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At cruYXPOVOI lOxupoor 61Ivol (ovaVtu)JoKLlKai PTJttVUl nEpIExouV cbt lovlOi~our 6~Ct8W croUAtpOVIKOe TOloutat Elvul ouvatov vonopoOKEoacr80uv lcrxopUlC OtIVOI PltVol Sluql6pwv puO~owv lOxoot avuA6yroC tflo qlUcrEWC tfie opaOtufjr 6~cishyOOC d t tt)v onoiav EUptcrKEtUl [OVlKtl 0~6t H QPUAocrouA~ qgtOVKtl 61l0t )X Elval krxupottpa ano tilv QAKOfOOOO)CPOmiddot V1KnV LOiaUtT)V 6Y41 Jlpoundyautpou pa8~oO 10vtOlloO

Kata 0 tEApoundUlota tll houv nopoGKpoundoao9f OlnqgtOPOI taxo~ poo~ OtWO( lOVOVlaA)uKHKai plivol ~t OIQltPOPEtIKOC 1016~ tT)tat Kal poEl~oix lcrxuor At PllTvUl aUoI houv ilit iovlOi~OU 6Ma - PO(OH) -AsO(OH) lt)n

6EOO~EVOU on aI icrxop6lc 61lvol lovavaAAOKtlKUi P11tIvat EVallOxupa 6tta ouvavml va opaoouv Eft OATlV nv nEploxt)V wO pH Ehe EupicrKoVtUl uno n)v ~OPQlt)v olpoundor dtE uno tnV 1l0PQltlV cPbullcno~ OOtooo lcrXUpro~ 611 VOL PltTVal elC tnV ~opqlnv Mpoyovou SUvavtai va eurolouoEEp6xro IJV f1 7tpocrPOQli)crouv tru OIOQgt6pOOC pciaclr nx

RSOH + KOH -+ RSOK + HO

RSOH + CHNH -+ RSONHCH

6uvavlQI tnicrTtc vo ooooov UVtlOPOOtlt KanovavoAor ilc dt ouoetepov ft utKa)~lK6v nEplpci))OV nx

RSONa + KCl ~ RSOK + NaCI

RSOK + NaOH ~ RSONa+ KOH

O~ocuc ouVaVtUl vO npoKuMcroov ouiOTtoOlv 6)00C Kui crXll~ ~oIO~6v 0C avtLcrtolXou 6ltot nx

RSOH + NaCI ~ RSONa + HC

Enl lnt apxfe aUtT)C CJllPiltEtal KOL 11 acpaJCrtwcrtr 00 9a)acrcriou ooa[oc (J)XJlKa ft AtlPlt acpoawO~ euro1tltoYXoVE~ al oui (JUvoEouaoJJtVlt lPilcrEW~ Ko(IOVtKitc Kat aVlovlJCflr PltiVTltmiddot

Ai KClLlOVIKUl PTltTvat xPT)OIIlOnOloOvOl crTi~poundpov pounduptnota bull bull 6o0v EtC Epyacrl1PlUKllV Ki~aKo OOov KUl Elt ~lO~T)zavlshyKt)V lOlaul1v YrruPXEt 1[AT)90e oVUAOtlK(LIV KUl napacrKEUushyOtLKCUV EqlUP~OYoov utnGlv TEAOe OEoO~tvoo (h( erVUl tcrxupa 6ttu E[r crEpEaV KUtncrtUOlv oUVOVUl va XP1l0l~On0111900v cigtt OtIVOI KUtaAUtUl 11B aplora anOpoundeAEcr~Uta

Ert T1)v KaTT)yopiuv tooV 1crxup(l)r 61lvrov lOVUvtaA~UKTlK(l)V PltLv(l)v avtlKEl Kat ~ Dowex SOW AGT) nOPUOKEUaCEUI oui crtlllno)ulEPlcr)OD crtUPOAtCUmiddot StpIWAoBEVsOAiou KuL tv OOVEXEiq croU)qgtOVrocrEroc routoo H Dowex 50VV n(1poocrui~EI tv oxtcrEl np6c TnV Dowex 50 t~ autae ~v Xl1lllllac (010middot

761 Not~PpIO~ 1969

tTltac u1Ad lCQAllttj)Olt qloonac t OlClllCUlt fICOl otv EjlqlQvlpoundl ~tl El( t1l0 6)uc1v t t111 cDltpE) ~IUll iKQVOnrra cnrypa~ t fJaccult 16vtWV t OtO) Kai tiv XPT)aLllo1toll61 btl JIClKpOtQ10V XPOllKOV IhaCTtTllJn Ertl nAtov napooouiSEl t~QlP611KV Ol1Ox 1l ate IIE1(10ogt6lt 6EPJWKpaaicu 1tltoEroC Kal Et e 1-1111(1shyVHClttc tPl~cu

3 Vdvu iacr6evt1)lt paGlKtll

At ampcrGampvG) POOllCCd P111tlO lovU~ovTal [axupGllt 1-10101 6mv tligtplmCl)vnu U1I0 tTtv Jopqn)v liJor~ cilC tK OUtotJ Ka6fmavshytal lipaa uICcd J6vov KOtw toO pH 7 ESC ttlv jlOpqulv tfle thoshy6tp~ jlOCfpound()lt nopooOl6ltool UaYl0TOV PaellOV (OV1ltJJ10l)

d QVtQ vel XPT)CJlj101tOLTl600v oui til t~ouSpoundttpO)(Jtv 6~erov 6vot6coVTClI S6 Kat JtPoopo~rlru(ai prlrTvGI 11lC 5uv61Jtva l v6 XPT)OlJlEuCJoov de Tn V npOapoflllCflV laxupampv 6~trov qlUcrLKD

