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INTRODUCTION

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G mobile technology has

changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever

before such a high value technology. Nowadays mobile users have much awareness of the cell

phone (mobile) technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which

makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and

data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product

Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc.

As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will

look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can

have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone

giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the

electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in

such a small piece of electronics are huge.

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Features of 5G technology

5G technology offer high resolution and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.

The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and effective.

5G technology would provide subscriber supervision tools for fast action.

5G technology would offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

The traffic statistics by 5G technology would make it more accurate.

Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user could get better and fast

solution.

The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.

The 5G technology supports virtual private network.

The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology will be touching the peak.

The 5G technology network will offer enhanced and available connectivity just about the

world.

Now with the emergence of 5G technology will bring a huge revolutionary change into the

electronic media market. When the 5G technology will come to the cellular maker, distant calls

will be made more smooth, accessible and local. Truly a marvelous technology that will surely

changed the way cell phones are used. Future cell phones embedded with 5G technology will

cause a very tough competition to the normal PC and laptop or tablet manufacturers. As we

know that 4G technology is still being fully developed and aims to provide fastest transfer rates

maximum 1Gbps, now we can’t even compare how much 5G will offer.

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CHAPTER 1

MOBILE RADIO TELEPHONE

Mobile radio telephone systems preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology. Since

they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are

sometimes retroactively referred to as pre cellular (or sometimes zero generation) systems.

Technologies used in pre cellular systems included the Push to Talk (PTT or manual), Mobile

Telephone System (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile

Telephone System (AMTS) systems. These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished

from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service

that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather

than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.

1.1 Origin

Motorola in conjunction with the Bell System operated the first commercial mobile

telephone service Mobile Telephone System (MTS) in the US in 1946, as a service of the

wireline telephone company.

First automatic system was the Bell System's IMTS which became available in 1962,

offering automatic dialing to and from the mobile.

"Altai" mobile telephone system was launched into the experimental service in 1963 in

USSR, becoming fully operational in 1965, a first automatic mobile phone system in

Europe.

The Televerket opened its first manual mobile telephone system in Norway in 1966.

Norway was later the first country in Europe to get an automatic mobile telephone

system.

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The B-Netz launched 1972 in West Germany as the country's second public commercial

mobile phone network (but the first one that did not require human operators to connect

calls)

1.2 Rural Radiotelephone Service

Using the same channel frequencies as IMTS, the US Federal Communications Commission

authorized Rural Radiotelephone Service for fixed stations. Because RF channels were shared

with IMTS, the service was licensed only in areas that were remote from large Bureau of the

Census Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Systems used UHF 454 MHz or 152 MHz radio

channels to provide telephone service to extremely rural places where it would be too costly to

extend cable plant.

The conversation used to take place on half-duplex communication lines, using a momentary

button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode. Hence “Over” and “Out” were

used to indicate the transmission is complete from one end so that the other person can reply for

it. These devices were built in the year 1946 by Motorola and Bell System and these devices

used the Mobile Telephone Service to connect to the calls. It means an operator helps us to dial

and route the call. Now a days we install Music Systems in the car but in those days the whole

Phone-unit was installed in the car.

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CHAPTER 2

1G WIRELESS SYSTEM

1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile

telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in

the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main

difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio

signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.

Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the

handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital

signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.

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One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Switzerland,

Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

System) used in the North America and Australia, TACS (Total Access Communications

System) in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom

2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-

801, TZ-802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT, while a competing system operated by DDI

used the JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications System) standard.

1G speeds vary between that of a 28k modem(28kbit/s) and 56k modem(56kbit/s), meaning

actual download speeds of 2.9KBytes/s to 5.6KBytes/s.

2.1 AMPS

1G cellular systems rely on analog frequency modulation for speech and data transmission and

in-band signaling to move control information between terminals and the rest of the network

during the call. Advanced Mobile Phone System is a good example of first-generation analog

technology mostly used in the United States. AMPS is based on FM radio transmission using the

FDMA principle where every user is assigned their own frequency to separate user channels

within the assigned spectrum. FDMA is based on narrowband channels, each capable of

supporting one phone circuit that is assigned to a particular user for the duration of the call.

