9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? Faith (Shahadah): Declaration that there is no

God but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet.

9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? Prayer (Salat): Five times a day {morning, noon,

mid-afternoon, sunset, & evening} facing Makkah

9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? Alms (Zakah): Muslims have a social responsibility to

give money to the poor

9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? Fasting : Muslims fast during the month of

Ramadan from dawn to dusk. The idea is to show that spiritual needs are greater than physical needs.

9. What are the beliefs & practices of Islam? Pilgrimage (Hajj): All Muslims who are physically

and financially able make a pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in their lives.

Qur’an Written in Arabic Only the Arabic version can be used

during worship (Mosque) Arabic spread with Islam (Arabization)

1. What happened in 656 and who were the two people claiming to be the rulers?

656 – Uthman was murdered. This started a civil war. Ali – the 4th Rightly Guided Caliph – was the natural

choice as a successor to Uthman. Ali was Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law.

Muawiya, a governor from Syria, challenged Ali’s right to rule. Ali’s men refused to fight because they did not want to

damage the Qur’an. 661 – Ali was assassinated.

2. Who were the Umayyads? The Umayyads took control after Ali was

assassinated. Moved capital from Makkah to Damascus. Eventually, Muawiya died and Ali’s son Husayn

(Hussein) was supposed to take over. Husayn was defeated in the Battle of Karbala (in Iraq)

by Muawiya’s son Yazid who took control. Lived a life of luxury, instead of a simple life.

3. Explain the split, in detail, between the Shi’a & Sunni?

The majority of Muslims supported the Umayyads’ rule. . . . A small group resisted it.

Fill in the following chart:

BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUNNI & SHI’A MUSLIMS

Sunni Vs. Shi'a

Sunni Vs. Shi'a

Chart from: http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/comparison_charts/islamic_sects.htm

Mahdi? Muslims recognize Jesus Christ as a Messiah and this is very

clearly mentioned in the Quran. - Sunni Muslims are expecting at least 3 main individuals to appear in

the End Times: (1) One caliph (ruler) whose is referred to as Mahdi (good man), (2) Anti-Christ (evil man), and (3) Jesus Christ (good man).

- Sunni Muslims are expecting Jesus to return to Earth, by descending from Heaven.

- For Sunni Muslims, the Mahdi (Mehdi) is a unique Muslim leader who will appear in the End Times and act as a Caliph, ruling the Muslim World. According to our numerical analysis of the Quran, it seems that the Mahdi will be fulfilling a divine mission and will act as a Witness, a Warner and a Carrier of Good News, so he could be considered a Messenger.

- For Sunni Muslims, Jesus will play a very important role. Jesus will kill the Anti-Christ.

- For the Shia, the Mahdi's role is far more important than Jesus' role. The Shia believe that the Mahdi (not Jesus) will be the one who will kill the Anti-Christ. Shia even claim that the Mahdi will kill Satan.

The Rise of Christianity and the Fall of Rome

(324 CE- 476 CE)

Christianity

The Messiah—believed to be a warrior-king to provide the Jews dominance over their enemies (Rome)

Jesus Rejected the militant aspect of the Messiah Claimed his mission was “spiritual salvation” of his

people After his death his “Apostles” were encouraged to

proselytize, esp.Paul. Beliefs

Monotheism with a Trinity Miracles and direct intervention of God in present

matters Exclusivity Morality (Teachings of Jesus) Brotherhood (stability, purpose and organization) Salvation and eternal life

Rome’s Reaction to Christianity

Initially Rome ignored it, but eventually began to believe that it was a threat and persecuted Christianity

Constantine (324-337 CE) In 312 before going into the Battle of the Milvian

Bridge he saw the sign of the cross against the sun with the words “conquer in this”

After placing the cross on his shields he won and converted!

Theodosius (379-395 CE) Non-Christian religions were outlawed Romans converted to make emperor happy One form of “politically correct” Christianity was

established eliminating the various sects

THE BYZANTINE

EMPIRE

What happened to the Roman Empire in the year 476 CE?

The Fall of the Roman Empire

After the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire

entered an era of decline

Romans had a large trade imbalance (they bought more

than they produced)

The Fall of the Roman Empire

The Roman Empire had a

series of weak emperors

As Rome went deeper into debt, the military became weak and began using foreign mercenary soldiers

Text

Emperor Diocletian then tried to save the Roman Empire by dividing it to make it more manageable

The Western side of the Roman Empire continued

to grow weak

Emperor Constantine moved the Roman capital to

Constantinople in the Eastern side of the Roman Empire

The Fall of the Roman Empire

By 476, Germanic barbarians conquered the Western Roman Empire

While the Western Roman Empire was

in decline……the Eastern Roman Empire

remained strong

The Eastern Roman Empire later became known as the

Byzantine Empire

Religion of the Byzantine Empire

ROMAN RELIGION BYZANTINE RELIGION

How was religion similar?