1tOvtOt C J16 Ilt lpo t npa 1axutT)ta~ alTlop6(Jfro~ ampn6 auni~ jlC f~ Onoia eo txdgtpouv lcrxupi)( l3acrucai p11Tival we ~K TO) 1l1ICpo-rpoundpou paelloO (o vlcrlJOO T1)~ Op(l(ftu~e 61J600e CllgtTllV n X

RNH + HCI -+ RNHCI (I)

H TaxilTTlt T~ ~ TOl-OUTTl~ atLSpcicrcWl 00vamL vn poundnalXl1efj cav ~ tv My p~lv~ Xp~~oO t~a~ 0)6 ~v ~op~~v a~ashyf0li 6n6TE 6 poelJ6~ IOYlcrIJO) Tfi~ opacrnlCl)c 61J6Soe EIVaL IlEw yai(mpo~ nl

RNH CI + HNO -- RNHNO + HCI (2)

Ecp OOov 1l aVTLSpua( (1) OlMlToL va euop11ef) m~ lovavmAshykart IldAAov napa th C npoopOcpTloL~ o~to~ SUVaTQL vei napashyataOil lCat oui Tfie t l t06lOEWlt

RNHOH + HCI -- RI Il CI + HO (J)

c~ Tilv 6noiav napatllPo))lEV On 1l uno 1J0PCPTtV aAatoe IllshyTlVll OOpouEtal rEvllCroe at aUYlPovOl ooeEVampe PaalKcll 111shytIlal Elval no] U(ljlIllKOO tunou nEpltxouooL 1J1YIJa npCll tOTLtshyyGlv ampiUtEpotuylUv lCul tPITOTCZYcilv ojHVOjloSwv At xlllJlKai UUtWV pound1510 t11tEe npoaojlolci~ouv npoe ta~ lTlIJIIa~ ISIOtlltaC twv UIJIVOOV f tampv ajljWllLaKlUI olaiuIJQtwv

EK t l uamaEo~ (2) nUpatllpoO~v On 0( oaeEvGle paaLKai pTJtTvuI BUValtal Vtt XPllaLjlOnOl11900l lKovOnOLTltlKlUe de 6shy~IVOV olliAulJa oui Tnl oVTO) AUynv aVL6vtwv Mv ouVaVta l OJlWC va XPllaLIJOnOril900v oLa t6v rSIOl aKonov Ete ouot shytEpOV 1 oAlCaAUCOV ola)UlJa

Aa9Evt oliaonwe to OlOtEIOIOV tOOQlepaKOlt npoapoqlot)vshytUI e1 jlLKpOl jlOVOl ~a9jlol UnO tampI oa9EI(i)C paalK(i)v PTlshyfloov lhe b tOUtOU aUTaL o~v OUlaVTal 10 xpTlaLIJ01LOtTleOOV t nnu(ro d TTt v KUtEfyaalal t oO (Ioatoe npoe dnojlcilCpuvolV to) ~hO~HO iou tali QlepaKOe

01Ull cru)1patvEl Kof JLt Teu aaOEI(l)e amplvoUC pT)tlvQe lOtOUtOshyfponffil Kat al aaOuampc I1UalKa PTlTivat otv OUvavlQL vaoa-aouI d t hUVOltOlT)TlKOV l1uOlJo l avtIOpctOEle SlultrnaaE~ IDQt~ JlEtO TIDV qArnwv laxupcilv 6ltwv nx

RNHOH + NaCi -+ RNHCI + NaOH

nfJv OJlW( at P11tivUl ao-ral EuplaKo~val (mo tilv jl0p(Jl il v liMllOI oUvavlCll va avaYEvv11900v dnoOoHICUgt C oln xpntreU)~ artQApoundoe

AI Q09EVugtt llaOlKal pTJTrVat (PllffiIlOnO WOVTfu Ebptw~ EI~ tl) v ano~lIiKpUVOW TOOV avopyavwv 6~~wv Ka06gtlt poundnICTllt Ele TOl OtaXwplajl6v aaOevwv ~~hav cm6 icrxupa tOla(l11)

4 laxup6) paallwl Plltival

AI oUnpOVOL laxupcigte paalKat PllttvaL EXOUV opaanKuc 6shy1JIiSw d~ tCtt 61t0[W EupioKovTaL tovlKat 6IJUOEt tunou tEshyl (14)TO (QfOX ujllJwviou A l pllTtval autOI tov[~OV1al Icrxupampc lOt ~K tOU1OU OUVOVTOt va opliaotlV Ete 6A11V t1lv IjlU1(U toO pH

OQ~ iaxuPampe l1aalKul pllTTvat Elt tTtV jlOpqll1V UOpO~UA[ou mwaVTut va XPT)aLIJ01l011190V Ota nlv rtpOapOCPllaLv laxuprov -at aoe6v6)v 6iwv n(

