5 hv substation design feb 17 18
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
1/254
HV Substation Design:
Applications andConsiderations
Dominik Pieniazek, P.E.Mike Furnish, P.E.
IEEE CED Feb 17/18, 2015
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
2/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
2
Substation Basics One Lines and One Line Relaying & Meter
Diagrams AC Fundamentals Three Lines Diagrams
Physical Arrangement Surge and Lightning Protection Grounding Considerations Engineering & Construction Coordination
Supplement Topics-Slides Appendix-Slides
Agenda
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
3/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Electrical System Substation - A
set of equipment
reducing thehigh voltage ofelectrical power
transmission tothat suitable forsupply to
consumers
3
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
4/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
TRANSMISSION LEVEL VOLTAGES
765 kV 161 kV
500 kV 138 kV
345 kV 115 kV
230 kV 69 kV
DISTRIBUTION LEVEL VOLTAGES
69kV
46 kV 15 kV
34.5 kV 4.16 kV23 kV 480 V
4
Grey area
sometimes referred
to a sub-transmission
also
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
5/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Typical 138 kV Substation Four (4) Breaker Ring Bus w/ Oil Circuit Breakers5
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
6/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Typical 138 kV Substation6
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
7/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Typical 138 kV Substation7
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
8/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
230 kV Generating Substation Built on the side of a mountain8
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
9/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
230 kV Indoor Generating Substation9
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
10/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
765 kV Generating Substation Four (4) Breaker Ring Bus w/ Live Tank GCBs10
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
11/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
765 kV Generating Substation11
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
12/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
765 kV Generating Substation12
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
13/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
765 kV Generating Substation13
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
14/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Relative Size of HV Power Transformers14
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
15/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Relative Size of HV and EHV Power Transformers15
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
16/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Relative Size of HV and EHV Gas Circuit Breakers16
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
17/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Dimensions for 765 kV Installation17
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
18/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
765 kV Live Tank and Dead Tank Breakers18
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
19/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
19
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
20/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
20
Disconnect/Isolation Switches (visual isolation)
Fuses (single phase protection device)
Circuit Switcher (three phase protection device)
Circuit Breaker
Substation Switching Equipment
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
21/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
21
Switch
Arcing Horns (will only break very small amounts of
charging or magnetizing current)
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
22/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
22
Switch
High Speed Whip (will break larger currents than just aswitch with just arcing horns but not load break)
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
23/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
23
Switch
Load Break
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
24/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
24
Fuses
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
25/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
25
Circuit Switcher
138 kV
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
26/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
26
Circuit Breaker
69 kV Oil Dead Tank
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
27/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
27
Circuit Breaker
230 kV SF6 Dead Tank
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
28/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Where Do I Start My Design?
28
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
29/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Electrical Questions to Address
Service Conditions? Location, Altitude
High and Low Mean Temperatures
Temperature Extremes
Wind Loading and Ice Loading
Seismic Qualifications
Area Classification
Contamination
29
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
30/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Primary System Characteristics? Local Utility
Nominal Voltage