Because of its location close to Judea, most Byzantines had converted to Christianity before

people in the Western Roman Empire did

The Division of Christianity

However, Christianity developed differently in the East due to the distance and lack of contact between the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire

The Division of Christianity

All Christians, both in the East and the West, based their faith on Jesus Christ

and the Bible

However, there were many differences in

Eastern and Western religious practices

The Division of Christianity

Christianity was organized the

same way on both sides of the Empire

Archbishops and bishops oversaw

regions where Christianity was

practiced

The Division of Christianity

However, Christians in the East and West

disagreed over the leadership of the

Church

Priests led individual churches

The Division of Christianity

Christians in Western Europe believed that a leader called the Pope (Latin for “father”) should oversee the bishops

Christians in Western Europe

accepted the Pope as the top authority figure of the Church

The Division of Christianity

Eastern European Christians believed that the Byzantine

emperors had authority over Church matters. This

was called Caesaropapism.

The emperors relied on a religious leader called a Patriarch to oversee Church operations, but the emperors had final

authority

Byzantine Christians did not accept the authority of the Pope

The Division of Christianity

The Division of Christianity

The biggest controversy between Christians of the West and East was over the use of icons

Icons were religious images (paintings,

statues) that Christians would have during

prayers and worship

The Division of Christianity Some Christians thought icons

were “idol worship” (worshipping false images of God)

In the year 730, the Byzantine emperor banned

all icons and many Christians reacted violently

Emperor Leo III ordered the

destruction of icons in the

Byzantine Empire

Riots broke out between people

who wanted icons and iconoclasts

(those who wanted to ban icons)

The Pope in Western Europe supported the use of icons and called

Leo III a heretic (a believer of false religious ideas)

The Pope excommunicated the

Byzantine emperor (formally banned him

from the Church)

The Division of Christianity These

disagreements led to deep

divisions between Christians

The Great Schism (split) occurred in 1054 CE

Christians in Western Europe became the

Roman Catholic Church

Christians in Eastern Europe became the

Eastern Orthodox Church

Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians practice their religions differently:

The Crusades

Byzantine Empire was under attack by Muslins in 1093 and Sought Help from Western Europe

Pope Urban II launched the Crusades in 1095

He issued a call for a “Holy War” to gain control over the Holy Lands

Pope Urban II hoped to unite the Roman and Byzantine churches

Goals of the CrusadesEconomic Factors

Sought land from victories Merchants profited from

financing and assisting the journeys Merchants sought to

control the rich trade from the Middle East and India

Social Factors of the Crusades The Church and kings saw the Crusades as an opportunity to send quarreling knights on a common goal

Pope Urban II had assured Crusaders of a place in heaven for their struggle

Crusaders wore a red cloth cross across the front of their uniforms

Political Goals of the Crusades Pope Urban II hoped to re-unite the church and gain prestige in doing so

United different groups in conquests of the Holy Lands

Conquest of land was also a reason for the lesser nobility to participate in the Crusades

Knights, Nobles and Merchants Nobles raised the armies for the Crusades and helped finance them

Knights were loyal to their nobles and followed them into the Crusades

Merchants helped finance, transport, and profit from their participation

Merchants also hoped for access to the merchandise available in the Middle East

Crusades

First Crusade 1096 – 1099 successful in capturing Jerusalem and establishing a foothold in Palestine

Second Crusade 1147 – 1149 organized to recapture Jerusalem ended in defeat

Third Crusade 1189 – 1191 three powerful monarchs, Philip II of France, Frederick I of Germany, and Richard the Lion-hearted of England participated

Richard fought the Muslin leader Saladin to a truce

Terms left Jerusalem under Muslin control but Christian pilgrims would have safe passage

Fourth Crusade never reached the Holy Land - looted and sacked the City of Constantinople

Later four more unsuccessful Crusades

Children’s Crusade 1212, 30,000 children joined, most starved, died of diseases or were enslaved

Lasting Impact of Crusades Showed the power of the

Church to summons a call to free the Holy Lands

Merchants were able to expand trade that benefited both Christians and Muslims

Failure of Crusades lessened the power of the pope

Weakened the feudal nobility and increased the power of kings

Huge fortunes were lost and the fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire

Left legacy of bitterness and hatred between Christians and Muslims

Left a legacy of less religious tolerance both for Christians, Muslims and Jews

I. Early Middle Ages (476-1054)B.Western vs. Eastern Christianity

WestWest EastEast1. Name1. Name Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox ChurchEastern Orthodox Church

