A C O M P A N I O N T O

TUDOR LITERATUREEDITED BY

K E N T C A R T W R I G H T

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

A Companion to Tudor Literature

Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture

This series offers comprehensive, newly written surveys of key periods and movements and certain major authors, in English literary culture and history. Extensive volumes provide new perspectives and positions on contexts and on canonical and post - canonical texts, orientating the beginning student in new fi elds of study and providing the experienced undergraduate and new graduate with current and new directions, as pioneered and developed by leading scholars in the fi eld.

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A C O M P A N I O N T O

TUDOR LITERATUREEDITED BY

K E N T C A R T W R I G H T

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition fi rst published 2010 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization 2010 Kent Cartwright

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A companion to Tudor literature / edited by Kent Cartwright. p. cm. (Blackwell companions to literature and culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-5477-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. English literatureEarly modern, 15001700History and criticism. 2. Great BritainCivilization16th century. I. Cartwright, Kent, 1943

PR413.C65 2010 820.9002dc22 2009025909

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Set in 11 on 13 pt Garamond 3 by Toppan Best-set Premedia LimitedPrinted in Singapore

1 2010

www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwellwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell

Contents

List of Illustrations viiiNotes on Contributors ixAcknowledgments xv

Chronology xviKathleen Bossert

Map of England, Scotland, and Ireland in the Sixteenth Century xxxi

Introduction 1Kent Cartwright

Part I Historical and Cultural Contexts 13

1 The Reformation, Lollardy, and Catholicism 15Peter Marshall

2 Witchcraft in Tudor England and Scotland 31Kathryn A. Edwards

3 The Tudor Experience of Islam 49Matthew Dimmock

4 Protestantism, Profi t, and Politics: Tudor Representations of the New World 63Nancy Bradley Warren

5 International Infl uences and Tudor Music 79Ross W. Duffi n

6 Tudor Technology in Transition 95Adam Max Cohen

7 Enclosing the Body: Tudor Conceptions of Skin 111Tanya Pollard

vi Contents

Part II Manuscript, Print, and Letters 123

8 Manuscripts in Tudor England 125Steven W. May and Heather Wolfe

9 John Skelton and the State of Letters 140Seth Lerer

10 The Henrician Courtier Writing in Manuscript and Print: Wyatt, Surrey, Bryan, and Others 151David R. Carlson

11 Old Authors, Women Writers, and the New Print Technology 178Helen Smith

12 Printers of Interludes 192Peter Happ

Part III Literary Origins, Presences, Absences 211

13 Medievalism in English Renaissance Literature 213Deanne Williams

14 The Tudor Origins of Medieval Drama 228Theresa Coletti and Gail McMurray Gibson

15 French Presences in Tudor England 246A. E. B. Coldiron

16 Italian in Tudor England: Why Couldnt a Woman Be More Like a Man? 261Pamela J. Benson

Part IV Authors, Works, and Modes 277

17 Mores Utopia: Medievalism and Radicalism 279Anne Lake Prescott

18 The Literary Voices of Katherine Parr and Anne Askew 295Joan Pong Linton

19 Reformation Satire, Scatology, and Iconoclastic Aesthetics in Gammer Gurtons Needle 309Robert Hornback

20 Bad Fun and Tudor Laughter 324Pamela Allen Brown

Contents vii

21 Perspective and Realism in the Renaissance 339Alastair Fowler

22 Seeing through Words in Theories of Poetry: Sidney, Puttenham, Lodge 350Gavin Alexander

23 Tudor Versifi cation and the Rise of Iambic Pentameter 364Jeff Dolven

24 John Lylys Galatea: Politics and Literary Allusion 381Mike Pincombe

25 Sidneys Arcadia, Romance, and the Responsive Woman Reader 395Clare R. Kinney

26 Nature and Techn in Spensers Faerie Queene 412Jessica Wolfe

27 In Poesie the mirrois of our Age: The Countess of Pembrokes Sydnean Poetics 428Suzanne Trill

28 Conceived of young Horatio his son: The Spanish Tragedy and the Psychotheology of Revenge 444Heather Hirschfeld

29 West of England: The Irish Specter in Tamburlaine 459Kimberly Anne Coles

30 The Real and the Unreal in Tudor Travel Writing 475Mary C. Fuller

31 Jack and the City: The Unfortunate Traveler, Tudor London, and Literary History 489Steve Mentz

Index 504

Illustrations

Map of England, Scotland, and Ireland in the Sixteenth Century. Blackwell Publishing, 2009

xxxi

Figure 4.1 Their dances which they use at high feasts, Engraving 18, from Thomas Hariot, A Brief and True Report of the New - found Land of Virginia (Frankfurt, 1590). Courtesy of the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC

73

Figure 14.1 John and Mary Towneley family portrait, 1601. Courtesy of Burnley Borough Council, Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museums

238

Figure 14.2 Priest s chasuble from Whalley Abbey. Courtesy of Burnley Borough Council, Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museums

239

Figure 17.1 Map of Utopia, from Thomas More, Utopia (Louvain, 1518; orig. pub. 1516), p. 12. Courtesy of the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC

281

Contributors

Gavin Alexander is a University Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of English, University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Christ s College. His recent publications include Writing after Sidney: The Literary Response to Sir Philip Sidney, 1586 1640 (2006), Renaissance Figures of Speech (2007), co - edited with Sylvia Adamson and Katrin Etten-huber, and an edition of sixteenth - and seventeenth - century writings on literature, Sidney s The Defence of Poesy and Selected Renaissance Literary Criticism (2004).

Kathleen Bossert is a doctoral candidate in English at the University of Maryland, where she is completing her dissertation, Antychryst and his beastly brood : The Tudor Antichrists, 1485 1590. She is the recipient of the Harman - Ward Fellowship for Medieval Studies and the Ann G. Wylie Dissertation Fellowship.

Pamela Joseph Benson is currently writing a book on Aemilia Lanyer in English and Italian literary and cultural contexts. She is author of The Invention of the Renais-sance Woman: The Challenge of Female Independence in the Literature and Thought of Italy and England (1992) and editor of Italian Tales from the Age of Shakespeare (1996). She co - organized (with Victoria Kirkham) a conference on Strong Voices / Weak History: Early Women Writers and Canons in England, France, and Italy and co - edited the volume of essays drawn from it (2004). She has published articles on the patronage of Eleonora di Toledo, the querelle des femmes, Spenser, women in Italian culture, and other subjects. She is Professor of English at Rhode Island College.

Pamela Allen Brown is Associate Professor of English at University of Connecticut, Stamford. Her publications include Better a Shrew than a Sheep: Women, Drama and the Culture of Jest in Early Modern England (2003) and a co - edited volume (with Peter Parolin), Women Players in England 1500 1660: Beyond the All - Male Stage (2005). She is at work on a book about foreign actresses in relation to Shakespeare and his contemporaries.

David R. Carlson is Professor of English in the University of Ottawa. His recent work includes The Deposition of Richard II: The Record and Process of the Renunciation

x Contributors

and Deposition of Richard II (1399) and Related Writings (2007), in the Toronto Medi-eval Latin Texts series, and editorial and other contributions to the volume John Skelton and Early Modern Culture: Papers Honoring Robert S. Kinsman (2008).

Kent Cartwright is Professor and Chair, Department of English, University of Mary-land. He is the author of Theatre and Humanism: English Drama in the Sixteenth Century (1999) and Shakespearean Tragedy and Its Double: The Rhythms of Audience Response (1991), as well as various essays on Shakespeare and Tudor drama. He is currently editing The Comedy of Errors for the Arden Shakespeare, third series.

Adam Max Cohen is Associate Professor of English at the University of Massachu-setts Dartmouth. He is the author of Shakespeare and Technology: Dramatizing Early Modern Technological Revolutions (2006), and Technology and the Early Modern Self (2009). His current projects include monographs on wonder in Shakespeare and on the his-torical relationships between the theater and the book.

A. E. B. Coldiron , Associate Professor, Florida State University, is the author of Canon, Period, and the Poetry of Charles of Orleans: Found in Translation (2000), English Printing, Verse Translation, and the Battle of the Sexes 1476 1557 (2009), and articles in various journals, including JEGP , Comparative Literature , Yale Journal of Criticism , and Spenser Studies . Her work asks how poetry crosses cultures and media, how transla-tions challenge critical categories, and how literary systems operate over time.

Kimberly Anne Coles is an Assistant Professor of English at the University of Maryland. She is author of Religion, Reform and Women s Writing in Early Modern England (2008), which examines the infl uence of women writers on religious identity and its cultural expression in sixteenth century England. Her new book project, Soule is Forme, will explore the intersection of religious identity and emergent racialist discourse in England.

Theresa Coletti is the author of Naming the Rose: Eco, Medieval Signs, and Modern Theory (1988), Mary Magdalene and the Drama of Saints: Theater, Gender, and Religion in Late Medieval England (2004), and many essays on medieval drama, Chaucer, and modern encounters with the Middle Ages. She is currently editing the Digby Mary Magdalene for the TEAMS Middle English Text Series. She teaches medieval literature in the English Department at the University of Maryland.

