8. respiratory disease during hte adaptation phase in imported beef cattle risk factors and economic...
TRANSCRIPT
Prof. Carlo Angelo Prof. Carlo Angelo SgoifoSgoifo RossiRossiDepartmentDepartment of Food Science and of Food Science and TechnologyTechnology forfor Food Food SafetySafety, , VeterinaryVeterinary SchoolSchool -- University of MilanUniversity of Milan
RESPIRATORY DISEASE DURING IMPORTED BEEF CATTLE RESPIRATORY DISEASE DURING IMPORTED BEEF CATTLE ADAPTATION PHASE: ADAPTATION PHASE:
RISK FACTORS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTRISK FACTORS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
Merial Symposium Lisbon 2010Current and New Approaches to the use of Antibiotics in the Control of Bovine
Respiratory Disease (BRD). Can we do better?
1.1. TransportTransport
2.2. BRDBRD
3.3. Management Management prepre & & immediatelyimmediately after after transporttransport
4.4. Welfare and managementWelfare and management
5.5. EconomicEconomic impact and production impact and production costcost
SUMMARYSUMMARYRiskRisk factorsfactors forfor bovine bovine respiratoryrespiratorydiseasedisease in new in new receivingreceiving beefbeef cattlecattle::
Live Live beefbeef cattlecattle import in Italy 2009import in Italy 2009
Source: National Source: National BankBank
FRANCE
Tot. ImportTot. Import1.387.0001.387.000
Tot. ImportTot. Import1.100.0831.100.083
Tot. ImportTot. Import1.252.6761.252.676
73%73%
69%69%79%79%
Blue Tongue
1. TRANSPORT: 1. TRANSPORT: beforebefore, , duringduring and afterand after
InfestionInfestion levelslevels of a sample of a sample populationpopulation of of charolaisecharolaise beefbeef cattlecattle (18 stock (18 stock -- 990 990 headsheads) )
78.5
25.48.3 9.5
75.4
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
10 0
S t r ogi l i GI Ne ma t odi r us Tr i c hur i s spp. M oni e z i a spp Coc c i di a
Stress and Stress and itsits mainmain effectseffects
•• ImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression•• ReductionReduction of of ruminalruminal motilitymotility•• ChangesChanges in in nutrientsnutrients absorptionabsorption•• IncreaseIncrease in in nutrientsnutrients
requirementsrequirements•• IncreasedIncreased tracemineralstraceminerals loss loss byby
kidneykidney excretionexcretion
RECEIVING PERIODRECEIVING PERIODA A criticalcritical moment of moment of beefbeef
cattlecattle breedingbreeding
ResultResult::
2. BRD: 2. BRD: IncidenceIncidence duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod((StudyStudy on 13.230 head on 13.230 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))
(Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2004)
Season Season effecteffect on on respiratoryrespiratory diseasedisease incidenceincidence
(Ripamonti e Sgoifo Rossi, 2007)
((StudyStudy on 17.696 head on 17.696 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))
WEIGHTWEIGHT and BRD and BRD duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod ((cattlecattle withwith live live weightweightlowerlower thanthan 300 kg, 300 kg, betweenbetween 300 and 400 kg and 300 and 400 kg and higherhigher thanthan 340 kg)340 kg)
(Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2004)
((StudyStudy on 13.230 head on 13.230 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis and and fedfed beforebefore transporttransport))
TEMPERAMENT TEMPERAMENT and and immunizationimmunization responseresponse((BrahmanBrahman bull, 189bull, 189±±6 kg)6 kg)