R N(C H)OH + HCI-gt- RN(CIi )CI + HO

RN(CIi )O H + CHCOOH -+ R)I (CIi)OOCCH+ IiO

Oe tK -rile (OIOtlllOt aCmilt ouvavtaL vei XP1101IJOn0111eoOv tshymtlYwc 010 tilv onojL6lCpuvow to) OlOEIOlOU toO ovepaKOC Kat J(opniou Ka-rci -rov 01tlOVla~Ov toO (5SQtO~ A vUycvYalvtal Oui CUtEp-UalW ~t Icrxupav J)aalv

naonroe ouvuvtal vei SiKJouv me Kat at loxup~ 6ltvOI P11shy-rval 6vtlOpnaElt Otaanamclle lUato~ npOEPX0jlpoundVOU t~ loxushypoQ 6100

RN(CH)OH + aCI -- RN(CH)Ch- OH

dUIaY-rUl 6K0)111 va XPT)OljlEOOOUl ola till tlvtaAtaynv UVL OVTWV Ei tKTEtajleurovllv dllJaKU TOO pH ftX

RN (CH)CI + NaNO ~ RN (CH)O -t- NaCI

A[ oxupltUe pOOIKat plltlVal (p11atjJonoIOOvtal EUpUtQTCL 10shyOov 01 ayoUtlKOOc ~pYOcrt11P1UK00 olaxwplalJoue OaOv Kul E~ f~pIJOae Sui nupaCLCfUaaTltOtx KataJU1LK00c lCAn aKonoOc c~ 1l0jlllxavIKt]v KAIlJaKa

Mio YEVlKn napattiP11me aqJop(i)aa tOUe OIUqlOpOUe Tonoo [ovavtaAMtKtLKWV pllttvOOV Elvm 6n al tDXUt11tEC avTClo)ij o TlUv 0laql6pwv TQUTWV tunwv p11tlvlUv Elval OlUqlOpEtlKaL Oushynile EtC tae loxup(i)lt 6~ivoue Kui PUcrtKUC PlltlVW ui tClXUnlshytEe avto)~Io)fl euroIven IJEycLAat de -rponol 6latE ti aVTaAla)n )1Etu~u aVtll_Aa(IJWV l6vw)I t1c p11tiv11e Kat ioltwI taD Slaw AUjlUtOe va AUIJPCWIJ xcbpov ete Slaatlljla OEUtEpottntwv Avnshyotpoq)fJJe IJE -rae aaeEVOOe 6~lvo leni t)acrlKae PTltivo~ lhav at IJEV EupiaKWVtUl Ete tTtv lJo(lqlll v OB poyoloU u[ Opound el~ 1Ttl )10pcpnv (JOpOUAlOU at tDXUt11tEi avta~JaYfit )lEta~u al1ow ~i)1wV i6vtwv tfie p11tiYrrc Cul 16vttllv toD OLuMlJotoC EllOt npaKH1CUl )1ti ~KIJEtUJE6ltn)101 anmtOOVtal ot noJQKI C apshyKEtUI Wpal npot anOKUtaatUaw laopponfcu E ~ ta~ P111IlCl T(lUtue f1ttwmiddot(xtiV(tUl tn(anEOOIe tfl~ 6noKQtQOtciaEWC loopw poniu~ o-rov aamptat xpTlajlOnotlleoDv into ntv 1J0pqJnv dAaTo~_

IV 16LOTIlTpoundt Kal auanpt+opa PIlTIVWV

1 havOt11U~ aU1KpOtttaErot

Miu xapaKtllpLOTlKti KOt tlKPWlt hOtacpipooaa ota6europa T(i)v 10lUVtaAIo KtlKampV PT)TIV(l)V EllUI n ow ovaOa t)npout OY KOU IKQVOT TJ C ltnlYKpaTi)aeuroroc (Ol tWV ono tv Ol(uuJW ~eta To) onolou EopiaKovTal d e tnQqgt1jv O(hw A01nOV EXO~EV Tilv dAtxtv hwvonrru OtJxQunluw 6vTwv ova ~ovaoo t)6poUC t11pcic PTJdV11t tKCPPU~OJ1tVTlv de (1AlOOTOIOOOuvalJl (ovnllv d ti ypajlImiddotHlpLOV l1P6t PTJTiv11e(mcq gr) ft ova ~ovciOa O) LCOU t1t Ot t1SUTOt oUj)YKW~Vlle P1lc(Vlllt b~pWOJ1~VllV n6)lV fl Xl)lOatoiaoouva~o 10VTWV ovu rolllKOV ~Katoat6v 1ije Slt uoa-roe olwytrojlpoundV11C PllTivTle ( meq cc) centlualKa al XPTlaljlOshynOloU)1euroVDL J1OvirS CI OUVUTOV va o))oyoOv ncivTWe ti apxiJ toov bcppacrrow dli Icroouvajla ii tVtOTE Eilt gr cruYKEKPlJJpoundVOU atOlshyxElou 11 tvmcreurowv uClTOO avO jlov6Sa acipooc i1 OYKOU PlltV11e napa)1Cvpoundl H 6Att(n aDt11 IKavOT11e ltJUYKpaTi]aErue avtlatOlshyXEt npot tTlv 9EUlp11tlK1v i) jlEyiatTlv IKav6tTltCl ltJU)Kpa-ri]shycreroe 10VT(I)V unO Tile 9EUlPOUIJeuroVlle PlltiVlle 11 onOLa tKov6tlle 9pound6)pT)tu(ampt 90 ~~E5T)AoDto noOOtLK(l)e unO OAWV t6)v [OVIKlUv 6JJ40wv ailTijc Etc TllV npfi~lv 0lJwt ou~ nOIKIAoUe )6YOue OfV AX0IJEV tKOrAwcrLV t1jc IKov6-r11tOlt oUYKpatraEWe jlliio P11tlshyVT)C 6U1 toDto 6)1lAoDlfv nEpi wrpe)fpov iXUII(hl1TO aVQQshyrryaew tije P11t1v11C tUUT11e ~ anoia hqlptuEtal EitE KUta t6v lOlov tp6nov I5no)~ M~IKTj [J(uv6tT)e cru)Kpcni]aEm 011A de meqgr f meqcc euroltE Wlt poundKatoana(a avaAcryla tiJe 6A1J(1je lshylCQv6TT)toe CNYKputoewt

