro is not freely available

Even though the prices are very high, the returns are promising. We were able to

detect the errors of beams and columns in the modelling stage itself which will help in

avoiding alteration of the structure after it is built thus minimizing the cost.

4.2.3 Information flow

To achieve smooth flow of information, the modelling should be done in proper

way. The Modelling should be carried out in layers and all the elements should be listed as

IFC objects. The following tables show the transfer of the information from one phase to the

next.



Table 4.1 transfer of data from Archicad and Tekla

No. Parameter Transfer Remarks

1 Layer Information Complete Various layers are transferred as discussed

in previous topics

2 Elements Beam, column,

slab and wall

Beams, Columns are detected by Tekla. But

slab and wall is taken as concrete panel

3 Geometrical

information

Complete All the geometrical information is

transferred between the software

4 Section Properties Complete All the sectional properties of the elements

are transferred

5 Material Properties Partial Material information is not transferred.

After doing IFC conversion in Tekla, the

members are assigned steel as material by

default. But when the file is transferred

from the ArchiCAD to Tekla, the material

properties can be transferred

6 Library objects Partial The geometrical information is transferred,

but the properties of the objects are not

transferred.

7 Reinforcement

detailing

Complete The reinforcement done in Tekla structures

is detected by ArchiCAD.

8 Calculated area and

volumes

Complete The material takeoff from ArchiCAD is

sent to Tekla.

While transferring the beams and columns, we had no problems. But while

transferring the other parts we were getting some problems. For example while the staircase

was transferred from ArchiCAD to Tekla, when IFC converter was used, there were

unnecessary development of concrete panels. Same kind of thing was also observed in the

openings of slab.

Tekla and STAAD.Pro

Once the model is prepared for analysis, it should be sent to analysis tools for

analysis. The integral part of Tekla has the only option of saving the prepared model in

CIS/2. STAAD can read CIS/2, but this file is used only for steel structures.

We used a API link which linked the Tekla and STAAD. This link was capable of

transferring most of the information required for the analysis. But this is just one way

transferring data from Tekla to STAAD, the reverse is not possible. The following table

indicates the information flow:



Table 4.2 Transfer of data from Tekla to STAAD.Pro

Sl no Parameter Transfer Remarks

1 Elements Partial Beam, columns are easily transferred, but

transfer of walls and slabs creates a few

problems. Some rigid links are

introduced, which results in error in

analysis. So we had transferred only

beams and columns. Wall load and slab

load was manually applied,

2 Section properties Complete Section properties of all beams and

columns are completely transferred.

3 Material properties Complete Material properties assigned in Tekla are

transferred

4 Support conditions

and connections

Complete All the connections are transferred, as

discussed earlier in case of concrete

there’s a formation of a rigid link in the

junctions.

5 Load cases and

combinations

Complete Load cases and combinations defined in

Tekla are transferred to STAAD

6 Design Parameters Complete All the design parameters are defined in

the Tekla like Codes, Fy, Fc etc.

The parameters can be modified at any stage. The information flow is not good

enough; still a lot of manual work has to be done to complete the Analysis and design

process. The loads including wall loads and slab loads are to be applied manually.

4.2.4 Programming

Majority of the BIM software have an open API. To use the open API, two

programming languages are predominantly used VBA and C #. We used VBA programming

to write a module in MS Excel, which could fetch results from analysis results from the

STAAD. STAAD has an open API. The references codes for STAAD are been supplied

with the software in the help file. These are VBA codes. Tekla also has an open API. But the

reference codes available are both in VBA and C#.

The advantage of the module is that it will increase the speed and accuracy of the

process. The VBA code which we had written is for STAAD.Pro 2007, but the module

shows an error when used in STAAD.Pro V8i, which is the next version. So it is not

necessary that a module working in one version of software, should work well with another.

The STAAD link for Tekla which has been written for Tekla 14 and STAAD.Pro 2004. The

link is not fully functional as discussed earlier; the information flow is only in one direction.