Matthew Dimmock is Senior Lecture and Co - director of the Centre for Early Modern Studies at the University of Sussex. His research interests lie in notions of otherness in the early modern period, with particular reference to religion (and specifi cally Islam). His publications include New Turkes: Dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England (2005), William Percy s Mahomet and His Heaven : A Critical Edition (2006), and he is co - editor of Cultural Encounters between East and West, 1453 1699 (2005), The Religions of the Book: Co - Existence and Confl ict, 1400 1660 (2008), and Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England (2009). He is currently completing a monograph: Fabricating Muhammad: Christian Imaginings, 1400 1750.

Contributors xi

Jeff Dolven teaches Renaissance literature at Princeton University. His fi rst book, Scenes of Instruction in Renaissance Romance (2007), is about poetry and pedagogy at the end of the sixteenth century; he is at work now on a book about literary style.

Ross W. Duffi n is Fynette H. Kulas Professor of Music at Case Western Reserve University, and director of the Early Music Program there. He is best known in English Renaissance music for his award - winning Shakespeare s Songbook (2004) and Cantiones Sacrae: Madrigalian Motets from Jacobean England (2005). Forthcoming projects include a new reconstruction of the Davy Passion from the Eton Choirbook (A - R Editions) and the theoretical works of Thomas Ravenscroft (Ashgate).

Kathryn A. Edwards is Associate Professor of History at the University of South Carolina. Among her publications are Families and Frontiers: Re - creating Communities and Boundaries in the Early Modern Burgundies (2002), Werewolves, Witches, and Wander-ing Spirits: Folklore and Traditional Belief in Early Modern Europe (2002), Leonarde s Ghost: Popular Piety and the Appearance of a Spirit in 1628 (2008), and Visitations: The Haunting of an Early Modern Town (forthcoming). Her current project is a history of European beliefs about ghosts, tentatively titled Living with Ghosts: The Dead in European Society from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment .

Alastair Fowler is Regius Professor Emeritus of Rhetoric and English Literature, University of Edinburgh, and was also formerly Professor of English, University of Virginia. He is the author of numerous books and essays on the Renaissance, includ-ing, most recently, of Renaissance Realism: Narrative Images in Art and Literature (2003).

Mary Fuller is Associate Professor of Literature at MIT. Her research focuses on the printed records of English travel, exploration, colonization and trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. She has published various essays on accounts of English contacts with Guiana, Virginia, Newfoundland, West Africa, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, as well as on the records of early English circumnavigations. Her publications also include two monographs: Voyages in Print: English Travel to America 1576 1624 (1995), and Remembering the Early Modern Voyage: English Narratives in the Age of Euro-pean Expansion (2008). She is currently working on a study of Richard Hakluyt s Principal Navigations (1598 1600).

Gail McMurray Gibson is the William R. Kenan, Jr Professor of English and Humanities at Davidson College. She is the author of The Theater of Devotion (1989) and of other studies of medieval drama, visual art, and spirituality. A friend of Theresa Coletti for more than 30 years, she is delighted to be offi cially collaborating in this volume with Professor Coletti for the fi rst time.

Peter Happ , retired Principal of Barton Peveril Sixth Form College, is now a Visit-ing Fellow in the English Department of Southampton University. He has published on many aspects of English and European medieval drama and on Ben Jonson. His latest books have included The Towneley Cycle: Unity and Diversity (2007) and Interludes and Early Modern Society (2007). He has edited A Tale of a Tub for the forthcoming

xii Contributors

Cambridge Works of Ben Jonson, and is working on a book on Jonson s Caroline Plays.

Heather Hirschfeld is Associate Professor of English at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. She is the author of Joint Enterprises: Collaborative Drama and the Institution-alization of the English Renaissance Theater (2004) as well as articles in Shakespeare Quarterly, Shakespeare Studies, ELH, Renaissance Drama , and PMLA .

Robert Hornback , Associate Professor of English at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, GA, has authored articles focusing on the comic in Tudor through Jacobean theater, published or forthcoming, in Shakespeare Studies , English Literary Renaissance , Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England , Studies in English Literature , and other journals. His book The English Clown Tradition from the Middle Ages to Shakespeare (2009), brings to light major comic fi gures from the late Middle Ages through the Renaissance, including early religiously inspired blackface fools, polemical evangelical lords of misrule, ignorant puritan clown - types, satiric artifi cial fools, and surreptitious clowns of the Interregnum.