2 Iao6uvQP(a ovtallarfllt

016 to) Opou lOoouva)1a oVtaJtuyfjc xapuLCT11p(lOjlEV -rTtV OVTlcrtOl(lUl tdgtv lOOOUVcl)1WV tCl 6notu npoo9poundtOIJEV dlt -r6 lilw I1Kpov o-rAlle ovavtuAAuytc npoe tntva Tei loobUVlljlll til 6rmta AoIl ~aVO)1EV EIC tOO ICUTW clKPOU o-rl]A11e ~tn ttiv SLooov to OlUAUlJltO~ )1SaCj) autiJ~ H 10010t11C aUtll ElVUI XOpaK111p~OnlC~ toC qlaIVOIJCVOU tfle 10vavtaA)ayitc middotYn6pshy(OUV OIJW~ rupL1ttdloEIe KUtel tru 6noiw CPCllVO~EVIIC~ otv IOXUEI 11 opx1l ailtll 6nWl iX Kata tilv OleuroAEOOW KOOOtLKOO vaplou ~ bBpO0OlPIKOC 6~01 ~ Ti11 aniA~~ laxupogtlt

763 NOtfJPPlOC 1969

o~lvoo n lltrropGgtt tacrlldi~ prrtiVTlr elr tTlv ~opq)Jlv 6Opoy6middot voo ~ UbpoloAiou 6vn(Tto(xoo~

RSOH + NaOH ~ RSONa -7- HO

RN(CEIOH + HCIZRN(CHICI + HO

61t6tE ililt npoYov ~KAOilcrECDlt Aa~llci vEtUl uooop ~ lhav ExOO)lEV crITl)latlcr)lOv llir)lator tnl tflr PTlTiVllr nmiddotImiddot

RSOAg + NaCI ~ RSONa + AgCI

rEVIKWr navT~ lcrXuu 11 apxfj btl tv OUOE)lIQ nEplftttOOEI Elvm ollvatOv va Ou~ll1l va )allu TIC j1poundya)UtEPOV apl9Jov 100shyoovaJoov b ToD ICatoo 6KPOO iilc 10vavTo)JaKtIKflr OTfj)TlC 01(0 OTl l(POot6EcrEv apxucwc etc to avoo alCpov atYc~

3 EKUKtK01Tllt PTltlVTllt

ampLd tol) opoo ~ICMKTlK6Tf)C pf)1ivTlC xapaK1TlPilttlal fj 1016tTl aUTftc va napoo(nlilu K(IItO~aV TltXf))1tVllv npOt()111OIV 01 tv 10LQL1EpOV lov poundvavn tvoc OA)OO H 1l0~TULiVfJ autll1CtcrIe Tflc

PTlliVllC npoc OtO)1poundL1OlV poundvor [OlUltEPOU (6V1OC dval anopshyPOLO lcrluPOtEPOO 1itICtPOVIlCO() OEO~O) )1eta~u [6vtoe Kat 10v1KfJe 6)1000lt te Pf)tlVTlC 01 oEO)1oi OUtOI j1poundtolo PTlttVTlC Kai otalpOpoov 16vtoov tIJtpQvi~oov K)IJelKooOIV roc np6lt tllV lltrruv autampv Oil) (iUOI Jttv Elva io xupolKai 6))Ol Ialapoi ampla tOv r6yov autov aKplll(i)e EIOJpoundV Kat OlaIpOpEtlKT1V tldEshyICTIlC6tf)ta tK ~tpoue tfle Pf)tVTlC Ola TO ol(lqlopa i6v((I

0WpfjOoo)1EV ttlV avtiOpaOlv A + B r - Ar + 8 (4) bnou A slva tet i6vm ToCdhauJatoc )1Eta tGw 6no[oov EuplcrlCEtal tv tnaqli) fj PlltivTl olagetoucra aVtai-Mill)1a i6vta B r MEta tt)v UI(OKatoOtaOlv tC 100pponlaC avtaAAayflc 60 ocpiCYTashyTnl nOXEOIC (4) Eav tlpClp)160ooj1poundv t6v v6~ov 8paoEwc tampv )1a~ampv oui tV t~(OooOLV (4) napaAEil(oVTE~ tt)v IPfjOlv t(i)v cruVt6~eOtwV tVfWr6tTlto~ ol(i tOO olaltp6poult 10VLKCv croyuvshytPOO06Ic hO)1EV OUl tTlV Ota6EpOv tooppoTtlae btl

[ A ][B] (5)