Maximum Operating Voltage
System Frequency
System Grounding
System Impedance Data
Electrical Questions to Address30
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
31/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Secondary System Characteristics? Nominal Voltage
Maximum Operating Voltage
System Grounding
Electrical Questions to Address31
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
32/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Facility Load/Generation Characteristics? Load Type
Average Running Load
Maximum Running Load On-Site Generation
Future Load Growth
Harmonic Loads
Electrical Questions to Address32
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
33/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Equipment Ratings Insulation Requirements
BIL
Insulator and Bushing Creep
Minimum Clearances
Phase Spacing
Arrester Duty Current Requirements
Rated Continuous Current
Maximum 3-Phase Short-Circuit Current Maximum Phase-to-Ground Short-CircuitCurrent
33
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
34/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Contamination Levels
Physical Questions to Address
Multiplier applied tophase-to-ground voltage
34
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
35/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Power/Load Flow
Short-Circuit / Device Evaluation
Device Coordination
Arc-Flash Risk Assessment
Motor Starting, Transient Stability
Insulation Coordination
Harmonic Analysis
Electrical Studies
35
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
36/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Substation Layout Considerations? Available Real Estate
Substation Configuration
Necessary Degree of Reliability and Redundancy
Number of Incoming Lines
Proximity to Transmission Lines and Loads
Physical Questions to Address36
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
37/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Utility Requirements? Application of Utility Specifications Application of Utility Standards
Application of Utility Protection and Control Schemes
SCADA/RTU Interface
Metering Requirements Communication/Monitoring Requirements
Manned or Unmanned
Power Management/Trending
Fault Recording
Local & Remote Annunciation
Local & Remote Control
Automation
Communication Protocol
Other Questions to Address37
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
38/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Other Studies / Field Tests
Soil Boring Results Foundation Design
Soil Resistivity Ground Grid Design
Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure
(SPCC) Plans - Contamination Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) -
Runoff During Construction
Stormwater Management Detention Pond
Requirements
Other Questions to Address38
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
39/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Major Factors in SubstationSelection
Budgeted Capital for Substation
Required Power (1 MVA, 10 MVA, 100 MVA)
Effect of Power Loss on Process and/or Safety
Associated Outage Cost (Lost Revenue)
Future Growth Considerations
Reliability Study
Estimate Cost of Alternate Designs
Determine Lost Revenue During Outages
Calculate Probability of Outage Based on Design
Compare Cost, Lost Revenues, and OutageProbabilities
39
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
40/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Electrical Configuration
40
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
41/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Single Breaker Arrangements Tap Substation
Single Breaker Single Bus
Operating/Transfer Bus Multiple Breaker Arrangements
Ring Bus
Breaker and a Half
Double Breaker Double Bus
41
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
42/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Reference: IEEE 605-2008
It should be noted that these figures are estimated for discussion purposes. Actual costs vary
depending on a number of variables, including:
Real Estate Costs
Complexity of Protective Relaying Schemes
Raw material costs
Local Labor Costs
Configuration Relative Cost
Comparison
Single Breaker-Single Bus 100%
Main-Transfer Bus 140%
Ring Bus 125%
Breaker and Half 145%
Double Breaker-Double Bus 190%
42
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
43/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Reference: Reliability of Substation Configurations, Daniel Nack, Iowa State University, 2005
Annual Fail Rate
Annual Outage Time
Average Outage Time
43
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
44/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Reliability Models
IEEE Gold Book
For high voltage equipment data is a genericsmall sample set
Sample set collected in minimal certain
conditions (i.e. what really caused the outage) Calculated indices may not represent reality
A great reference is John Propsts 2000 PCIC Paper "IMPROVEMENTS IN MODELING
AND EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY"
44
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
45/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
45
Tap Substation
Most Basic Design Tapped Line is
Source of Power
Interrupting DeviceOptional but
Recommended
No Operating
Flexibility
Depending on utility voltage,
this device could be a fuse,
circuit switcher, or circuit breaker
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
46/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