(Olimphin et al., 2006)
CALMCALM NERVOUSNERVOUSInitialInitial antibody antibody responseresponse toto vaccinationvaccination, , daysdays 66 66Peak antibody Peak antibody responseresponse, , daysdays 1313 1313Antibody at booster (d 42Antibody at booster (d 42°°)) -- 74 %74 %Antibody after 34 d Antibody after 34 d toto booster (d 76booster (d 76°°)) + 56 %+ 56 %
CortisolCortisol at at weaningweaning, ng/ml, ng/ml 4.834.83±±1.221.22 9.309.30±±1.951.95
3. MANAGEMENT: 3. MANAGEMENT: prepre and after and after transporttransport
•• MixedMixed or or notnot after after transporttransport
•• Fed or Fed or notnot beforebefore transporttransport
•• NutritionNutrition after after arrivalarrival-- NutritionalNutritional levellevel
-- MineralsMinerals and and vitaminsvitamins
MorbilityMorbility duringduring receivingreceiving periodperiod in in mixedmixed or or notnot beefbeef cattlecattle
Sowell et al., 1999 - mod
((StudyStudy on 1000 head on 1000 head withwith metaphylaxismetaphylaxis))
FED or NOT FED or NOT beforebefore transporttransport and and healthhealth problemproblem
(Sgoifo Rossi and Ripamonti, 2007)
WEIGHT LOSS Not fed before transport Fed before transport
Number of subjects 515 485
Mean weight, Kg 400 80 393 91
Weight loss, % of B.W. 1.40 0.45 4.58 0.62
Incidence of resp. dis. % 28.54 9.48
“Problematic bovine”, %Resp. disease, %LSD–nut, % *LSD–tra, % *
10.2967.9220.7511.33
5.5666.6622.2211.12
Mortality, % 1.747 0.618
EFFECTS OF FEED AND WATER RESTRICTION DURING TRANSPORTEFFECTS OF FEED AND WATER RESTRICTION DURING TRANSPORT
• Reduction of rumen volume• Reduction of frequency and lenght of ruminal contraction• Reduction of ruminal motility• Reduction of ruminal feed turnover• Alteration of ruminal bacteria population
Digestive Digestive alterationsalterations thatthat happenhappen duringduring trasportationtrasportation can compromise up can compromise up toto 75% and 75% and forfor more more thanthan 3 3 daysdays ruminalruminal fermentative fermentative capabilitiescapabilities ((HuthcensonHuthcenson and cole, 1990)and cole, 1990)
NUTRITION AFTER ARRIVAL NUTRITION AFTER ARRIVAL and and healthhealth problemproblem
CRUDE PROTEIN level in receivingdiets and trial-indexed morbidity rate
Galyean et al., 1999
LofgreenLofgreen etet a., 1983a., 1983
ENERGY LEVEL ENERGY LEVEL in in receivingreceiving dietsdiets and and
morbilitymorbility
25 %25 %
50 %50 %
75 %75 %
+ + MorbilityMorbility+ + SeveritySeverity
ConcentrateConcentrate MorbilityMorbility SickSick dayday
2.52.5
2.72.7
3.33.3
47 %47 %
49 %49 %
57 %57 %
BASE Diet
Corn silage 10.0
Straw 0.7
Wheat bran 1.0
Corn meal 3.5
Soybean 1.3
Mineral‐Vit 0.15
VITAMINS and MINERALS in in typicaltypical receivingreceiving dietdietVit A, UI 48000
Vit D,UI 16000
Vit E, UI 250
Vit. B1, mg 10
Vit. B2, mg 20
Vit. B6, mg 20
Vit. B12, mg 0.03
Mg, g 21
K, g 99
S, g 17
Na, g 20
Cl, g 31
Fe, mg 1281
Zn, mg 730
Cu, mg 118
Mn, mg 742
Se, mg 2.34
Co, mg 3.11
I, mg 10.28
ARRIVAL Diet
BASE Diet 5.0
Hay 2.0
As fed, kg 16.67
DM, kg 8.95
UFC/kg s.s. 0.98
PG, %s.s. 14.62
FG, % s.s. 13.02
NDF, % s.s. 30.18
peNDF, % s.s. 22.03
NFC, % 47.33
Ca, g 57
P, g 40
As fed, kg 7.00
DM, kg 4.50
UFC/kg s.s. 0.93
PG, %s.s. 13.86
FG, % s.s. 16.97
NDF, % s.s. 42.23
peNDF, % s.s. 37.37
NFC, % 36.05
Ca, g 25
P, g 20
NRC In NRC In stressstress
Vit A, UI 14000 24000
Vit D,UI 5000 2400
Vit E, UI 75 240
Vit. B1 3 ?
Vit. B2 6 ?
Vit. B6 6 ?
Vit. B12 0.009 ?