2. Capital 2. Capital RomeRome ConstantinopleConstantinople

3. Language3. Language LatinLatin GreekGreek

4. Theology4. Theology PracticalPractical SpeculativeSpeculative

5. Salvation5. Salvation Death of Christ pays Death of Christ pays penalty for sinpenalty for sin

Resurrection of Christ Resurrection of Christ restores image of Godrestores image of God

6. Church-state6. Church-state Church over stateChurch over state State over churchState over church

7. Celibacy7. Celibacy Celibacy for all clergyCelibacy for all clergy Allows married priestsAllows married priests

8. Baptism8. Baptism Sprinkling permittedSprinkling permitted Immersion requiredImmersion required

9. Communion9. Communion Laity take bread onlyLaity take bread only Laity take bread and wineLaity take bread and wine

10. Governance10. Governance Strong popeStrong pope No pope (Patriarch)No pope (Patriarch)

II. Late Middle Ages (1054-1453) Development of the Papacy

Corruption Church hierarchy grew wealthy, powerful, corrupt. Bishops often functioned more like feudal warlords. Specific abuses compromising integrity of church offices:

Nepotism – giving offices to relatives Simony – selling offices to highest bidder Lay investiture – appointment of church officials by secular

ruler 10th century: Papacy caught up in political intrigue;

assassinations; sexual immorality.

II. Late Middle Ages (1054-1453) Development of the Papacy – cont.

3. Three strong popes in high middle ages: Pope Gregory VII

Strong reforming pope. Conflict with Emperor Henry IV over lay investiture (1077). Showdown at Canossa: Henry stood barefoot in snow repenting

until Pope forgave him. Pope Innocent III

Most powerful pope ever (c. 1200). Most powerful man in Europe. Council adopted doctrine of Transubstantiation (bread & wine

become body & blood of Christ). Started the Inquisition – church court for rooting out heresy.

Pope Boniface VIII Claimed absolute power of pope. Unam Sanctam (1302): no salvation outside church. Secular authority must yield to pope. No longer had power to enforce these claims.

II. Late Middle Ages (1054-1453) Development of the Papacy – cont.

4. Decline of the papacy Papacy moved to Avignon, under control of French kings

(1309-1377). Period of rival popes: popes in Rome and Avignon, each

claiming legitimacy (1378-1423). Corruption: by end of Middle Ages, popes were again caught

up in pursuit of immorality, wealth, luxury, and power. People like Hus and Wycliffe began to question the Church and

claim that the Bible was the ultimate authority, NOT the Pope. They were deemed HERETICS

TitleA heretic is one who goes against Church

teachings; Wycliffe (who had some powerful supporters in England) was allowed to retire,

but Hus was burned at the stake

II. Late Middle Ages (1054-1453)E. Renaissance (1300-1600)

Revival of classical culture Burst of creative energy in art, sculpture. Popes spent enormous sums.

Humanism New kind of scholarship. Openness to inquiry; freedom to question authority; reject

traditional assumptions. Went back to ancient classics; Bible in Hebrew and Greek. Studied Bible for what it says, as opposed to church tradition. Vernacular translations put Bible in hands of lay people. Gutenberg’s printing press (c. 1450) made books cheap,

plentiful. Erasmus – Dutch humanist; published first printed text of

Greek NT (1516). Renaissance set stage for Protestant Reformation.

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Essential Question:What caused the Protestant Reformation?

Warm-Up:Look at this image: What is the main idea of the Protestant Reformation?

The Catholic Church taught that people could gain access to Heaven (called salvation) by having

faith in God and doing good works for others

The Church taught that Christians could gain more of God’s grace through a series of

spiritual rituals called the Holy Sacraments

The Sacraments included Baptism, Confirmation,

Communion, Confession, Marriage, Ordaining of

Priests, and Last Rites for the Dying

Practices of the Catholic Church

Corruption of the Catholic Church During the Middle Ages,

the Roman Catholic Church was also growing corrupt

Definition of CORRUPTION: dishonest and self-serving behavior

by those in power

For example, clergy members took vows of

chastity to abstain from sex…yet some Church

leaders had mistresses and fathered children

Priests were required to go through rigorous training in a monastery…but some Church positions were sold to the

highest bidder; this corrupt practice is called simony

Corruption of the Catholic Church

Corruption of the Catholic Church

Sometimes, feudal lords would use

their influence to have friends or

children named as priests, a practice

called lay investiture

Corruption of the Catholic Church

As a result, some clergy

members were poorly educated

2 + 2 = 5

Corruption of the Catholic Church One of the most corrupt Church practices was the

selling of indulgences (“indulgence” is reducing

the penalty for a sin)