Frequency assignment is controlled by the system, and transmission is usually continuous in both

uplink and downlink directions. The spectrum in such systems is allocated to the user for the

duration of the call, whether it is being used to send voice, data, or nothing at all.

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As with other 1G technologies, in AMPS a circuit—represented by a portion of spectrum—is

allocated to the user and must remain available for this user, similar to the telephone copper pair

used for voice communications. Similar to the analog wireline connection, a modem is also used

for data access (see Chapter 4 for more on this). Error correction protocols used by wireless

modems tend to be more robust than their landline counterparts, because of the necessity of

dealing with a more challenging physical environment with inherently higher interference and

signal-to-noise ratios than copper or fiber. The peak data rate for an AMPS modem call under

good conditions is usually up to 14.4 Kbps, and as low as 4.8 Kbps under poor conditions. It can

take anywhere up 20 seconds or more to establish an AMPS data connection.

2.3 Nordic Mobile Telephone and Total Access Communication System

Nordic Mobile Telephone system was originally introduced in 1981 in four northern European

countries—Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden— in the 450-MHz frequency band, which

was available at that time. Total Access Communication System (TACS) was deployed three

years later in the United Kingdom and later spread to other European countries such as Italy.

Both systems are based on analog FDMA radio access technology, as you would expect from a

typical 1G system.

Initially, NMT was optimized for use in the sparsely populated rural environment common for

Scandinavian countries. A 450-MHz frequency allowed for installation of large cells because of

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better propagation characteristics at higher frequencies. As business and environmental

conditions changed, NMT was modified to operate in the 800-MHz range, taking into account

the size and power of handsets. In contrast, TACS was designed for capacity rather than

coverage. TACS systems operate in 800- and 900-MHz frequencies, which require a larger

numbers of cell sites but allow for smaller and less powerful transmitters. This system proved to

be very efficient and economical for countries such as the UK, with high population density and

large numbers of urban areas.

Both NMT and TACS are still in use, but their customer base is eroding fast because of the

widespread availability of more advanced and cost-effective GSM services

CHAPTER 3

2G WIRELESS SYSTEM

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G

cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by

Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their

predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were

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significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration

levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G.

While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both

systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest

of the telephone system.

2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G; however, 2G

networks are still used in many parts of the world. Major geographical regions adopted different

2G systems, namely TDMA and CDMA in North America, GSM in Europe, and Personal

Digital Cellular (PDC) in Japan.

3.1 2G Technologies

2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the

type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six

inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world.

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Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band

(CDMA450).[2]

IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US),

used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers

globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in

Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.

PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus

Mobility in Canada

IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the US),

was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

3.2 North American TDMA (IS 136)

This second-generation system, widely deployed in the United States, Canada, and South

America, goes by many names, including North American TDMA, IS-136, and D-AMPS

(Digital AMPS). For the sake of clarity, we will refer to it as North American TDMA, as well as

simply TDMA, when the context makes it clear. TDMA has been used in North America since

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1992 and was the first digital technology to be commercially deployed there. As its name

indicates, it is based on Time Division Multiple Access. In TDMA the resources are shared in

time, combined with frequency-division multiplexing (that is, when multiple frequencies are

used). As a result, TDMA offers multiple digital channels using different time slots on a shared

frequency carrier. Each mobile station is assigned both a specific frequency and a time slot

during which it can communicate with the base station.

The TDMA transmitter is active during the assigned time slot and inactive during other time

slots, which allows for power-saving terminal designs, among other advantages. North American

TDMA supports three time slots, at 30 kHz each, further divided into three or six channels to

maximize air interface utilization. A sequence of time-division multiplexed time slots in TDMA

makes up frames, which are 40 ms long. The TDMA traffic channel total bit rate is 48.6 Kbps.