VBA is comparatively easy to understand, but it cannot create an independent

application. It is in-built into applications. Whereas C# is capable of doing this, but it takes a

lot of effort to learn.



Chapter 05 Conclusion

BIM is poised to fundamentally transform the way projects are designed, built and

operated, the way stakeholders communicate and the culture of construction projects. BIM is

promising and more advantageous compared to the orthodox process, but still it has several

setbacks as the technology is still in primitive stage.

BIM’s application and advantages: We studied the information flow to be achieved

and assessed the applications and feasibility of the software in accordance with the aims of

this project and weighed all the pros and cons associated with the project.

Information Flow: Based on the research conducted on the BIM process we

chalked out the most efficient work flow suited for this project and software to be used in

each phase in order to assist each stage appropriately.

Software Tools: Based on the requirements of this project, we studied the software

to be used so as to achieve the necessary information flow and to build a more accurate and

responsive model.

Modelling, Analysing, And Designing: Based on the workflow, we first modeled

the building in 3D, created an analysis model which we further used to analyse the structure

and also generated designs for structural members.

We achieved the transfer of structural information between various software and

documented the discrepancies in the transfer of some information which did not get

transferred successfully.

We demonstrated advantages of BIM using the BIM model: We were able to detect

errors in the existing plans and were able to demonstrate the features like material take-off,

material lists, reinforcement detailing etc.

A significant amount of development is to be done in information flow and

interoperability of the software. Especially when the model is been sent to design Phase.

Additional training material is to be provided with software to learn the complicated

features. API codes should be made much simpler.

As the technology will advance, some of the setbacks may be overcome. For

example IFC converter which is a macro in Tekla 16, is transformed as integral part in Tekla

17. Since there is a competitive environment among the various BIM service providers, the

cost of the software may reduce in future

Before attempting to implement a project using BIM technology, one must keep in

mind the two following points:

New software systems cannot replace the skills and intelligence of the designer, but

can only augment them. Software can reduce the burden of the designer, but not

replace him.

BIM requires additional technical education and training in an industry already

stressed to recruit and retain a fully qualified workforce.



References

[1] Constructing the future China & India- solidiance brochure,

http://www.solidiance.com/Admin/pdf/Constructing_the_future_China_&_India.pdf

[2] William D. and McCarthy J. E. Product Life Cycle: “Essentials of Marketing”,

Richard, D Irwin Company, 1997

http://www.urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf

[3] An introduction to Building Information Modelling( BIM)- A Guide for ASHRAE

Members, http://todaysfacilitymanager.com/facilityblog/wp-content/uploads/bim_guide.pdf

[4] Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Mar

2009,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Foundation_Classes.

[5] ArchiCAD - Tekla Structures, Model-Based Interoperability, by

Graphicsoft, http://download.graphisoft.com/ftp/marketing/interoperability/tekla/ac-tekla-

guide.pdf

[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Project

[8] Mc Graw Hill Constructions: Smart market report december_2008

http://www.solidiance.com/Admin/pdf/Constructing_the_future_China_&_India.pdf

http://www.urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf

http://todaysfacilitymanager.com/facilityblog/wp-content/uploads/bim_guide.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Foundation_Classes

http://download.graphisoft.com/ftp/marketing/interoperability/tekla/ac-tekla-guide.pdf

http://download.graphisoft.com/ftp/marketing/interoperability/tekla/ac-tekla-guide.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Project



Appendix:

1. ArchiCAD

1. Acquiring and Understanding 2D plans

The first step is to acquire 2D plans from the architect. These plans should contain

all the necessary specifications about the basic structural elements of the building. These

may include the basic layout, wall thickness, initial column positions, doors (position and

dimensions), windows (position and dimensions), basic slab details (thickness, sunken/not

sunken,) and such other necessary details. The basic information inscribed in the plans must

be clear and should be understood well before commencing with the 3D modelling. Any

discrepancies in the architect’s 2D plan may be discussed before the commencement. Any

errors found in the 2D plans during the 3D modelling can be marked in the 3D model itself

and sent to the architect for verification via the IFC file. Now the 3Dmodeling can be

started using any BIM compatible software, in this critical assessment we will use

Graphisoft's ArchiCAD 14-(2010/2011 Release).