At first, indulgences were given out by the Church when people

did good works

A person did a good work, then penalties

for his or her sins were reduced

Corruption of the Catholic Church But rather than

requiring the performing of good

deeds, Church leaders began selling

indulgence certificates as a way

of raising money

This practice by the Church of selling forgiveness went

unquestioned during the Middle Ages

By the time of the Renaissance, some Christians began criticizing Church corruptions

and questioned Catholic teachings

Some Christians felt that Popes were too concerned with money, power, and worldly matters; they were no longer spiritual leaders they were supposed to be

As a result of Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the moveable-type

printing press in 1453, Erasmus’ book spread throughout Europe and

increased calls for Church reform

The Protestant ReformationBy the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in turmoil over

the controversies, its corruption and

its unwillingness to adopt reforms

The biggest controversy was yet to come: in Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin

Luther became involved in a serious dispute with

the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

As a young boy in Saxony (a German state), Luther was going to become a

lawyer, but after he nearly died in a

violent thunderstorm he vowed to instead become a Catholic

priest

After studying the Bible as a monk, Luther became a priest

and taught at a university

During his studies of the Bible, Luther became convinced that

salvation could not be achieved by good works and sacraments; to Luther, salvation came only

through God’s mercy

Luther was inspired by St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans:

“A person can be made good by having faith in God’s mercy”

Martin Luther

Martin Luther’s belief that salvation was gained only

through having faith in God was called “Justification by

Faith” Martin Luther was also deeply

troubled by the Church’s selling of indulgences, which he saw

as false salvation

Martin Luther

He would grow even more troubled by the actions of a man named Johann Tetzel

Tetzel was a German priest who worked for the Pope; his job was

overseeing the selling of indulgences in all

German states of the Holy Roman Empire

Tetzel was given another job: raise

money for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s

Cathedral in RomeHe would take the

corruption of the selling of indulgences to new lows

Tetzel, in an effort to raise money, claimed

that anyone who donated to the

Cathedral would gain entrance into HeavenHe claimed to people that their loved ones who died and were in Purgatory would have their time in Purgatory

reduced if they donated

A quote attributed to Tetzel: “As soon as a coin in the cup doth rings / straight to

Heaven the soul doth springs”

Martin Luther was appalled by Tetzel’s corruption as well as by other practices of the Church he served

In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against Church practices

called the “Ninety-Five Theses”

He posted the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the local church in the town of

Wittenberg; he then welcomed debate of his ideas

Thanks to the printing press, the “Ninety-Five Theses” spread through Europe, causing an incredible controversy

Many people, especially in Northern Europe, were excited about his ideas

However, the Catholic Church condemned Luther and

rejected his ideas

Pope Leo X realized that Martin Luther’s

ideas were a threat to Church authority

The Pope made a ruling: Luther would have to

take back his statements, or face excommunication

Excommunication is being formally kicked out

of the Catholic Church

This was a serious penalty in the 1500s: being excommunicated meant you were unwelcome in

most of Europe, and survival would be difficult

Charles V, the emperor of the Holy Roman

Empire, was Catholic

In 1521, Charles summoned Luther to the German town of Worms (pronounced “vohrmz”)

to stand trial for his offenses against the

Catholic Church

Luther stood before an assembly of Church and political leaders to defend his beliefs; this meeting would be known as the Diet (assembly) of Worms

Church officials demanded that Luther take back his teachings

Luther refused and was excommunicated by the

Catholic Church

At the Diet of Worms, Luther argued that the Bible was the only source of religious authority (not the

interpretations of priests); he encouraged Christians to study the Bible for themselves

“I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against my conscience. I cannot do otherwise. Here I stand, may God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther, 1521

Emperor Charles V declared the

excommunicated Luther an outlaw,

guilty of the crime of heresy (going against

Church teachings)

It became a crime for anyone to give

Luther food, shelter, money, or

employment

Fortunately for Luther, he had some powerful

supporters; Prince Frederick of Saxony disobeyed the

emperor and allowed Luther to live in his castle

Luther lived there for over a year,

spending his time translating the Latin Bible into German

Luther eventually returned to Wittenberg, where he discovered many people using his ideas from the 95 Theses

Instead of trying to reform the Catholic Church, these people called themselves Protestants (since they protested against the

Church)

These Protestants formed a new version

of Christianity that later would be known

as Lutheranism

Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church began inspired a movement in

Europe called the Protestant Reformation

During the Protestant

Reformation, reformers protested Church corruptions

and practices in hopes of reforming

Christianity

The Protestant Reformation led to the forming of a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism

Lutheranism was the first of a series of

“Protestant” Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church

It is because of Martin Luther’s strong ethics and courage that the Catholic Church would

eventually do away with much corruption

It is also because of Luther that there are numerous versions of Christianity in the world today

Religion in Europe Today

CATHOLIC CHRISTIANS PROTESTANT CHRISTIANS

ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS

MUSLIMS

JEWS

BUDDHISTS