Control overhead and number of users per channel, which is greater than one, decrease the

effective throughput of a channel available for user traffic to 13 Kbps. TDMA is a dual-band

technology, which means it can be deployed in 800-MHz and 1900-MHz frequency bands. In

regions where both AMPS and TDMA are deployed, TDMA phones are often designed to

operate in dual mode, analog and digital, in order to offer customers the ability to utilize

coverage of the existing analog infrastructure.

3.3 Advantages

The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.

Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and

email.

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Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or more "cloned"

handsets that had the same phone number.

Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular

calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security

algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are

immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection against

eavesdropping.

3.4 Disadvantages

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell

tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher

frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies.

National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be

deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an

advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under

slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional

dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping

calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call

longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression

used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You will

hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cellphone, but you will

hear it more clearly.

CHAPTER 4

3G WIRELESS SYSTEM

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3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones

and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-

2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.

Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including

standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a

system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However,

many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements

for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile

broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

The following standards are typically branded 3G:

The UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP was used primarily in

Europe, Japan, China and other regions. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM

hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:

o The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.

o The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only offered

in China.

o The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in

the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the

uplink.

The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in

North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The

cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B

offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

4.1 History

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The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998 branded

as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology.

The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001,

although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability of the system was

delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.

The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx

Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also

UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with

no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.

4.2 Features

4.2.1 Data Rates

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or

providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates

it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000

will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking

users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle,"the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or

average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G

intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.

4.2.2 Security

3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User

Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the

intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the

older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher

have been identified.

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In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when

application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

4.3 Applications

Mobile TV

Video on demand

Videoconferencing

Telemedicine

Location-based services

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CHAPTER 5

4G WIRELESS SYSTEM

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular mobile communications standards.

It is a successor of the third generation (3G) standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-

broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless modems, to smartphones,

and to other mobile devices. Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IP

telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: The Mobile WiMAX standard (at first in

South Korea in 2006), and the first-release Long term evolution (LTE) standard (in Scandinavia

since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered as

4G or not. See technical definition. In the U.S. Sprint Nextel has deployed Mobile WiMAX

networks since 2008, and MetroPCS was the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB

wireless modems have been available since the start, while WiMAX smartphones have been

available since 2010, and LTE smartphones since 2011, still only based on the Google Android

operating system. Equipment made for different continents are not always compatible, because

of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX and LTE smartphones are currently (March 2012)

not available for the European market.

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5.1 Key Features

The following key features can be observed in all suggested 4G technologies:

Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:

o MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial processing

including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO

o Frequency-domain-equalization, for example multi-carrier modulation (OFDM)

in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the

uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel property without complex

equalization

o Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or (single-

carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in

the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different users

based on the channel conditions

o Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR at the

reception side

Channel-dependent scheduling: To use the time-varying channel

Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes

Mobile-IP utilized for mobility

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IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)

As opposed to earlier generations, 4G systems does not support circuit switched telephony. Most

4G standards lack soft-handover support, also known as cooperative relaying.

5.2 History

In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT-Advanced—was laid

out.

In mid-2006, Sprint Nextel announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a

WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years ($5.76 billion in real terms).

In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication

system prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and

1 Gbit/s while stationary.

In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction

for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of

the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.

In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on

IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE

standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R

agenda.

On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the

Max 4G

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In December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, southeast Asia's largest food and beverage

conglomerate, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC

(Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the

Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the

country. Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the

Philippines.

On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" mobile

WiMAX network in Baltic states.[41]

In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United

States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of

10 Mbit/s.

On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian

capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and

its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway).

On 4 June 2010, Sprint Nextel released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the HTC

Evo 4G.

On 28 April 2011, Lithuania's Omnitel opened LTE "4G" network working in 5 biggest

cities.

In 2011, Thailand's Truemove-H launch 4G HSPA+ network with nation-wide

availability.

On 31 January 2012, Thailand's AIS and its subsidiaries DPC under co-operative with

CAT Telecom for 1800 MHz frequency band and TOT for 2300 MHz frequency band

launch the first field trial LTE in Thailand by authorization from NBTC.