ArchiCAD 3D modelling

2.a Initial configuration

We begin the 3D modelling by first selecting the desired working units (In this case

feet and fractional inches) depending on the architects plan units. This can be changed in

Options/Project environment/Working units. The units to be used in calculations can aslo be

changed so as to generate reports in desired units which need not be the same units used for

the actual layout and modelling .next the desired scale and grid system can be chosen so as

to make it easy to snap to points on the grid. Select the required selection and snap options

provided in the toolbar.

2.b Creating 3D structural elements based on 2D plan

As per the 2D plan, various construction guide lines should be drawn so as to keep

in check the accuracy while drawing walls, placing columns etc. These lines can be drawn

and labelled using the Line command and dimension command present under Document

Tab in the toolbox on the left of the screen. The digital format of the 2D plan can also be

directly imported. Open this .DWG extension in ArchiCAD, choose a suitable scale and

place the 2D plan at desired location. Using this plan as a guide, draw walls using the Wall

Command in the Design Tab. After completing all the walls with precise dimensions and

precise location, provide the doors and windows. Use the ArchiCAD in-built object library

to specify the desired door/window. In the object settings option, one can change the

dimensions, labelling and layers can be assigned. Similarly the columns, slab and beams can

be drawn to 100% precision using the design tools. Proper dimensions and labels should be

assigned using the dimensions option.



2.c Assigning Layers .

This step is very important in the export/import of the IFC file. In

Documents/Layers/Layer Settings the Layers can be created, edited, deleted and assigned.

Create a separate Layer for each of the following-Slab, Columns and Beams. ArchiCAD will

automatically assign layers to other non-structural elements including the above. These

layers can be turned on/off and the views for the layers can also be changed to

Wireframe/Rendered. Using the Find & Select option any part belonging to the same family

(Beams, Columns, Slab, Doors .etc) can be chosen and assigned a layer all at once. Here,

the IFC export settings for each layer can also be edited.

2. d creating views.

Elevations and sections can be drawn using the Elevation/Section/Interior

Elevation option.3D cutting planes can also be created so as to see a cut view of the

structure in any specific location in 3D view. A walkthrough can be possible using the

Explore 3D model option. Partial Structural Display( Document Tab ) is a tool by which the

model can be filtered to show only desired views such as (i) Entire Model (ii)Without

Finishes (iii)Cores Only and (iv)Core of Load Bearing Elements Only.

2.e Generating Lists.

Lists of all the elements/components can be generated. These lists contain all the

information pertaining to the various elements in the building. The information provided is

the layer name, element id’s, dimension, volumes, surface areas. These lists can be used to

verify quantity take offs and estimates provide by the quantity estimator.

Saving in IFC format and export

The model once complete with all the necessary information should be saved in any

of the following formats-.ifc, .ifcxml, .ifczip. Before clicking ―Save‖ change the translator to

―Data Exchange with Tekla Structures‖. The IFC elements and layers to be exported should

be specified in the Model Filter Dialog Box or else the Entire Project gets exported. This

might lead to large file size and also the entire project may not be needed by the Structural

Engineer. The next step in the workflow is carried out using Tekla Structures.

2. ArchiCAD -Tekla Structures Interoperability

Preparation for the Export

Structural models are the simplified versions of architectural models- containing

only the load bearing elements such as columns, beams, slabs and walls. In ArchiCAD, the

Layer Combinations and the Partial Structure display function allows one to display and

output the load bearing structural elements.

Save as IFC

To export the complete or the simplified architectural modeller only its parts, use

the Save As command and choose IFC 2x3(*.ifc) as the file type.

Open IFC as Reference.



1. Click Insert Reference Model (File Menu)

2. In the File name field, browse to the reference model folder and select the file.

3. By default, all layers in the model are imported. To choose which layers to

import, go to select layers dialog.

4. Click Ok.

Figure1(a): Reference model window- selecting layers

5. Snap to the common coordinate system origin in Tekla Structures

6. Interrupt the command and right-click on an empty part of the screen, and then

click Fit Work Area to Entire Model. The reference model appears.

Comparing Architectural Reference Models.

In Tekla Structures, there is an easy way to detect changes between different

versions of reference models. When the architect sends an updated IFC model to the

structural engineer, the changes done can be compared to the old IFC model and tracked in

Tekla Structures.

Insert the new reference file into the current project with Insert Reference Model

(File Menu). Browse for the new model next to File Name. Click, apply and place the model

into its original position without exiting the command. Do Fit Work Area to Entire Model

on the drawing area.

1. Click on the inserted new reference model by using select Components.

2. In the Old File name, browse for the old reference model.

3. In the field Show, choose one of the following options: Old File, Unchanged,

Changed, Deleted or Inserted, and press display to show the comparing results on the

screen.



Figure1(b): Reference model window-detecting changes

Tekla Structures-Model Conversion, Analysis Model and Reinforcement

Detailing

After inserting the reference ArchiCAD model choosing the required layers to be imported,

we convert the reference model into native Tekla objects. This is done by using the IFC

object convertor tool which is located in macros option.

Select all the objects to be converted and click the convert button. All the elements will now

appear in blue color thus indicating the conversion is complete. The reference model is now

deleted by selecting it. When the whole model gets highlighted it indicates the selection of

the reference model which is present behind the new Tekla model.

After conversion, we assign material properties. First double click any member in the model

to open its properties. It will display the dialog box shown below. Using the tick all/none

option, tick none, then tick the materials box and click select. Choose M 20(C 20/25) from

the concrete menu. Then click the modify button. Now without closing the dialog box, select

all the other elements on the screen and click modify. Now all the members will have

C20/25 member properties.



Figure 2 beam properties window

In the similar manner change class and cast unit to cast in place in the dialog box for all the

members. Now that the material properties have been assigned, we can create the nalysis

model.

To create the analysis model, click the concrete parts option in the analysis toolbar.

(Analysis/Properties/Concrete Parts/Column). Once the column dialog box opens select the

generate self weight option in the loading menu. Now select the columns in the model and

click modify and then apply. Do the same for beams as well.

Presuming the staad api link is already installed the analysis model is now created. This

option can be found under analysis menu. Choose the Analysis and Design model option and

select the STAAD API link in the Analysis Application dialog box and click OK. The model

is now created and can be exported to staad pro. The link will automatically open a analysis

model containing the centerlines as well as node and also material properties.

After the analysis and design is done in staad and ms excel respectively, the reinforcement

details can be created using the macros provided. By pressing Ctrl+F on the screen a dialog

box containing the various reinforcement detailing options for the various members. For

example reinforcement module 83 is for columns, 63 for beams and 77 for footings.



Depending on the reinforcement details and requirements the values for various parameters

like spacing, size of bars, no. of bars, stirrup size.etc are input and then the member to be

reinforced is clicked on. The reinforcement details are created depending on the values fed

in.

Drawings and reports can be generated using the drawings and reports menu. Right click on

a member and click create drawings/cast unit drawings. This will generate a detailed

drawing of the reinforcement and structural details of the member. Also a bar bending

schdule as well as quantity by weight can be generated.

This structural model can be exported back to archicad to and can be viewed there as well.

This model in archicad can be used for cross referencing the two model and positions of

structural members and also clashes, so that any changes that are to be made can be done

before construction begins.

Figure 3 Rebar in beam

3. STAAD Analysis

Since all the parameters are assigned in Tekla itself, you can directly run the

analysis. Modification or changes in any parameters can easily be done in STAAD.