46
Tap Substation
Most Basic Design Tapped Line is
Source of Power
Interrupting DeviceOptional but
Recommended
No Operating
Flexibility
Depending on configuration,second disconnect switch may
not be necessary
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
47/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
47Tap Substation
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
48/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
48
Tap Substation
Most Basic Design
Tapped Line isSource of Power
Interrupting Device
Optional butRecommended
No Operating
Flexibility
Fault at any locationresults in total
outage.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
49/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
49
Tap Substation
Pros
Small Plot Size
Low Initial Cost
Low Maintenance Costs
Cons Line Operations Result
in Plant Outages Multiple Single Points of
Failure Failure Points are in
Series Outages Expected Line Faults Cleared by
Others Low Maintainability
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
50/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
50
Single Breaker Single Bus
Substation
Basic Design
One Circuit Breakerper Circuit
One Common Bus
No OperatingFlexibility
Widely Used at
Distribution Level Limited Use at High
Voltage
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
51/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
51
Single Breaker Single Bus
Pros Each Circuit has Breaker
Only One Set of VTs
Required
Simple Design
Cons
Circuit Breaker MaintenanceRequires Circuit Outage
Bus Fault Clears all Circuits
Breaker Failure Clears allCircuits
Single Points of FailureBetween Circuits are inSeries
Expansion requires completestation outage
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
52/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Single Breaker Single BusLineFault
BusFault
FailedBreaker
52
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
53/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
53
Operating/Transfer Buses withSingle Breaker
Similar to Single
Breaker Single BusAdd Transfer Bus
Transfer Bus Switches
Normally Open Only 1 Circuit
Operated FromTransfer Bus
Widely Used inOutdoor DistributionApplications
Operating Bus
Transfer Bus
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
54/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
54
Operating/Transfer Buses withSingle Breaker
Similar to Single
Breaker Single BusAdd Transfer Bus
Transfer Bus Switches
Normally Open Only 1 Circuit
Operated FromTransfer Bus
Widely Used inOutdoor DistributionApplications
Operating Bus
Transfer Bus
IncLoadLoad
Normal Configuration is with
transfer bus de-energized
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
55/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
55
Operating/Transfer Buses withSingle Breaker
Similar to Single
Breaker Single BusAdd Transfer Bus
Transfer Bus Switches
Normally Open Only 1 Circuit
Operated FromTransfer Bus
Widely Used inOutdoor DistributionApplications
Operating Bus
Transfer Bus
IncLoadLoad
In the event of an outage of the
feeder breaker, the load is fed
via the transfer bus. Protection
is compromised.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
56/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
56
Operating/Transfer Buses withSingle Breaker
Similar to Single
Breaker Single BusAdd Transfer Bus
Transfer Bus Switches
Normally Open Only 1 Circuit
Operated FromTransfer Bus
Widely Used inOutdoor DistributionApplications
Operating Bus
Transfer Bus
IncLoadLoad
Optional Tie Bkr
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
57/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
57
Operating/Transfer Buses withSingle Breaker
Similar to Single
Breaker Single BusAdd Transfer Bus
Transfer Bus Switches
Normally Open Only 1 Circuit
Operated FromTransfer Bus
Widely Used inOutdoor DistributionApplications
Operating Bus
Transfer Bus
IncLoadLoad
Load can be fed via the tie
breaker. Settings on tie
breaker can be adjusted as
reqd.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
58/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
58
Operating/Transfer Buses withSingle Breaker
Pros Breaker Maintenance w/o
Circuit Interruption
Only One Set of VTs
Required
Cons
More Costly with Addition of
Transfer Bus
Adaptable Protection is
Necessary
If Not Adaptable, Protection
Compromise During
Maintenance
Normal Operation Is SingleBreaker Single Bus
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
59/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
59
Ring Bus
Popular at High Voltage
Circuits and BreakersAlternate in Position
No Buses per se
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
60/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
60
Ring Bus
Pros
High Flexibility withMinimum of Breakers
Dedicated BusProtection not Required
Highly Adaptable
Failed Circuit Does Not
Disrupt Other Circuits Breaker Maintenance
w/o Circuit Interruption
Cons
Failed Breaker May
Result in Loss of Multiple
Circuits Physically Large With 6
or More Circuits
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
61/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Ring Bus
Line/Bus Fault Failed Breaker
61
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
62/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
62
Breaker-And-A-Half More Operating Flexibility
than Ring Bus
Requires 3 Breakers forEvery Two Circuits
Widely Used at High
Voltage, Especially WhereMultiple Circuits Exist (e.g.