Clare R. Kinney is Associate Professor of English at the University of Virginia. She is the author of Strategies of Poetic Narrative: Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, Eliot (1992) and of many articles on the Sidney circle, Spenser, early modern and medieval romance, and early modern drama. She is the editor of Ashgate Critical Essays in Women Writers in England, 1550 1700, Volume IV, Mary Wroth (2009).

Seth Lerer is Dean of Arts and Humanities and Distinguished Professor of Literature at the University of California at San Diego. His most recent books include Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language (2007), and Children s Literature: A Reader s History from Aesop to Harry Potter (2008).

Joan Pong Linton is Associate Professor of English at Indiana University, Bloom-ington, and author of The Romance of the New World: Gender and the Literary Formations of English Colonialism (1998, 2007). Her current book project deals with the poetics and politics of trickster in Early Modern England.

Peter Marshall is Professor of early modern religious and cultural history at the University of Warwick. His books include Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (2002), Reformation England 1480 1642 (2003), Religious Identities in Henry VIII s England (2006), and Mother Leakey and the Bishop: A Ghost Story (2007).

Steven W. May is adjunct Professor of English at Emory University, Atlanta, and Senior Research Fellow at Sheffi eld University. His books include The Elizabethan Courtier Poets (1991) an edition of Queen Elizabeth I: Selected Works (2004) and Eliza-bethan Poetry: A Bibliography and First - Line Index of English Verse, 1559 1603 (2004). His research interests center on English Renaissance manuscript culture, the Tudor court, and editing early modern documents.

Steve Mentz is Associate Professor of English at St John s University in New York City, where he teaches Shakespeare, early modern literature and culture, and literary

Contributors xiii

theory. He is author of Romance for Sale in Early Modern England (2006) and co - editor of Rogues and Early Modern English Culture (Michigan, 2004), as well as numerous articles and chapters. His current research explores the cultural history of the early modern ocean, and it includes a forthcoming book, At the Bottom of Shakespeare s Ocean (Continuum, 2009) and a gallery exhibition at the Folger Shakespeare Library, Lost at Sea: The Ocean in the Early Modern Imagination, which will open in June 2010.

Mike Pincombe is Professor of Tudor and Elizabethan Literature at Newcastle Uni-versity (UK), and Convenor of the Tudor Symposium. He has written books on The Plays of John Lyly (1996) and Elizabethan Humanism (2001), as well as numerous essays on mid - Tudor and Elizabethan topics. He has just edited, with Dr Cathy Shrank (Sheffi eld), The Oxford Handbook of Tudor Literature (2009).

Tanya Pollard is Associate Professor of English at Brooklyn College, City University of New York. Her publications include Drugs and Theater in Early Modern England (2005), Shakespeare s Theater: A Sourcebook (2003), and a number of essays on early modern theater and medicine. She is currently writing a book on the development of new literary genres in early modern England, and their debts to classical Greece.

Anne Lake Prescott is Helen Goodhart Altschul Professor of English at Barnard College and Columbia University. A former president of the Sixteenth Century Society and trustee of the Renaissance Society of America, she is on the Advisory Board of the International Association for Thomas More Scholarship and is a former member of the Moreana editorial board. She co - edits Spenser Studies and is the author of French Poets and the English Renaissance (1978) and Imagining Rabelais in the English Renaissance (1998) as well as of articles on More, Donne, Marguerite de Navarre, du Bellay, Mary Sidney, Drayton, and other early modern writers.

Helen Smith is lecturer in Renaissance Literature at the University of York. She has published on the early modern print trades and is completing a book on women as the producers of texts in early modern England, as well as a forthcoming edited col-lection on Renaissance Paratexts .

Suzanne Trill is a senior lecturer in the department of English Literature at the University of Edinburgh. Her research focuses on early modern women s devotional writing, and her most recent publication is Lady Anne Halkett: Selected Self - Writing (2007).

Nancy Bradley Warren is Professor of English and Courtesy Professor of Religion at Florida State University. She is the author of Spiritual Economies: Female Monasticism in Later Medieval England (2001) and Women of God and Arms: Female Spirituality and Politi-cal Confl ict, 1380 1600 (2005) as well as numerous essays on medieval and early modern religion. Her current book project is entitled The Word Made Flesh: Female Spiritu-alities, Contested Orthodoxies, and English Religious Cultures, 1350 1700.

Deanne Williams is Associate Professor of English at York University, Toronto. She is the author of The French Fetish from Chaucer to Shakespeare (2004), which won the