5g wireless technology report

5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY MARCH 2015

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, CITECH

ABSTRACT

5G Technology stands for 5th generation mobile technology. 5G denote the next major

phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond the upcoming 4G standards. 5G

technology will change the way most high bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G

pushed over a VOIP enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data

transmission never experienced before. 5G technology is offering the service in Product

Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions, etc... As the customer

become more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a

decent package all together including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have.

Hence the search for new technology always the main motive of the leading cell phone

giants to out innovate their competitors. The goal of a 5G based telecommunication

network would ideally answer the challenges that a 4G model would present once it has

entered widespread use.



INTRODUCTION

The world has seen a lot of changes in the realm of communication. Today we no more use

landlines as we once did. Everyone possesses a mobile phone that functions 24X7. Our

handsets not only keep us connected with the world at large but also serve the purpose of

entertainment gadget. From 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G this world of

telecommunications has seen a number of improvements along with improved performance

with every passing day.5G is a name which is used in some of the research paper and going

to become a next major phase of mobile telecommunication beyond the current 4G

standard. It is a concept which is only theory not real.It changes the way we are using

wireless gadget by providing very high bandwidth and it adds a no of advantages over the

present 4g technology.

The 5th generation is envisaged to be a complete network for wireless mobile internet,

which has the capability to offer services for accommodating the application potential

requirements without suffering the quality. The ultimate goal of 5G is to design a real

wireless world that is free from obstacles of the earlier generations.

5G technology will change the manner in which cellular plans are offered worldwide. A

new revolution is about to begin. The global cell phone is around the corner. The global

mobile phone will hit the localities who can call and access from one country to another’s

local phone with this new technology. The way in which people are communicating will

altogether upgrade. The utilization of this gadget will surely move a step ahead with

improved and accessible connectivity around the world. Your office will shrink into your

handset with this cell phone that is going to resemble PDA (personal digital assistant) of

twenty first century.

5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer

priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the

world market. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability to support Software and

Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high

connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building

and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The current

trend of 5G technology has a glowing future.

Even today there are phones with gigabytes of memory storage and the latest operating

systems .Thus one can say that with the current trends, the industry has a real bright future

if it can handle the best technologies and can produce affordable handsets for its customers.

Thus you will get all your desires unleashed in the near future when these smart phones

take over the market. 5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last Yard

Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building occupants. 5G's technology

intelligently distributes Internet access to individual nodes within the building.



1.1 DEFINITION

5G Wireless Systems is a complete wireless communication with almost no limitation;

somehow people called it REAL wireless world. But till present day 5G wireless system

concept is only theory and not real, so it is not applicable for use.

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a

technology used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile

telecommunication standards beyond 4G. 5G is not officially used for any specification or

official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization

bodies. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but are

at this time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella. The

implementation of standards under a 5G umbrella would likely be around the year of

2020.However, still no international 5G development projects have officially been

launched, and there is still a large extent of debate on what 5G is exactly about. Prior to

2012, some industry representatives have expressed skepticism towards 5G but later took a

positive stand.

New mobile generations are typically assigned new frequency bands and wider spectral

bandwidth per frequency channel (1G up to 30 kHz, 2G up to 200 kHz, 3G up to 20 MHz,

and 4G up to 100 MHz), If 5G appears, and reflects these prognoses, the major difference

from a user point of view between 4G and 5G techniques must be something else than

increased peak bit rate; for example higher number of simultaneously connected devices,

higher system spectral efficiency (data volume per area unit), lower battery consumption,

lower outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of the coverage

area, lower latencies, higher number of supported devices, lower infrastructure deployment

costs, higher versatility and scalability or higher reliability of communications.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_spectral_efficiency



1.2 PROPERTIES

1. Worldwide cellular phone: Phone calls in any country can be done like a local call

2. Extra Ordinary data capabilities: Data capabilities of 5G systems are very much

greater than existing generations and hence more data can be processed

3. High connectivity: The connectivity of 5G systems may range up to 40 Gbps

4. Greater flexibility: The mobile phones standardized in 5G will have the same data

handling flexibility as wired systems

5. Greater amount of clarity will be present the in audio transferred in 5G wireless

standard

6. Uses MC CDMA(Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access )

7. Use of Super core

8. HAPS:5G systems will support HAPS (High Altitude Platform Stations) where

UAVs(Unmanned Air vehicles) will act as intermediate transceiver stations and thus

this implementation will increase the effective range of communication

9. Use of IPV6: Instead of the traditional IPV4 addressing, the new IP mode which is

the IPV6 addressing will be used which will reduce the chances of having the

condition where address exhaustion can occur.

10. Use of Millimeter wavebands: The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between

the IR and the microwave will be used for data propagation.



EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G

2.1 1ST

GENERATION First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue signal is

any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a

representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,

developed in the 1980s. The prominent ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone

system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system

(TACS).

One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Switzerland,

Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

System) used in the North America and Australia, TACS (Total Access Communications System)

in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000 in

France, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-

802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation), while

a competing system operated by DDI (Daini Denden Planning, Inc.) used the JTACS (Japan Total

Access Communications System) standard.

1G speeds vary from that of a 28k modem (28kbit/s) to a 56k modem (56kbit/s).

Antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G

2.1.1 Features

Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990s

Based on analog system

Speed up to 2.4 kbps

AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it was the 1G mobile

system

Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Netz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiocom_2000&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTMI

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56k_modem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone



2.2 2ND

GENERATION

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G

cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991.

2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various

mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS

(Multi Media Messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient

security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This

digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can

receive and read it.

Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code

division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots.

CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel.

Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM

(Global system for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile

technologies. GSM technology was the first one to help establish international roaming. This

enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different countries

of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer

analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to

any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, other

than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network operators and

the ultimate users at the same time.

In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and

proximity



If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to

reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G

handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve

compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the

quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G

handset would fail completely.

2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a

packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily

provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services

(HSCSD) as well. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the

introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved

through the introduction of 2.5G

GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced

Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-

SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data

transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM

networks beginning in 2003—initially by AT&T in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a

potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks

2.2.1 Features

Developed in late 1980s & completed in late 1990s

Based on digital system

Speed up to 64 kbps

Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity

Semi global facility

2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G having more capabilities

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSCSD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE



2.3 3RD GENERATION International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd

Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications

services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G

technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased

bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The

spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the

measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known

as IMT-2000.

Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G,

indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised

as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and

speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak

data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G

provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G

releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s

to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

2.3.1 Features

Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day

In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking (WCDMA,

WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)

Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps

Superior voice quality

Good clarity in video conference

Data are sent through technology called packet switching

Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobit_per_second

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.75G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadband

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_modem



Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, E-mail, PDA, information surfing, on-line shopping/ banking,

Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc



2.4 4TH GENERATION 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G

families of standards. The fourth generation (4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion

point to address future needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and

data to and interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in 2002. The speeds

of 4G can theoretically be promised up to 1Gbps.

Some of the applications of 4G are:

I. Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the

subscriber's phone where it can be watched.

II. Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

III. Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.

IV. Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially

isolated subscriber.

V. Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the

phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.

VI. Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.

VII. Mobile WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access).

2.4.1 Features

Developed in 2010

Faster & more reliable

Speed up to 100 Mbps

Both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere

High performance

Easy global roaming

Low cost.



2.5 5TH GENERATION 5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the

means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a

high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G

technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G

technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000

lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get

broadband internet access.

GSMHistory.com has recorded three very distinct 5G network visions having emerged by 2014:

A super-efficient mobile network that delivers a better performing network for lower investment

cost.

A super-fast mobile network comprising the next generation of small cells densely clustered

together to give a contiguous coverage over at least urban areas and gets the world to the final

frontier for true “wide area mobility

A converged fiber-wireless network that uses, for the first time for wireless Internet access, the

millimeter wave bands (20 – 60 GHz)

2.5.1 Features

Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless system

10 times more capacity than others

Expected speed up to 1 Gbps

More faster & reliable than 4G

Lower cost than previous generations



2.6 COMPARISION OF ALL GENERATIONS

2.6.1. Comparison in Tabular Form

GENERATION

1G 1G

2G 2G

3G

4G

5G

YEARS DEPLOYMENT

1 1970/1984

1980/1989

1990/2002

2000/2010

2017/2020

DATA BANDWIDTH

2 KBPS 2 Kbps

14-64 Kbps

2 2 Mbps

200 Mbps

1 Gbps

STANDARDS

AMPS

TDMT TDMA,CDMA, GPS, GPRS

WCDMA

Single Single unified standard

Single unified standard

TECHNOLOGY

Ana Analog cellular

Digital cellular

b Broadband with CDMA, IP technology

Unified IP and seamless combination of broadband, LAN, WAN and WLAN

Unified IP and seamless combination of broadband, LAN,WAN,WLAN And WWWW

SERVICES

Mobile technology (Voice)

Digital Voice, SMS ,Higher Capacity packetized

I Integrated high quality audio and video

Dynamic Information Access, Wearable devices

Dynamic Information Access ,Wearable devices with AI capabilities

MULTIPLEXING FDMA

TDM TDMA,CDMA

CDMA

CDMA

CDMA

SWITCHING

c Circuit

Circuit and Packet

Packet

All packet

All packet

CORE NETWORK

PSTN

PSTN

Packet network

In Internet

Internet

HANDOFF

Horizontal

Horizontal

Horizontal

Horizontal and Vertical

Horizontal and Vertical

Table 2.1 Comparison of various generations



2.6.2 Symbols

WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting a comprehensive

wireless-based Web application that includes full graphics and multimedia capability at

beyond 4G speeds.

WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many independent signals to be

transmitted simultaneously on one fiber with each signal located at a different

wavelength. Routing and detection of these signals require devices that are wavelength

selective, allowing for the transmission, recovery, or routing of specific wavelengths in

photonic networks.

WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio

communications of multimedia and other capacity demanding applications.

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice telephone network.

Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which the frequency of the

transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a wide range. This results in a higher

bandwidth of the signal than the one without varied frequency.

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a medium by

several users by dividing into different time slots transmitting at the same frequency.

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third generation mobile

telephone standard in Europe.

WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and Web browsing for

mobile systems.

DAWN: Advanced technologies including smart antenna and flexible modulation are

keys to optimize this wireless version of reconfigurable ad hoc networks.