[A ] [B)

o ) K A = (ouyKpoundVtp 16vlOlt A de PTltiv1 v) (cruyKtvtp (OVtOr B etc ot6)0IJa) Tl ( c) B (001dv1p l6vt0e A el~ 5l11u~a) (OUY ICeuroVtp (bVTOC B de PTltivTlv)

H tI()ElCtlICOTIlC iilc pf)tiVllC dc tt)v tv 6~ TtEp[I(tooOIV tlCshyltppU~EtaL bla tot) uvvu)lufoii txAeurou)C6T1tO roe AtyUQI 0 61(010lt naplOtatal an6 tilv 01a9Epav 1000pponiac iilc avnshySpaoEOOlt avtaUayflemiddot

ElC tOV tv My+l opLO)16v otv UiJltp9Tloav im cnVLV 01 (J)VTpoundshy)EOtQt EVEPYOtTltOlt ttov l6vtCtlv 1600v EIC 10 OletAoJa to fljEshyPlj3ltiAoV toult 1C61C KOUlt TftC PTltlVTle oOov Kal EiC to lrypOv tvt6lt 1WV K6KWV auiilC 0 6YOe dval OTI )1ExPL Of)JJEPOV otv (mapIEl llCavolroLTltlKTl )1pound6000e l(POOOLOPlcr)10() t~V cruv-1E)EOtampV tVEp)6tTltoC t()v (6VTOOV EiC TO UypOV tVTOC twv K6ICKWV tt)C PTltivTle LIETIICWe l(p6c fOlx cruVtEMO1aCEVEpy6shytltOlt tG)v t6vtoov TOO Ola)O)1a1oe tOU 1tEPII3(u~~OVTOC TOUe C61CshyKOlle iilc PTlt[VlC OUtOl EOpi(Jl(ovtal tK tftc Illll)w)paqlia ICal 7tP E1tEL va AT)cp900v un 6~flV poundie TV axt OlV (5) l(POICElJtih-OO va )Tlql6o()v alCpl~f1 a7tonUcrJlota dOllCG)C 5tav JJEMT(l)VTaL Ttl)l(vo 0Ia)0)1ata

A crta9Epai lOoppoTtiac )1Eta~atovTal )1Eto tfle 9EP)J0ICPQshyO[W Kat JtdOE~ T6 abTO OU)1llaivEl lCal )1pound tOv auVte)poundOli]v tWlCtII(61T)tOC ~EIEl Eupe9fl 6tt fJ )1Eta130A1i 100 OUVtEMshy0T0) t) ElCt lIC6tTlt oc )1Eta Tflc 9EP)10ICpoOiae poundIvai t)aI(crtTlmiddot LXEtlKWC ~ tiJv hiopamv tC )1Ewlloi-tte tt)C 1UpoundCEWe tl(1 TOO OOVUMOtOO ~I(AEIC UIC6tTl 10C ouMv tlvOl dOtu yvwcrtOV A6shyYQl tfie IpU(JEWC tftc lovavto)wyfjc npatCTlICtlV Ol1JlaOiav ETtI tijC JEla13oAPje tOO cruvte)EcrtOi) tlCAEICTtIC6tTJT~ Kata tV tqgtap)1oyllv Tflc tEXVIICiC TftC [OVov1o))oyc napollcrl(i~oov o[ 61(6A00901 nap6)oVtEC

a) T tlrW l 6eutnt1ltdvv OPMWJI

EICQOtTl PTltlvTl poundKt6e tG)v lomL)v ol1doo)lI pacrEl TampV 6rwiwv xapalCtf)p[~Etal6~lvoC flllaoLKfj Eltl Koi TaC oQoOHKci ampposhyllo 0[ 6noTai OUVaV1-al va fijIltloooIlV IJCta~u 6~ivoov f t3ashyOlICWV Plltlv(i)v tfiC ouTfle Kato t36OlV O1)v9tcrtWe nmiddotxmiddot lCal t) Dowex 1 Kal fj Dowex 2 ElvaL aVLQVIKai PTlllVQl1t)1iv oJooc de Tt)V Dowex 1 lCai ol tpEle U1[OKatacrtaTo~ dC to OtO)1ov toO rllOltOO Elval JtE6u)lKai 6)1uoec tVQ) tic T1iV Dowex 2 rl Jlia )169u)L Kt) 6Jt6C ~XEL avtICatoOla6fl utt6 )1~ae atOavo)o 0J1600e

Dowex 1 f I-O- CH CHl +C I-~~

Dowx 2 I

CH

-0- CJ-I-~~CHCHO H 1+ GI shy

E6)oyov Elval 6tl fl tdopaOle tflc oPQOnKflr OJ1aOOC )1Lae PTltiVTlt tnl1oi) cruVtEMOTO() tK4lCnl(6tTl1OC Ol poundV cruylCEICpl shyJtivov tov Elva OovaplTlOLC to) lCa1fL l(600v fl PlltVTl aotTl elva toIUPGlC ~ ocr6E-WC 6lvolt ~ PQOIKrl Oihooe t6v Tl PTltlVTl Elval lltrrop~ 6lvcx Pi PQOtKiJ tOtE tl tnLopaOLe tflr opaOnshyKfic 6~uiooc elval )1Kpa tav 6Jtlaquo)lt dVQl a09Ev(i)c 6~lvoc fI IlashyOlICll 16tE fl t1tiopaOlt elval )1Ey6Af)

fJ) EOelloc Kat tp)OI nov aV10MoaaopeJwv lOvTWv

Ete apalo o~a)U)1atQ tfie Tlt~poundWe Ol M Kai Katoo at PTltival OElKVUOUV TtPOt[J1TlOW oui to iOV1a )1cyaAOtEpoO 09tvoUC OUtooc 6 O1)V1EAEOt1iC tlC)ElCtllC01Tlroc JJLdC lCanovLICt1r nI pf)tIVllC eival IllKp6tEPOC Ola to Na+ a1to 6n poundtval oui to Ca++ lCal )1Ll(pOtEPOC oui l0 Ca+ + 01t0 6TI dVQl Olo t6v Fe++ ~ ICOI(