Generating Plants)
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
63/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
63
Breaker-And-A-Half Line fault
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
64/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
64
Breaker-And-A-Half Breaker Failure
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
65/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
65
Breaker-And-A-Half Breaker Failure
P C
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
66/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
66
Breaker-And-A-Half
Pros
Robust
Highly Expandable
Failed Outer BreakersResult in Loss of One
Circuit Only
Breaker Maintenance
w/o Circuit Interruption
Cons
Cost
Physically Large
Failed Center BreakerResults in Loss of Two
Circuits
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
67/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
67
Double Breaker Double Bus
Highly Flexible
Arrangement Two Buses, Each
Separated by Two
Circuit Breakers Two Circuit Breakers
per Circuit
All BreakersNormally Closed
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
68/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
68
Double Breaker Double Bus
Line Fault
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
69/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
69
Double Breaker Double Bus
Breaker failure
Pros Cons
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
70/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
70
Double Breaker Double Bus
Bus Faults Do Not Interrupt
Any Circuit
Circuit Faults Do Not Interrupt
Any Buses or Other Circuits Failed Breaker Results in Loss
of One Circuit Only
Breaker Maintenance w/o
Circuit Interruption
Highly Expandable
Robust
Cost Two Breakers & Four
Switches per Circuit
Physical Size
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
71/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
One Line and One LineRelaying & Metering Diagrams
71
The one line diagram is probably the single most important
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
72/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
72
The one line diagram is probably the single most important
document, and should contain specific design information.Sometimes this drawing is separated into two documents:
Equipment identification
Protection
As a minimum, it is recommended that the following informationshould be included:
Name of utility and ownership demarcation
Design data/basis (high side and low side) Phase designation and rotation
Equipment identification
Equipment ratings
Protection schemes (One Line Relaying & Metering Diagram)
Future equipment
Design Data / Basis
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
73/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
73
Design Data / Basis
Single Line
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
74/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
74
g
Single Line
One Line Relaying & Metering
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
75/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
y g g
75
CTs not shown
for clarity
Phase Rotation / Designation
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
76/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
76
It is always recommended that the client phasor designation is 1-2-3 tocoincide with the transformer bushings (i.e. X1, X2, X3)
CenterPoint C-B-A
Client (1-2-3)
Equipment Ratings
Sufficient data should be included that will identify the equipment
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
77/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
77
Sufficient data should be included that will identify the equipment.
HV Breakers
ID 52-1
Continuous current 2000 A
Interrupting rating 40 kA
The remainder of the data can be obtained from standards
Equipment Ratings
Power Transformers
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
78/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
78
ID TR-1 Voltage ratings 138 12.47 kV
Capacity 30/40/50//56 MVA
ONAN/ONAF/ONAF//ONAF @ 55//65 deg C
% Impedance 9% @ 30 MVA
Winding Configuration LTC (if included)
Notes:
1. For 4-Wire systems, both the line-line and line-neutral ratings should be specified.
2. Note the winding phasor designation.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
79/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
79
Equipment Ratings
Disconnect Switch
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
80/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
80
ID TR-1 Voltage class 145 kV
Continuous current 2000 A
Short circuit 104 kA Mom Peak
Motor operator (if any)
Notes:1. Common mistake not to specify short-circuit rating basis. This does not make clear whether the
rating is 2 second withstand (sym rms), momentary asym rms, or momentary peak.
2. Symbol should demonstrate type, motor operator, and if arcing horns are included.
Some examples below:
Hook-stick switch Vee-switch w/
arcing horns
Vertical break w/
motor operator
Equipment Ratings
Arrester
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
81/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
81
MCOV rating (MaximumContinuous OperatingVoltage)
Note: The arrester is one of
most commonly misapplied
pieces of equipment.
See IEEE Stds C62.11 andC62.22 for additionalinformation on application
and ratings.
Equipment Ratings
Voltage Transformers
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
82/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
82
Ratio Accuracy class
Qty / Configuration
Note: See IEEE Std. C57.13 for application guide. It is very important that the
VT insulation is adequate when applying wye connection on an ungrounded orresistance grounded system.
Equipment Ratings
Current Transformers
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
83/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
83
Maximum ratio
Connected ratio
Accuracy class
Note: Polarity dots designated the H1 and X1 relative positions
Multi-ratio
Bushing-type CT
Single-ratio
Bushing-type CT
Multi-ratio
Window-type CT
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
84/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
A.C. Fundamentals
84
A.C. Fundamentalsia
ib
icia+ib+ic
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
85/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
85
Phasor Relationships
51
50
51
50
87B
Protected
Bus
IEEE Guide for the Application of Current
Transformers Used for Protective
Relaying Purposes - IEEE Std C37.110
Improperly
connected
CTs. 87B will
NOT operate
for bus fault
as shown.
2000A5A
2000A
5A
2000:5
2000:52000:5
2000:5
2000A
2000A
5A
5A 0A
51
N51
50
51GIaIb
Ic
ia+ib+ic
Residual CT connection
Zero sequence CT
A.C. Fundamentals
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
86/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
86
Phasor Relationships
51
50
51
50
IEEE Guide for the Application of Current
Transformers Used for Protective
Relaying Purposes - IEEE Std C37.110
87B
Protected
Bus
Properly
connected
CTs. 87B will
operate for
bus fault as
shown.
2000:5
2000A
2000A
5A
5A 10A
2000:5
A.C. