7 ways for ships to meet marpol nox tier iii regulation
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7 Ways for Ships to Meet MARPOL NOx Tier III RegulationTRANSCRIPT
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7 Ways For Ships To Meet MARPOL NOx Tier III Regulation
OCTOBER 8, 2014 BY TAUFIQ CHOUGLE
Air pollution from ships is on the rise and global emission standards are getting stringent every year.MARPOL Annex VI limits the main air pollutants contained in ships exhaust gas, including sulphuroxides (SOx) and nitrous oxides (NOx), and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depletingsubstances.
The main changes to MARPOL Annex VI are a progressive reduction globally in emissions of SOx, NOxand particulate matter and the introduction of emission control areas (ECAs) to reduce emissions ofthose air pollutants further in designated sea areas. NOx Emission Tier III standard will be enforced from
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What is NOx Tier III ?
Progressive reductions in NOx emissions from marine diesel engines installed on ships is included inMARPOL Annex VI, with a “Tier II” emission limit for engines installed on or after 1 January 2011. NOx“Tier III” is more stringent emission limit for engines installed on or after 1 January 2016 operating inECAs. Marine diesel engines installed on or after 1 January 1990 but prior to 1 January 2000 arerequired to comply with “Tier I” emission limits, if an approved method for that engine has been certifiedby an Administration.
NOx Tier III emission standards are 80% less than NOx Tier I emission standards.
The emission value for a diesel engine is to be determined in accordance with the NOx Technical Code2008 in the case of Tier II and Tier III limits.
As per Marpol Annex –VI Tier III limits are :
For Engine Speed less than 130 rpm – 3.4 gNOx/kwh
For Engine speed 130 and above but less 2000 rpm – 9*n gNOx/kwh
For Engine speed above 2000 rpm – 2 gNOx/kwh.
st
0.2
Image Credits: IMO.org
NOx Tier III emission standards are applicable only in NECA (NOx Emission control areas ). OutsideNECA , Tier II standards are applicable. Current NECA areas are the North American area and the U.S.Caribbean area.
Tier III standards will also be applicable to ships built on or after 1 Jan 2016.
Are the ships ready for the emission standards?
To comply with this Tier III requirements ships shall have to be installed or retrofitted withequipment/systems which can reduce NOx below Tier III standards.
Mentioned below are seven technologies available to meet this criteria.
1. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
In this system, urea or ammonia is injected in the exhaust gas before passing it through a unit, whichconsists of special catalyst layer, at a temperature between 300 and 400 Deg C. Chemical reactionbetween Urea/ammonia and NOx in exhaust gases reduces NOx (NO and NO ) to N . SCR unitis installed between the exhaust manifold/receiver and the turbocharger.
2 2
High efficiency turbocharger is required for this system as there is pressure drop across SCR Reactor.Engine load should be 40% and above, as NOx is reduced to N2 within specific temperature window (300400 Deg C).
If temperature is above 400 Deg C, ammonia will burn rather than reacting with NOx which will lead thesystem to be ineffective. If the temperature is below 270 Deg C, the reaction rate will be low and theammonium sulphates formed will destroy the catalyst.
Image credits: vikingline.com
>Some B&W engine uses DeNOx or SiNOx system using SCR technology.
>Some Wartsila engines also has NOR (NOx Reduction) system that uses SCR technology.
More than 90% reduction is achieved by using SCR technology to comply with Tier III emissionstandards.
2. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) :
In this technology, part of the exhaust gas after turbocharger is recirculated to scavange receiver afterpassing it through the scrubber ( exhaust gas washing ) unit. Around 5060% NOx reduction from tier I isclaimed by making use of EGR. However discharge of cleaning water requires treatment like purification
and separating exhaust gas cleaning sludge. As some countries are against discharge of this water, reusing this water poses corrosion problem.
NOx reduction takes place due to reduction in excess air (oxygen content) used for combustion, additionof CO and water vapour reduces peak temperatures as both have higher specific heat than air.
EGR system along with combination of one of the technologies such as altered (delayed) injectionmethod, new design fuel valve, common rail injection principle, electronic engines , Scavange AirMoisturizing, can be used to comply with Tier III standards.
Image credits: Greenship.org
3. Scavange Air Moisturizing :
Air from the turbocharger, after passing through the compressor, has high temperature. Seawateris injected to this high temperature air for cooling and making it saturated. Distillation process makes itpossible to use sea water instead of fresh water. Humidification of air is controlled by maintainingscavenge air temperature between 6070 Deg C. Water in saturated air reduces the peak temperatureas water has higher heat carrying capacity than air.
Around 60% NOx reduction is achieved by this method. By using combination of other technologies suchas EGR with Scavange Air Moisturizing, NOx Tier III standards can be achieved.
4. Miller Cycle :
By making use of Miller cycle in 4Stroke engines along with high efficiency turbocharger, that is, early
2
closing of inlet valves before BDC, causes expansion and cooling of intake air which reduces NOxproduction. This NOx reduction method will require two turbochargers ( 2Stage turbocharging).
This method along with Direct Water injection (DWI) Principle and other methods such as fuel wateremulsion can bring NOx well below Tier III standards.
5. Use of Low Pressure Gas Engines :
New marine engines using low pressure LNG as marine fuel will have greater importance in meetingTier III standards. Wartsila has developed 2stroke DF technology engine which makes use of lowpressure LNG as fuel. It is based on leanburn principle (relatively high air/fuel ratio), in which, the premixed air/fuel charge is ignited by pilot fuel. One of the most important aspects of this engine is that theemission are below NOx Tier limit, and this is achieved without use of exhaust gas treatment system.
6. CSNOx : Ecospec have developed a system known as CSNOx which uses fresh water or seawater topass through Ultra Low Frequency Electrolysis system. This treated water is further mixed with to reactwith the exhaust gas to reduce NOx content. The system reduces CO , SOx and NOx in one compactequipment. This technology along with other NOx reducing methods mentioned above can be used forcompliance with Tier III standards. CSNOx has an advantage of achieving high efficiency with lowmaintenance and power consumption. Know more about CSNOx here.
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7. Combination: Combination of Technologies having one or more combinations such as electronicengines with variable fuel timings, LNG as fuel or Direct water injection or Fuel in water emulsions etcwith other NOx reducing methods can be used to comply with Tier III emission standards. Thesementioned combination may or may not require exhaust gas scrubber to comply with Tier III norms.
Over to you..
Do you know any other important method that can be used to reduce NOx production? Let’s know in thecomments below.
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COMMENTS
jake saysOctober 9, 2014 at 1:06 am
HHO technology or injecting hydrogen through intake manifold.
Anish saysOctober 13, 2014 at 2:58 pm
@ Jake:
Thank You for adding this important technology.
ANDREAS saysDecember 5, 2014 at 3:00 am
HFO with scrubbers, MDO(marine diesel oil, in some circumstances), lng as fuel and alsorerouting :P
alaa mohamed saysDecember 15, 2014 at 4:56 am
25Mechanic experienced technician on merchant ships consensus types, such as public stocksBlake Splayat container and petroleum services and dredgers to expand the waterway and theyacht cruise in the Red Sea Sharm El Sheikh, Hurghada and the ports of the White Sea. (Iwant to work with you, and I thank you and appreciation)
I hope that you will help me to find a job
santosh saysDecember 30, 2014 at 2:18 pm
siras low pressure gas engine are designed as per nox 3 tier systemthan is it that high pressure gas engine are also designed as per nox 3 tier systemthanks
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