2.6.3 Summary in Tabular Form

GENERATION

1G

2G

3G

4G

5G

YEARS

1970/1984

1980/1989

1990/2002

2000/2010

2017/2020

KEYWORDS

Analog

Digital

Global world Standard

High data rates, High mobility, IP based

High data rates, High mobility, IP based

SYSTEMS

Analog cellular, Analog cordless

Digital cellular, Digital Cordless, Mobile Satellite

3G cellular Max. data rate: 2 Mbps

4G cellular Broadband access Min data rate: 2-20 Mbps

5G cellular Min data rate: 20-100 Mbps

Table 2.2 Summary in Tabular form



3.1 COMPARISION WITH OSI MODEL

Let us compare the protocol stack of 5G wireless with the OSI Model using the table given

below.

APPLICATION LAYER

APPLICATION LAYER (SERVICE LAYER)

PRESENTATION LAYER

SESSION LAYER

OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL (OTP)

TRANSPORT LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

UPPER NETWORK LAYER

LOWER NETWORK LAYER

DATA LINK LAYER

OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OWA)

PHYSICAL LAYER

Table.3.1 Comparison of 5G network layers with OSI layers



3.1.1 Open wireless architecture (OWA) Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA

OSI layer 1 i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2 i.e. Data link layer define the wireless

technology.

For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based on Open Wireless

Architecture (OWA)

3.1.2 Network layer

All mobile networks will use mobile IP.

Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).

A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same time.

The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.

Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:

(i) Lower network layer (for each interface)

(ii) Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)

Fig.3.1 Network layer of 5G wireless



3.1.3 Open transport protocol (OTP) Transport layer + Session layer = OTP

Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer.

In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network congestion.

In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.

5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded & installed

which is based on Open Transport Protocol.

3.1.4 Application layer Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)

Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety of networks.

Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement information in

information database in the mobile terminal.

Select the best wireless connection for given services.

QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be stored in DB (Database) of

5G mobile.

3.2 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE

Below figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for 5G mobile

systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The

system consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a number

of independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the

radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world. However, there

should be different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile

terminal. For an example, if we want to have access to four different RATs, we need to have four

different accesses - specific interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the

same time, with aim to have this architecture to be functional applications and servers somewhere

on the Internet. Routing of packets should be carried out in accordance with established policies

of the user.



Fig.3.2 Functional Architecture

Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the Internet via sockets.

Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the web is a unified

and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport communications port,

target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and type of transport protocol.

Considering that, the establishment of communication from end-to-end between the client and

server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket uniquely

determined by the application of the client and the server. This means that in case of

interoperability between heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover between the

respective radio technologies, the local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and

unchanged. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover transparency to the Internet

connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile user at least on one end of such connection. In



order to preserve the proper layout of the packets and to reduce or prevent packets losses, routing

to the target destination and vice versa should be uniquely and using the same path. Each radio

access technology that is available to the user in achieving connectivity with the relevant radio

access is presented with appropriate IP interface. Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized

by its IP address and net mask



Fig.3.3 Protocol layout for the elements of the proposed architecture of 5G



and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. In regular inter-

system handover the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would mean changing

the local IP address. Then, change of any of the parameters of the socket means and change of the

socket, that is, closing the socket and opening a new one. This means, ending the connection and

starting a new one. This approach is not-flexible, and it is based on today’s Internet

communication. In order to solve this deficiency we propose a new level that will take care of the

abstraction levels of network access technologies to higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer

is crucial in the new architecture. To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control

or direct routing of packets through the most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed

architecture we introduce a control system in the functional architecture of the networks, which

works in complete coordination with the user terminal and provides a network abstraction

functions and routing of packets based on defined policies. At the same time this control system

is an essential element through which it can determine the quality of service for each transmission

technology. He is on the Internet side of the proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal

system to test the qualitative characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a

realistic picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications of the user towards a

given server in Internet (or peer). Protocol setup of the new levels within the existing protocol

stack, which form the proposed architecture, is presented in Figure (Protocol Layout for the

Elements of the Proposed Architecture). The network abstraction level would be provided by

creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access

technologies available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be established

between the user terminal and control system named here as Policy Router, which performs

routing based on given policies. In this way the client side will create an appropriate number of

tunnels connected to the number of radio access technologies, and the client will only set a local

IP address which will be formed with sockets Internet communication of client applications with

Internet servers. The way IP packets are routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel,

would be served by policies whose rules will be exchanged via the virtual network layer protocol.

This way we achieve the required abstraction of the network to the client applications at the

mobile terminal. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based on

the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across the

radio access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level

Protocol.



3.3 UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the ability to access the applications

want from any platform, anywhere, any time. To create such an environment, one needs to

integrate various applications, emerging from various engineering practices. Human life will be

surrounded by intelligent sensors, which will bring radical change to human life’s daily

approaches of doing things, as:

Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your car.

Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So that you can view your sitting

room on your laptop/mobile phone screen, by accessing secure website.

You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your medication need and next doctor

appointment.