In February 2012, Ericsson demonstrated mobile-TV over LTE, utilizing the new

eMBMS service (enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service).

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5.3 Limitations of 4G

There are clearly significant technical challenges that must be overcome in order to move beyond

4G systems. The key questions include:

• Develop resource allocation methods that support desired services, achieve fairness objectives,

and that provide incentives for independent wireless networks of all sizes to cooperate.

• Establish optimization techniques to manage the tradeoffs between power, degree and

frequency of reconfiguration, device computation capabilities, channel depth, and spectrum

efficiency.

• Identify and develop an appropriate device platform in terms of power consumption,

programming model and scalability.

• Identify and develop an overall system architecture that is flexible yet sufficiently scalable to

support both carrier centric and Internet economic models.

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CHAPTER 6

5G WIRELESS SYSTEM

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a name used in some

research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunications

standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards effective since 2011. At present, 5G is not a

term officially used for any particular specification or in any official document yet made public

by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, or

ITU-R. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but are at

this time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella.

6.1 Speculation

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Were a 5G family of standards to be implemented, it would likely be around the year 2020,

according to some sources. A new mobile generation has appeared every 10th year since the first

1G system (NMT) was introduced in 1981, including the 2G (GSM) system that started to roll

out in 1992, 3G (W-CDMA/FOMA), which appeared in 2001, and "real" 4G standards fulfilling

the IMT-Advanced requirements, that were ratified in 2011 and products expected in 2012-2013.

Predecessor technologies have occurred on the market a few years before the new mobile

generation, for example the pre-3G systemCdmaOne/IS95 in 1995, and the pre-4G systems

Mobile WiMAX and LTE in 2005 and 2009 respectively.

The development of the 2G (GSM) and 3G (IMT-2000 and UMTS) standards took about 10

years from the official start of the R&D projects, and development of 4G systems started in 2001

or 2002. However, still no transnational 5G development projects have officially been launched,

and industry representatives have expressed scepticism towards 5G.

6.2 Beam Division Multiple Access

The goal of mobile communication systems is to provide improved and flexible services to a

larger number of mobile users at lower costs. This objective results in a big challenge for the

wireless technology that is increasing system capacity and quality within the limited available

frequency spectrum. The challenge in mobile communication system is to communicate using

limited frequency and time. In order to achieve this target multiple access technique is required.

There are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

Access (OFDMA) techniques, etc. as examples of typical multiple access technology developed

up to now.

FDMA - The FDMA technique divides frequency resource and allots them to respective mobile

stations, allowing to give multiple accesses.

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TDMA - The TDMA technique divides time resource, and allots respective mobile stations to

give multiple accesses.

CDMA - The CDMA technique allots orthogonal codes to respective mobile stations, which

allows the mobile stations to give multiple access

OFDMA - The OFDMA technique divides and allots an orthogonal frequency resource to

maximize resource utility efficiency.

In the mobile communication system, limited frequency and time are divided to be used among

multiple users, and a capacity of the mobile communication system is limited depending on

given frequency and time. It is expected that a capacity required in a mobile communication

system will increase as the number of mobile stations increase in future and an amount of data

required in respective mobile stations is increased. However, since frequency/time resources

which respective systems can use are limited, there is a demand for a technical development,

which uses other resources than frequency/time resources in order to increase a capacity of the

system.

6.2.1 Concept of BDMA

When a base station communicates with mobile stations, an orthogonal beam is allocated to each

mobile station. The BDMA technique of the present invention divides an antenna beam

according to locations of the mobile stations to allow the mobile stations to give multiple

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accesses, thereby significantly increasing the capacity of the system. Mobile stations and a base

station are in an LOS (Line of Sight) state, when they exactly know each other's positions; they

can transmit beams which direct to each other's position to communicate without interfering with

mobile stations at cell edge.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a beam division multiple access system and a

method thereof for a mobile communication system as a new space division method using a

phase array antenna. Which use beam forming technology and uses multiple beam forming

pattern simultaneously in a cell, allowing to give multiple access.