Mg, g 9 12
K, g 91 62
S, g 9 12
Na, g 7 12
Cl, g 26 10
Fe, mg 1062 7125
Zn, mg 278 4200
Cu, mg 52 600
Mn, mg 357 2600
Se, mg 0.70 7.5
Co, mg 0.93 7.5
I, mg 3.08 22
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3
Management Excellent Good Poor
Number of cattle 9844 2082 3403
Cattle affected by BRD, % 6.50 14.20 28.40
Cattle with lameness, % 1.85 3.53 6.03
foot pathology,% 0.24 0.88 3.46
articulation pathology,% 1.61 2.65 2.57
4. WELFARE, MANAGEMENT AND SANITARY 4. WELFARE, MANAGEMENT AND SANITARY PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
(Sgoifo Rossi, 2007)
Excellent: Density >4.5 m2/animal, quarantine of at least 30 days in isolated and clean structure, bedding done everyday, good interation man/animal, >5 feeding diets
Good: Densità 3.5-4.5 m2/capo, quarantine of at least 30 days in not always isolated and clean structure, beddingdone every 2 days, good interazione man/animal, 3-5 feeding diets
Poor: Density <3.5 m2/animal, quarantine <30 days in not isolated or clean structure, bedding done every 5days, bad interation man/animal, 3 feeding diets
5. ECONOMIC 5. ECONOMIC IMPACTIMPACT
•• Cost of work 1.6 €/intervention (2 men/5 minutes)• Cost of Yardage + ADG (- 0.18 kg) 70 €/animal• Cost of therapy 26 €/animal• Cost of problematic cattle
Therapy 90 €/animalYardage + ADG 200 €/animal
• MortalityNew arrival 850 €/animalDisposal 80 €/animalGain loss 50 €/animal
COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASECOST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE
((SgoifoSgoifo Rossi Rossi etet al., 2009 al., 2009 –– unpublishedunpublished data )data )
***
* P= 0.0002; ** P<.0001
-- 0.55 kg/d0.55 kg/d -- 0.19 kg/d0.19 kg/d
COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: ADGADG300 Limousine Male300 Limousine Male319.34 319.34 ±± 49.33 kg 49.33 kg arrivalarrival live live weightweightArrivedArrived fromfrom decdec 08 08 toto aprapr 0909156 156 daysdays of of studystudy
COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: COST OF BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE: ADGADG277 Limousine 277 Limousine FemaleFemale296.03 296.03 ±± 51.62 kg 51.62 kg arrivalarrival live live weightweightArrivedArrived fromfrom novnov 08 08 toto mar 09mar 09160 160 daysdays of of studystudy
-- 0.25 kg/d0.25 kg/d -- 0.17/d kg0.17/d kg
((SgoifoSgoifo Rossi Rossi etet al., 2009 al., 2009 –– unpublishedunpublished data )data )* P= 0.0002; ** P<.0001
METAPHYLAXISMETAPHYLAXIS
((GalmozziGalmozzi etet al., 2009)al., 2009)
MorbilityMorbility Live Live weightweight
250 Charolaise Male125 metaphylaxis 349.1 ± 24.1 kg125 control 352.3 ± 22.2 kg
Group Morbility Treatmentcost
TherapyCost
Workercost/head
(2 worker x 10€/h)
Increasedweight
Profit at slaughterhouse/head(2.50 €/Kg live weigth)
Zactran 4.8% 13.61 € 1.22 € 0.11€ 54 Kg 135 €
Control 34.4% 0 € 7.44 € 0.72€ 32.4 Kg 81 €
0 - 13.78 € + 6.22 + 0.61 € + 21.6 Kg + 54 €
((GalmozziGalmozzi etet al., 2009)al., 2009)
METAPHYLAXISMETAPHYLAXIS
Production Production costcostThe The ItalianItalian exampleexample
CRPA, 2009
PRODUCTION COST / kg OF MEATPRODUCTION COST / kg OF MEATCOST WITH OR WITHOUT PAC (COST WITH OR WITHOUT PAC (nearlynearly 0,65 0,65 €€/kg)/kg)
Profit without PAC
No profi even with PAC
Prize of beef cattle
Cost without PACCost without PAC
Cost with PAC
Cost with PAC
COSTO DI PRODUZIONE PER GIORNO 2009COSTO DI PRODUZIONE PER GIORNO 2009Cost, €/animal/d €/animal/d %
Feeding 1.70 58.0
Work 0.38 13.0
Energy, bedding, maintenance, etc. 0.39 13.3
Financial interests, money anticipations, etc 0.19 6.5
Amortization machines and buildings 0.15 5.1
Veterinary 0.12 4.1
Total cost (without the cost of the animal) 2.93
CRPA and Personal Elaboration, 2009
PurchasePurchase averageaverage weightweight: 380 kg: 380 kgSellingSelling averageaverage weightweight: 665 kg: 665 kgFatteningFattening periodperiod: 213 d: 213 d
PurchasePurchase averageaverage costcost: 2.61: 2.61€€/kg/kgSellingSelling averageaverage prizeprize: 2.31: 2.31€€/kg/kgADG: 1.36 kg/dADG: 1.36 kg/d
DifferenceDifference betweenbetween purchasepurchase and and sellingselling costcost: 114 : 114 €€AmortizationAmortization betweenbetween purchasepurchase and and sellingselling costcost in 213 d: 0.53 in 213 d: 0.53 €€/d/d
PRODUCTION COST / DAYPRODUCTION COST / DAY
SANITARY PROPHYLAXISSANITARY PROPHYLAXIS, , MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT and and NUTRITION NUTRITION are the MAIN ASPECTS are the MAIN ASPECTS toto OVERCOME OVERCOME
OBSTACLES in new OBSTACLES in new receivingreceiving beefbeef cattlecattle
€/
kg
2009
BREAKBREAK--EVEN POINTEVEN POINT