3.4 FLATTER IP CONCEPT

At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a new generation with smaller

feature sizes. This allows them to incorporate more functions into a given area of silicon and,

hence, more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell phones, Increased

processing capacity will be allow Mobile devices (cell phones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks

(instructions per minute) then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP has

shifted some of the BSC/RNC’s radio resource functions to Base station, Flatter IP will shift

some of the RR functions, to Mobile devices from Base station. Finally your cell phone will not

be just access device but, it will also perform some of the Radio Resource Management functions.

With the shift to flat IP architectures, mobile operators can

Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to lower operations costs and capital

expenditure.

Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the volume of data transmitted to align

infrastructure capabilities with emerging application requirements.



Minimize system latency and enable applications with a lower tolerance for delay; upcoming

latency enhancements on the radio link can also be fully realized.

Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of each other to a greater extent

than in the past, creating greater flexibility in network planning and deployment.

Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for service innovation across both

mobile and generic IP access networks.



HARDWARE OF 5G

5G technologies are proposed to use UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW

at low energy levels. This BW is of 4000 Mbps, which is 400 times faster than today’s wireless

networks. It uses smart antenna either Switched Beam Antennas or Adaptive Array Antennas. It

uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

4.1 MILLIMETER WAVE BANDS

Extremely high frequency (EHF) is the ITU designation for the band of radio frequencies in the

electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 300 gigahertz, above which electromagnetic radiation is

considered to be low (or far) infrared light, also referred to as terahertz radiation. Radio waves in

this band have wavelengths from ten to one millimeter, giving it the name millimeter band or

millimeter wave, sometimes abbreviated MMW or mmW.

Fig. 4.1 Illustration of position of mm wave band in EM spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Union

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigahertz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength



Compared to lower bands, radio waves in this band have high atmospheric attenuation; they are

absorbed by the gases in the atmosphere. Therefore they have a short range and can only be used

for terrestrial communication over about a kilometer. In particular, signals in the 57–64 GHz

region are subject to a resonance of the oxygen molecule and are severely attenuated. Even over

relatively short distances, rain fade is a serious problem, caused when absorption by rain reduces

signal strength. In climates other than deserts absorption due to humidity also has an impact on

propagation. While this absorption limits potential communications range, it also allows for

smaller frequency reuse distances than lower frequencies. The small wavelength allows modest

size antennas to have a small beam width, further increasing frequency reuse potential.

4.1.1 Propagation

Millimeter waves travel solely by line-of-sight, and are blocked by building walls and attenuated

by foliage. The high free space loss and atmospheric absorption limits propagation to a few

kilometers. Thus they are useful for densely packed communications networks such as personal

area networks that improve spectrum utilization through frequency reuse.

They show "optical" propagation characteristics and can be reflected and focused by small metal

surfaces around 1 ft. diameter, and diffracted by building edges. Multipath propagation,

particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces, causes serious fading. Doppler shift of

frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds. In portable devices shadowing due to the

human body is a problem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation_%28electromagnetic_radiation%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_fade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28optics%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_strength

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_reuse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_reuse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_shift



Fig.4.2 Plot showing the attenuation in the EHF region

4.1.2 Applications

This band is commonly used in radio astronomy and remote sensing. Ground-based radio

astronomy is limited to high altitude sites such as Kitt Peak and Atacama Large Millimeter Array

(ALMA) due to atmospheric absorption issues. Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can

determine temperature in the upper atmosphere by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen

molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure. The ITU non-exclusive passive

frequency allocation at 57-59.3 is used for atmospheric monitoring in meteorological and climate

sensing applications,and is important for these purposes due to the properties of oxygen

absorption and emission in Earth’s atmosphere. Currently operational U.S. satellite sensors such

as the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on one NASA satellite (Aqua) and four

NOAA (15-18) satellites and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI/S) on

Department of Defense satellite F-16 make use of this frequency range.

Millimeter wave radar is used in short-range fire control radar in tanks and aircraft, and

automated guns (CIWS) on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles. The small wavelength

of millimeter waves allows them to track the stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target,

allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together.

The U.S. Air Force has developed a nonlethal weapon system called Active Denial System

(ADS) which emits a beam of radiation with a wavelength of 3 mm. The weapon is reportedly not

Frequency in Ghz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_%28radio%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitt_Peak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_atmosphere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_control_radar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapons_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Denial_System



dangerous and causes no physical harm, but is extremely painful and causes the target to feel an

intense burning pain, as if their skin is going to catch fire.

Uses of the millimeter wave bands include point-to-point communications, intersatellite links,

and point-to-multipoint communications.

Because of shorter wavelengths, the band permits the use of smaller antennas than would be

required for similar circumstances in the lower bands, to achieve the same high directivity and

high gain. The immediate consequence of this high directivity, coupled with the high free space

loss at these frequencies, is the possibility of a more efficient use of the spectrum for point-to-

multipoint applications. Since a greater number of highly directive antennas can be placed in a

given area than less directive antennas, the net result is higher reuse of the spectrum, and higher

density of users, as compared to lower frequencies.

4.2. ADAPTIVE ARRAY TRANSCEIVERS

4.2.1 Introduction

Adaptive arrays are one of the key technologies expected to dramatically improve the

performance of future wireless communications systems because they have the potential to

expand coverage, increase capacity, and improve signal quality.An antenna array consists of N

identical antenna elements arranged in a particular geometry, where the geometry of the array

determines the amount of coverage in a given spatial region. A very widely used array type is the

uniform linear array.

For a given array geometry, the phases and amplitudes of the currents exciting the elements

determine the gain of the array in a certain direction. In order to better estimate a signal arriving

from a particular direction, the phases and amplitudes of the currents on the antenna array

elements can be electronically adjusted such that received signals from this direction add in

phase, and maximum gain is achieved in that direction. Due to the reciprocal nature of antennas,

this approach is also applicable to focus the array beam for transmission.



Adaptive array transceivers (also known as smart antennas, multiple antennas and, recently,

MIMO) are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal

signature such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming

vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target. The antenna could optionally

be any sensor.

Smart antenna techniques are used notably in acoustic signal processing, track and scan RADAR, radio

astronomy and radio telescopes, and mostly in cellular systems like W-CDMA and UMTS.

Smart antennas have two main functions: DOA estimation and Beamforming.

4.2.2 Direction of Arrival estimation

The smart antenna system estimates the direction of arrival of the signal, using techniques such as

MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification), estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance

techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms, Matrix Pencil method or one of their derivatives. They involve

finding a spatial spectrum of the antenna/sensor array, and calculating the DOA from the peaks of

this spectrum. These calculations are computationally intensive.

4.2.3 Beamforming

Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of the antenna array by adding

constructively the phases of the signals in the direction of the targets/mobiles desired, and nulling

the pattern of the targets/mobiles that are undesired/interfering targets. This can be done with a

simple FIR tapped delay line filter. The weights of the FIR filter may also be changed adaptively,

and used to provide optimal beamforming, in the sense that it reduces the MMSE between the

desired and actual beampattern formed. Typical algorithms are the steepest descent, and LMS

algorithms.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output_communications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_array

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_of_arrival

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADAR



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_signal_classification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_of_signal_parameters_via_rotational_invariance_techniques

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_of_signal_parameters_via_rotational_invariance_techniques

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_pencil

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_spectrum&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pattern

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_Impulse_Response

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_mean_square_error

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steepest_descent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_mean_squares



Fig.4.3 Beamforming

To change the directionality of the array when transmitting, a beamformer controls the phase and

relative amplitude of the signal at each transmitter, in order to create a pattern of constructive and

destructive interference in the wavefront. When receiving, information from different sensors is

combined in a way where the expected pattern of radiation is preferentially observed. n the

receive beamformer the signal from each antenna may be amplified by a different "weight."

Different weighting patterns (e.g., Dolph-Chebyshev) can be used to achieve the desired

sensitivity patterns.

4.2.4 DSP based implementation of Adaptive array transceiver

A block diagram of the adaptive array system is shown in the figure . The antenna segment of the

multi-sensor testbed consists of a custom made linear array of three quarter-wavelength

monopoles spaced half a wavelength apart. The elements drive a set of identical analog front

ends. Rather than using direct sampling at RF, the analog tuning segment performs down-

conversion to IF for bandpass digitization. The analog tuner downconverts signals at an RF of

2050 MHz. It has a noise figure of 5 dB, and provides 75 dB of spurious free dynamic range in a

2 MHz IF bandwidth with a minimum detectable signal of -111.4 dB.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_%28waves%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_function#Dolph.E2.80.93Chebyshev_window



The RF bandpass filter provides rejection of out of band interference. The RF low noise amplifier

(LNA) increases the level of the signal before it reaches the mixer and basically determines the

noise figure of the receiver.

Following RF amplification, the signal is mixed down to IF. A common clean LO-signal is used

to drive the mixers of all the branches of the analog tuners. Post-mixer bandpass filtering

provides rejection of undesired out-of-band signals, mixer spurious products, and RF and LO

mixer-leakage.

After amplification of the analog IF signal, IF digitization using harmonic sampling takes place.

Once the IF signal has been digitized, the digital down-converter is used to demodulate the

desired signal to its complex baseband in-phase and quadrature components. By relieving the

DSP from the processing burden associated with the down conversion functions, more

computational power becomes available for the tasks required for array processing. Digital down

conversion not only eliminates the need for another IF stage but it also overcomes many of the

problems related to analog down conversion and low pass digitization.

Thus, after proper signal conditioning, the IF signal is down converted, down sampled, and filtered for

baseband processing with the adaptive array algorithm in the TMS320C541 EVM evaluation board. The

input to the signal-processing segment is now a complex-baseband data stream. Data acquisition from

the digital down conversion (DDC) boards is interrupt driven. The DDCs trigger an interrupt service

routine at regular intervals every time down-converted in-phase and quadrature samples from the

antenna elements become available for transfer to the EVM. This means that there should be a digital

interface which should be used for communications between the EVM and the digital down -conversion

boards



Fig.4.4 Block diagram of Adaptive array system based on DSP implementation



The EVM access each one of the DDC boards and proceeds to store the baseband samples in a

data buffer. Once the buffer has been filled, interrupts are disabled. The DSP then processes

every n-th set of samples in the received block, updates the steering vector according to CMA,

and transfers the steering vector to the host PC for display of the array patterns. When the end of

the data buffer is reached, interrupts are enabled and the processor returns to data acquisition

mode.