MEtalu Tt(t)IV t6VTooV toO aUTOI) cr6tvouc mapIEl Konola OEIshypel tdpoundKTIKOtriTOr Etc tt)v nEpintOOOlv autrlv 6 (J)VtEMOt1iC tKAEKTIIC6tTltoC au~tivETal 6crov au~ciVEtal 1i QJCtiC to) tqlOshyoatwJtivoo 16vtoe 06TW )1 0111 ttlV Dowex jO (OXUEL fl tlfle OElpa tdEKtlKOtTltOr

Ag+ gt Ti+gt Cs+gtRb+gt NE tgt K+gtN+gt H+gt Li+

Ba+-+gtSr++gt C++gtMg++gtB-~

Kai 06 TnV Dowex 1 t) OElPO tKMKt lJlC01TltOe

CSN- gt r gt NO gt Br- gt CN- gt HSO gt -ISO gt

gt NO gt GI- gt HCO gt CHCOO- gt OH- gt P-

y) 11gt00 rWII pr ciVTaAAoOoouivwv 16VTWV

revlICGgtt ta IJrl ovta))aO06JE va 16vTQ ToD OlaAUJ1atOe tAo~ Il00tQ tttf)PEa~OUV t6v cruVttMOttlv tJ)EICtIC6tTltoe Etc Tt)V nEpinlwcrLv 0)10)e OX11J1atlOJJoO t)atppwr lovt(ojltvwv )10pwv ii ou)1n6lCwv j1poundtQlu avtalWooo~voov ovtw Kal )1 Tl avtQIshy)aOOo)1tvoov 10VTWV fl tTttopaOIC TampV 1Jt) aVtaAMOOjJEVWV t6VTCIlV tnl TOi) cruVtEAEOTOO euroKMlCtlJC6TTlTOC Etval dav OTIJtavshytlKri eeropfjcroo)1EV AI ttlV l(tpiTtTWOLV OU) KpatTioeroc lovtoov Fe+ + + tTtl ICQtloV11Cfle PTltivTle Eav we oyp6v tICAOUcrE~ IPTlOlJonOLt1OooJtEV ouIAu)1a HC] 0pound0C t6tE tQ) 600v T6 ouIJo)1a to() HCI 6~60C elvaL apa t6v (01 N) ou06froc npashyICtICamp tnTlPEa~Etal t6 TtoOocrt6v OU(lCPott)OEooe Fe L I- i- U1tO iilc PTltivTlC middotOmv OJWC n ollydvtpoxnc toi) Hel 6pound0e a ushy~Tl61l (6N) t6tE WYCP llU~TlJtiVTlr O1JT1Etp(ooEooC CI- ltrrllJashyt[~Etal avlOvu(6v aU)11[)OICOV FeCI- l6 6nolov ~ Jt) CJuYlCpashytOU)1EVOV unO tfle PTltivTlC OIEPIEtal 010 tfc crtiJ)Tlemiddot 1UlEnampltCH Olet 6YOIlC anOKataOtaOeroc tooPPoTljiae )1EpOe 101) mJYKpashy

H olatpopono lTlOle a Utll t(i)v OPQOtlI(6)V 6J1aowv dr t~ poundv lOU)1poundVOU lm6 tfie PlltlVTlC Fe+-- anOOEltJ)1E1JEtQ I TtapEx6shy)crY4l PTltLVCU EXE I 61Jpound00v tTttntCOOW t l(t toO OOVtE)EOtO) )1EVOV tiC t6 814110110 ICOK Apa Ii tdeKtI1C6tf)C tfje PTltvllC hAEKtlICOtlltOe t(i)v PTltlVGlv tOUtrov Ol ~v cruYKpoundICP1)1EVOV 16v dc tV npOKElJEVTll TtEpiTttooCJIV tnTlPE6(Eta )1EyOMzle