6.2.2 Operation of BDMA

When mobile stations are positioned at different angles with respect to a base station, the

base station transmits beams at different angles to simultaneously transmit data to

multiple mobile stations.

One mobile station does not use one beam exclusively, but mobile stations positioned at a

similar angle share one beam to communicate with the base station.

The mobile stations sharing the same beam divide same frequency/time resources and use

orthogonal resources.

A base station can change direction, the number, and widths of the beams adaptively and

easily according to a mobile communication environment.

The beams can be three-dimensionally divided; a spatial reuse of frequency/time

resources can be maximized.

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In initial communication step, because a base station and mobile stations do not know

each other's positions, the mobile stations detect their positions and moving speeds, and

omnidirectionally transmit the detected positions and moving speeds information thereof

to the base station.

Next, the base station calculates a direction and a width of a downlink beam based on the

position and moving speed information of the mobile station received from the mobile

station

Subsequently, the base station transmits the downlink beam to the mobile station with the

calculated direction and width.

When the mobile station receives the calculated direction and width of the downlink

beam, it tracks a direction of the downlink beam to set a direction of an uplink beam, and

transmits the uplink beam in the set direction.

After the mobile station sets the uplink beam, a beam update is periodically performed

between the mobile station and the base station.

The FDD-BDMA frame is almost the same as that of the TDD-BDMA. The difference is

that the initial mobile station information slot is allocated by dividing a frequency

resource, and not by dividing a time resource. A further difference is that there is a base

station broadcast in the FDD-BDMA instead of a preamble of the TDD-BDMA.

6.2.3 Base Station Versus Mobile Station

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6.2.4 Advantages of BDMA

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The mobile communication system may maximize spatial use of frequency/time

resources and a system capacity of a base station by the number of beams in the base

station, by efficiently dividing a space resource as well as frequency/time resources, and

allotting orthogonal beams to mobile stations so that the mobile stations can give multiple

accesses.

It may solve an inter-cell interference problem to solve performance deterioration

problems of users at cell edge occurring in a cellular system.

Radiation pattern of an antenna of the base station and radiation pattern of an antenna of

the mobile station are designed to match each other; radiation efficiency of the antennas

can be maximized.

In addition, since mobile stations existing at a similar position share one beam to

communicate, a lower MCS level problem or PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)

problems of a control channel occurring because mobile stations having good channels

and mobile stations having bad channels simultaneously use the same base station, can be

solved.

The BDMA is applicable to a design of cellular wireless communication systems for the

next generation mobile communication. Korean research and development has suggested

BDMA as a radio interface for 5G.

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6.3 Future Scope of 5G

Key concepts suggested in scientific papers discussing 5G and beyond 4G wireless

communications are:

Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be

connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them

(See Media independent handover or vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be

provided by future 4G releases. These access technologies can be 2.5G, 3G, 4G, or 5G

mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN, or any other future access technology. In 5G, the

concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.

Group cooperative relay: A major issue in beyond 4G systems is to make the high bit

rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in

between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by cellular

repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, as well

as by beam division multiple access.

Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing different radio

technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by adaptively finding unused

spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies

currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource management is achieved in a

distributed fashion, and relies on software-defined radio.

Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identical to Mobile ad hoc

network (MANET), Wireless mesh network (WMN) or wireless grids, combined with

smart antennas and flexible modulation.

Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multiplexing (VFDM): a modulation scheme

to allow the co-existence of macro-cells and cognitive radio small-cells in a two-tiered

LTE/4G network.

IPv6, where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned according to location and

connected network.

High-altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems.

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Wearable devices with Artificial Intelligence capabilities.

One unified global standard.

Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.

User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of operator-

initiated (as in 1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards

World wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless-based web applications

that include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.

Massive Dense Networks also known as Massive Distributed MIMO providing green

flexible small cells 5G Green Dense Small Cells.

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REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G

http://learntelecom.com

http://telecomindiaonline.com

http://google.com

http://wikinvest.com

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