As a result, the DSP is able to manipulate through signal processing the shape of the array beam

pattern to optimize system performance.



4.2.5 Practical realizations in the communication field

Samsung Electronics announced that it has successfully developed the world’s first adaptive array

transceiver technology operating in the millimeter-wave Ka bands for cellular communications.

The implementation of a high-speed 5G cellular network requires a broad band of frequencies;

much like an increased water flow requires a wider pipe. While it was a recognized option, it has

been long believed that the millimeter-wave bands had limitations in transmitting data over long

distances due to its unfavorable propagation characteristics. However, Samsung’s new adaptive

array transceiver technology has proved itself as a successful solution. It transmits data in the

millimeter-wave band at a frequency of 28 GHz at a speed of up to 1.056 Gbps to a distance of up

to 2 kilometers. The adaptive array transceiver technology, using 64 antenna elements, can be a

viable solution for overcoming the radio propagation loss at millimeter-wave bands, much higher

than the conventional frequency bands ranging from several hundred MHz to several GHz.

Samsung plans to accelerate the research and development of 5G mobile communications

technologies, including adaptive array transceiver at the millimeter-wave bands, to commercialize

those technologies by 2020

Similarly Sweden based IC manufacturing giant ST Ericsson has also developed a practical

system employing mm waveband for communication. Compared to what Samsung did, ST

Ericsson managed a data bandwidth of 5 Gbps but at a lower frequency of 15 Ghz which is well

below the conventional mm wave band territory nonetheless the data bandwidth which was

achieved at ST Ericssons’s test facility situated at Kista ,Sweden speaks about the sure possibility

of making wireless communication as a clear alternative for wired communication systems.



SOFTWARE OF 5G

5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks, including LAN

technologies, LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide Wireless Web, unified IP & seamless

combination of broadband.

Software defined radio, Packet layer, Implementation of Packets, Encryption, Flexibility,

Anti-Virus and Cognitive radio links.

5.1 COGNITIVE RADIO

A cognitive radio is an intelligent radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically. Its

transceiver is designed to use the best wireless channels in its vicinity. Such a radio automatically

detects available channels in wireless spectrum, then accordingly changes its transmission or

reception parameters to allow more concurrent wireless communications in a given spectrum

band at one location. This process is a form of management. In response to the operator's

commands, the cognitive engine is capable of configuring radio-system parameters. These

parameters include "waveform, protocol, operating frequency, and networking". This functions as

an autonomous unit in the communications environment, exchanging information about the

environment with the networks it accesses and other cognitive radios (CRs). A CR "monitors its

own performance continuously", in addition to "reading the radio's outputs"; it then uses this

information to "determine the RF environment, channel conditions, link performance, etc.", and

adjusts the "radio's settings to deliver the required quality of service subject to an appropriate

combination of user requirements, operational limitations, and regulatory constraints".

Traditional regulatory structures have been built for an analog model and are not optimized for

cognitive radio. Regulatory bodies in the world (including the Federal Communications

Commission in the United States and Ofcom in the United Kingdom) as well as different

independent measurement campaigns found that most radio frequency spectrum was inefficiently

utilized which can be solved by the implementation of Cognitive Radio.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_channel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_%28telecommunications%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom




5.2 VIRTUALISED ARCHITECTURE

Radio access infrastructures based on cloud architecture technologies will provide on-demand

resource processing, storage and network capacity wherever needed. Software-defined air

interface technologies will be seamlessly integrated into 5G wireless access network

architectures. The evolution of RAN sites will develop toward a “hyper transceiver” approach to

mobile access, and will help realize the joint-layer optimization of how radio resources are

efficiently utilized.

Core network evolution will revolve around how to enable more flexibility for the creation of

new services and new applications. Cloud computing will become the foundation of core

networks, and will open the network to allow the leveraging of innovations as they are developed.

5G core networks will also be equipped to seamlessly integrate with current 3G and 4G core

networks.

New designs for all-spectrum radio access nodes will require breakthroughs in fundamental radio

technologies like the air interface, RAN (Radio access network), radio frequency transceiver and

devices. New radio backhaul and new fiber access for the fixed network will be an integral part of

next generation commercial network solutions. There are two major types of virtualization

architecture: hosted and bare-metal. In hosted architecture, an operating system (OS) is installed

on the hardware first. Next software called a hypervisor or virtual machine monitor is installed.

This software is used to install multiple guest operation systems, or virtual machines, on the

hardware. Applications are then installed and run on the virtual machines in the same way as on a

physical machine. With bare-metal architecture, the hypervisor is installed directly on the

hardware rather than on top of an underlying operating system. Virtual machines and their

applications are installed on the hypervisor in the same way as with hosted architecture. In either

case, the guest operating systems communicate with the hypervisor rather than the underlying

hardware. Either type of virtualization architecture, or a combination of both, can be used when

incorporating virtualization into your data center

5G is presently in its early research stages. New IMT spectrum is expected to be agreed upon for

the World Radio Communication Conference (WRC) in 2015. ITU is currently at work on IMT

spectrum requirements for 2020 and beyond. After WRC-15, ITU will have a clearer path for

determining network system and technology and software implementation.