764 Not~Pplot 1969

d) 0 l-lOerM eJTill1~

XapalCtTlPLOtllCOY [6)v t OVQVtOAMlICtllC(i)v PfltLvampv dV(ll

tQltJI C np6lt avtQAwyfl 16vtoov OUtwlt Mv 9S(l)pTio(I)~EV l(av Pl1tivTlY blUett-ooonv avtaU6~IJ1a 16vm B Kat EUPIlt1KOJ1EVT]V ~v enaqti np6 OLltl)UJlU JtSPltxoY lovTa A t6tE lEtalil Ql)lampV onoKa9Latcltm iaoppOTtla A + Br - B + Ar H JlOpqgtTa tTlv onolav npocrpoundMlpE t ropa 1) PlltlVll Uvta)MlccrQ to [6vm alltflc B Jlt to l6vr o A toU otu)U1Qlot 6vo)Ja(uat fOVIKf) Jlopqn~ t11c Pltivlt n e b TOO VOIlOU op6a~ t(i)v j1a(ampv oOov aoe6vEtal fl (OVII(1) Jlopqnl A tC Pldvllt Toaev 1) h4shyKUKOtfC QUtfjc oui t6 9 SWPOU1EYQY 16v A t)anoUtu l revlshyKax 1) t)6ItCOOIC a UT tflc tICMlCtlK6Tr)toC Elval ~mc p6 H tovucfl jlOpqnl tfle pTrcivnlt tlC4)pa(EtQt 6gt j10P10KOV lClitcrJlQ tl)c PIlt1vllC [fic euplltJICOJltVI1lt EtC tcropponiav 1tpO~ ttlV jlOpshyCPflv A Ttaplcrtatal ot oui t o) XA

t tOAI)(~ lovtxi] 100x~ daAvlpounda10~

H 6~IICll tOVl1(T~ cnryKtV1PltOO llt t oO ola1u~t~ ttalCEl (11[OUshyoalo v p6)ov tTt TlPEaCoucra tflV tKMKtUOtTltQ jlltlt PTtVTlt Hiiroc EIlt tflV 1tEp iTttOOow oVToX)oyi)lt i6vtwv o la~OpEtlKol) crOtvoult

E(~ tilv ttEp[TttOXHV Iivto))aY1l~ t6vtOOv tOO (lUto) 09pound1100lt T tttlopaO( dVQl poundAadOtT

0 EooptiOWjlEV t1v avta))aYflv RSOH+ NaC l RSONa+ + HCI 6tt6te ~XOlJtv

N+ (Na+l (H ~ ) (Ke) H+ = (H + ) (N+ ) (6)

E6v aVtu(QtQ(JTlioOOjJpoundv Eflt tTv tttoooCJL v (6) T1i~ OgtYKEVtpcigtshyOEL~ tampv t6vtoov va1p iou Ka( )Opoyovou de to ))pov tvt6~ ti) lt pT livTlt Kat Eh t 6 cSurJo jla cruvaplilOEI tG)v lOoouvajlwv ICAoOjlotOOv (UJt(Ov a6OEI tampV oxtmoov

XH+ = 1~+lt~~ (H+ I= (XH+)C

(H+)XH+ t~ ~o (H+) = (X~+) C

C

(N +)X Na+ = t~~ INa+)=(XNa+)C

C

(Na +)XNa -l = t~ ~o (Nn+) =(XNa+)C

C de tat ottoialt XH + laoouvajlov ICMiOjlQ H + d tt6 ouUUjlQ

C 61LK1 KQVOVIICOtT) lt 100 OHl)UlJQtOlt

X~I + - toocSuvajlO v JC)aO~j(l H+ dC 1nV iJypav cpQOtV t vtOe tfc Pl1t(vTlC

Cr = OIK1 KQ VOVllC61T)C el~ 111 oypCtV IiOtv t vtolt t~C pTltV11t

+ = (0000va)10V lCoOjla Na+ ElC t6 olcUujlaX NaX~a+ = oooOva jlOv doOjla Na+ Etc 1nV bypoVcpoOLV poundvt6C

ti)c plltVTlt tOte hOjlEV

(Xa+)(X+) (X N + ) (l-XNamp+)(K ) Na+ ~ C H+ ( X~ 1-)(XNa+ ) (I-Xa+) (XN+ )

X~ I Na+ XNa+ = (Ke) (7)

I-XN a+ H+ I- XN+

napanlPoO)1ev on etc T1V t~[O(OOll (7) opoundv pound)1~avi~OVtaL o[ Cr6101 r CClI

Eav tOOID 9Emp101ampljl6V QVtaA1ayi)v )1poundtruu )10vOO6EVO)t shyOtOOcvollC 16vf0lt AX middot

2RSONa + CaCI -- (RSO)Ca + 2NaCI

C +~ - ICn + + 11 + 1 (8) Na T (Na+) (Ca++)

(Ke)

EQv aVftKQtQcrtrOffijlampV ttQ)tv fCu cruYKampVfProcreu Tl1gtv (6vshyTOOV vaTpioo Kai oO~Of(ou amptc t6 oyp6v tfl ~ pl1 dVll~ Kal dl to cS L 6]~U jlo OJvaptlioEI t(L) v 1000uvo jJOOv d aO)uitoov QUTampV Pt10El t(i)v oxpoundOampoov

(N+)X~~t = I~ ~ INa+) = iXN+)CC

(Na+ ) XI~Il-f = 11 ~ INa+ 1 = X~a+ ) Cr

C

(C++) Xca+ t = I~ ~ (Ca 1 = Xc + +) CC

T6tamp AojlBavojJEv oui tilV 6~ioooow (8)

C++ (XCa+ I- )(X Na l- ) C ( KG) Na+ - - (-X-==--I-(-X=--)- C-- =

Na+ Ca l Ishy

(X(++ ) ( I - Xc++ ) C (- X~a++)( X c+ +) C

XCljmiddot+ Xc+ + ca++ ( C )-- -- ~(Kc ) C l -X~ l++)1 Na+ (t -Xca I )t

(9)