THE 5G NANOCORE

Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization. Technological convergence is the

tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks. What

Nicholas Negroponte labelled the transformation of "atoms to bits," the digitization of all media

content. When words, images and sounds are transformed into digital information, it expands the

potential relationships between them and enables them to flow across platforms.

The 5G Nanocore is a convergence of below mention technologies. These technologies have their

own impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to 5G.

• Nanotechnology.

• Cloud Computing.

• All IP Platform.

6.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology is the application of Nano science to control process on nanometer scale. i.e.

between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT). MNT

deals with control of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by molecule

engineering. The term nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo

international conference on production engineering. Nanotechnology is the next industrial

revolution, and the telecommunications industry will be radically transformed by it in a few

years. Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both mobile as well as the core network. Apart

from this it has its own impact on sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most

significant in telecommunication.

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both

current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to

the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being

developed today to make complete, high performance products.



6.2 NANO EQUIPMENT (NE)

Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in modern world it has turned into

an identity of an individual. In 5G Nanocore these mobile are referred as Nano Equipment as they

are geared up with nanotechnology. One of the central visions of the wireless industry aims at

ambient intelligence: computation and communication always available and ready to serve the

user in an intelligent way. This requires that the devices are Mobile. Mobile devices together with

the intelligence that will be embedded in human environments – home, office, public places –

will create a new platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and communication

Specifications of Nano Equipment are given as follow:

• Self Cleaning – the phone cleans by itself

• Self powered – the phone derives its energy/power from the sun, water, or air.

• Sense the environment – the phone will tell you the weather, the amount of air pollution present,

etc.

• Flexible – bend but not break

• Transparent – “see through” phones

6.3 CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to maintain data

and applications. In 5G network this central remote server will be our content provider. Cloud

computing allows consumers and business to use applications without installation and access

their personal files at any computer with internet access.

Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale,

similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network. At the foundation of cloud computing

is the broader concept of converged infrastructure and shared services.Cloud computing, or in

simpler shorthand just "the cloud", also focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared

resources. Cloud resources are usually not only shared by multiple users but are also dynamically

reallocated per demand. This can work for allocating resources to users. For example, a cloud

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_infrastructure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_services



computer facility that serves European users during European business hours with a specific

application (e.g., email) may reallocate the same resources to serve North American users during

North America's business hours with a different application (e.g., a web server). This approach

should maximize the use of computing power thus reducing environmental damage as well since

less power, air conditioning, rackspace, etc. are required for a variety of functions. With cloud

computing, multiple users can access a single server to retrieve and update their data without

purchasing licenses for different applications.

The same concept is going to be used in Nanocore where the user tries to access his private

account form a global content provider through Nanocore in form of cloud. The development of

cloud computing provides operators with tremendous opportunities. Since cloud computing relies

on the networks, it shows the significance of networks and promotes network development. It

also requires secure and reliable service providers, capabilities that operators have deep expertise

in. Operators can enter the cloud computing market and create new value-added services and

experiences by integrating industry content and applications in the digital supermarket model.

This could make our user to obtain much more real-time application to utilize his 5G network

efficiently. Secure and reliable service can be provided with the help of quantum cryptography.

Cloud computing customer avoids capital expenditure for the Nanocore thereby also reducing the

cost of purchasing physical infrastructure by renting the usage from a third party

Provider(Content Provider). The Nanocore devours the resources and pay for what it uses.

6.4 ALL IP NETWORK

As already discussed for converging different technologies to form a single 5G Nanocore, We

require a common platform to interact, Flat IP architecture act as an essential part of 5G network.

The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to meet the increasing demands

of the mobile telecommunications market. To meets customer demand for real-time data

applications delivered over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are turning to flat IP

network architectures. Primarily focused upon enhancements of packet switched technology,

AIPN provides a continued evolution and optimization of the system concept in order to provide

a competitive edge in terms of both performance and cost.

The drive to all IP-based services is placing stringent performance demands on IP-based

equipment and devices, which in turn is growing demand for multicore technology.



RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS

7.1 THE METIS PROJECT

METIS stands for mobile and wireless communication enablers for twenty twenty. The main

objective of METIS is to lay the foundation for, and to generate a European consensus on the

future global mobile and wireless communications system. METIS will provide valuable and

timely contributions to pre-standardization and regulation processes, and ensure European

leadership in mobile and wireless communications.The overall technical objective of the METIS

project is to develop a concept for the future mobile and wireless communications system that

supports the connected information society by combining the results of the following technical

objectives.METIS will provide fundamentally new solutions which fit the needs beyond 2020.

Research will be conducted on network topologies, radio links, multi-node, and spectrum usage

techniques. Horizontal topics will be used to integrate the research results into a system concept

that provides the necessary flexibility, versatility and scalability at a low cost. METIS is co-

funded by the European Commission as an Integrated Project under the Seventh Framework

Programme (FP7).for research and development.

METIS has outlined the following 5G scenarios that reflect the future challenges and will serve as

guidance for further work:

1. “Amazingly fast”, focusing on high data-rates for future mobile broadband users,

2. “Great service in a crowd”, focusing on mobile broadband access even in very crowded

areas and conditions,

3. “Ubiquitous things communicating”, focusing on efficient handling of a very large

number of devices with widely varying requirements,

4. “Best experience follows you”, focusing on delivering high levels of user experience to

mobile end users, and

5. “Super real-time and reliable connections”, focusing on new applications and use cases

with stringent requirements on latency and reliability.



7.2 DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

• In May 12 2013, South Korean technology giant Samsung claimed it has made breakthroughs

in the development of next-generation networking technology, and was able to transmit data

at a speed of 1Gbps through the 28 gigahertz (GHz) band

• In 2013, the European Commission contributed $77 million for the development of a 5G

network in 2020. Three leading universities are working collaboratively to bring the project

into completion, namely, the University of Dresden in Germany, the Kings College of

London, and the University of Surrey. South Korea, on the other hand is quite aggressive to

reach this technological achievement, investing $1.5 billion to be launched in 2020 and a pilot

network to roll out in 2017.

• In July 2013, India and Israel have agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation

(5G) telecom technologies.

• On 1 October 2013, NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone), the same company to launch

world first 5G network in Japan, wins Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications

Award for 5G R&D efforts.

• On 6 November 2013, Huawei announced plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into

R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times faster than modern LTE

networks.

• May 2014: Japanese operator NTT DoCoMo announced plans to conduct "experimental

trials" of emerging 5G technologies together with six vendors: Alcatel-Lucent Ericsson,

Fujitsu, NEC, Nokia and Samsung .

• February 24 2014: Broadcom introduces First 5G Wi-Fi 2x2 MIMO Combo Chip for Smart

phones. It Doubles Smartphone Wireless Performance While Improving Power Efficiency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone



• July 2 2014 In a live, over-the-air demonstration of pre-standard equipment, the Swedish

company Ericsson achieved 5Gbps throughput in the 15 GHz frequency band using advanced

MIMO technology at its lab in Kista, Sweden.

• July 8 2014 South Korean telecom company SK Telecom joins hands with Ericsson after it

signed a MOU with the latter on development of 5g technology.

• July 10 2014: Huawei , a leading global information and communications technology (ICT)

solutions provider, announced today that it has been elected to join the board of the 5G

Infrastructure Association in Europe.

• July 15 2014: Electronics giant Philips revealed that it is developing smart cell towers to

accommodate the probable 5g transceivers.

• August 30, 2014: Nokia announces to build 5G test network in Oulu. Finnish mobile

technology company Nokia plans to build a high-speed 5G data transfer test network. The

company has already made a decision-in-principle on the matter and named two staffers to

take forward construction of the network, with actual testing to begin early next year.

• August 30, 2014: Intel prototyped a chip-based antenna array that can sit in a milk-carton-

sized cellular base station. The technology could turbocharge future wireless networks by

using ultrahigh frequencies. Intel’s technology, known as a millimeter wave modular antenna

array is being perfected even more. The technology could take ultrafast capabilities that

Samsung and researchers at New York University demonstrated last year using bench top-

scale equipment and pack it into a box-sized gadget. The idea is that cities would be carpeted

with such small stations—with one every block or two—and be capable of handling huge

amounts of data at short ranges. Any one such cell could send and receive data at speeds of

more than a gigabit per second over up to few hundred meters—and far more at shorter

distances—compared to about 75 megabits per second for the latest standard, known as 4G

LTE. For mobile cellular communications, both the Intel and Samsung technologies could

eventually use frequencies of 28 or 39 gigahertz or higher.



BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGIES

High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.

Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband

services, more effective and more attractive, Bi directional and accurate traffic statistics.

Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services.

The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.

5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost

65,000 connections.

5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast

solution

The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.

Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast

solution.

The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.

The 5G technology also support virtual private network.



CONCLUSION

The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher data rates and all-

IP principle. Currently, there are many available radio access technologies, which provide

possibility for IP-based communication on the network layer, as well as there is migration of all

services in IP environment, including the traditional telephony and even television, besides the

traditional Internet services, such as web and electronic mail as most used among the others. On

the other side, mobile terminals are obtaining each year more processing power, more memory

on board, and longer battery life for the same applications (services). It is expected that the initial

Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and giving more functionalities to

the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of mobile networks, here referred to

as 5G.

The proposed architecture for future 5G mobile networks can be implemented using components

of the shelf (existing and standardized Internet technologies) and its implementation is

transparent to the radio access technologies, which makes it very likeable solution for the next

generation mobile and wireless networks. The 5G terminals will have software defined radios

and modulation schemes as well as new error-control schemes that can be downloaded from the

Internet. The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile

networks. The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and

the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies.



REFERENCE

10.1 IEEE REFERENCES

Cheng-Xiang Wang ;Haider, F. ; Xiqi Gao ; Xiao-Hu You ; Yang Yang ; Dongfeng Yuan ;

Aggoune, H. ; Haas, H. ; Fletcher, S. ; Hepsaydir, E. “Cellular architecture and key technologies

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10.2 ONLINE REFERENCES

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G

[2] www.seminarsonly.com/Labels/5g-Wireless-System.php [3] www.authorstream.com/Presentation/anusha556-1323176-5g-ppt1 [4] http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/012/51468486-5g.pdf

[5] http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/012/64740495-REPORT-5G-

TECNOLOGY.pdf



ldn’t have reached completion.