I1a potT) po)J1ampv on dC t1v ttPOKEljJpoundVI1V ttEpiTttCOOIV 0 IPOvoshypeurolIOr CJt)lITEkOt~ 6XAC)(tlxOn rror amptvaL 6 6pot

C + (C ) (Ke) N+ -C-

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H a UT1I CJXtOle (9) tOXOpound1 Kal OL 6VtaAAuyac J1poundtQ~U 0109EshyVoOlt - fPlcr9EVO I)c t6VTOC

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A+++ ( C) (Kc ) D+ - C-

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4 Miyamp6o~ lJooponolou (KOKOU)

AlloavtcUJuKttKal PI1tlVQt houv axf)1(l PtKpQV OCJIalpLK(l)V )(O)(I(OOv OIQ)1EtpOU K0)1lllVO)Jtv11laquo Qtt6 004 - I mm To )1tshy)E90lt tQv K6KKOOV hcpPQ~pound1a l dC mm dn EtC diUae -nvOt olashyOtaO61~ 6 vacpepo)1tvw El~ Tn V SlQ)16tpOV QOtampv 6nWl lx Ellt to ltp6tllTtoV A)1e pllcavLJc6v cnlOt11jla laquomeshraquo

To d)e00C tOO tcOKKOUjlpoundTQ tilv 0 UcSatoc SlOyxoocnv jl~ 111shyt(vllC 06 t~apt110il tK t olap l0)100 Ot(lKAaOroCJEOOV t~ P11tlvTC tfc Spaantcflc 6jlaoo~ I(Ql tv jltPpound1 poundK tflC 10llICfc )10pcp fe T~C p11tlvl1~

K6l(l(Ol jleya)ou ~t90ult (dgt lmm) otv fxouv cpoOll(nV OTamiddot

765 NOtjlPPLO~ 1969

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middotOaov jJl Kp6TEPO I Elva o( KOICICOI tfte lPlOljJonoloujJ EVTJe pTJshyivle f600v al fOXUlElt 10vaVTalJ uyftlt Eival jJ EyaAUt EpQ1 rEVlKamp 11 faxullt 10Vfl OUOy1lt ElvOI o vtunpOqKl)e av(z)o shy10lt n p6lt TOV KUPOV tfl lt ola~tpou toO KOKKOO tfl e Plfivle

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s API8~0c SuucAoOwa Eoov

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V XUIlTTEpl+opa P1TlYWY dt IlIKTOut 6lo)uTat (10)

1 rEvn6tl1tpound~

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2 Edotni SLlIYKroOl~

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3 h av01T)ltC ooyxpotliopoundcoc

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4 Iaopponfal iovovtalJ aYtlc kcU JrpoopoqnlapoundWI

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766 NotJlPpIOC 1969

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Elval OUOKOOV v6 1tP06l1tl] tl( 1tEpi toC 1teurolpajJatll(OO anOTG

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1 TEX1lKn loutpoD

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2 TSXVLK1l cnilATJ~

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3 gtAmo)u)uopound v6cuoc

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767 Not~PPLOt 1969

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BtJ)Aloypa+ia

I Jedcr () r J amp M Cll fornalographyt A Rcview of PrloCI(Jles and ApIJli(i ~Llons ElsevJer NY 199

2 Ntrrlwd F C Editor cIon Exchange-Tbeory and Applica lion Academic Prees N Y 1949

3 urrtuds(m 0 _Ion Excbangers In Analy tica l Chemistry J WIey N Y 195 3

4 N(Ifhod F ( Schubert J Editors don Exc banp Technology ACHJ~lUic Pr(~~~ NY 1 9~6

5 CUtillO C KrcssmaTI TRE Editors Ion Exch~ers In Orl(lJ1lc and Biochemistry Interelenee N Y 1 9~7

6 KlIflln R don E)chan~c Resins 2nd ed 1 Wllc) N Y 1958 7 Dowcx Bullettn on fIo n Excbangf F(Ita AC Chcml schc Fabrik

Buchs SG Srhweiz 1958 8 Salmon J E Hille D K Ion Exchange - A Lahoratory Manshy

nualgt Buttllwlnlls Londou I J~9

9 Kllrhlmerbull 1 A _Ion Exchnnt Rrins Butler amp Tanner London 1961

10 HeIOrifI F Ion Excbange llcGraw-HHI NY 1962

Ion - Exchangers and their Applications in chemical technology

I Dr A G 50amplllotil

Abdract and behaviour in aqueous solutions and mixed solvenls are also doscribed in detail The various lechniques connected

The various classes of materials exhibiting ion-exchange with their use and their applicati ons in chemical technology characteri~lic are briefly described A rull account of are discussed cation and anion Gxchange resins is given Their properties

bull I WllS bOrn In 1middotlrn~us In 19H I grad ualcd frOm the Cbemi~lry Deshy EC and wrnllo the Nu clea r Center o r Crenollle where I w)rked speshypartmenl (II the UnIVf~ ty or Athens In 1958 I obtained a CcrliUcalc cialising In ]lutron Aellvatlon Analysir- Since 1062 I bave J(cn workshyon Itadioilutupe Techniques of UH (l-AEC Sebool in 1061 Tn 19t1 [ king for lb GAE C r oUla lned my Ph D degree In Analytical Cheshygot a fellowship or the French Governm ent all t hc nominalion oj GA- mistry In 1968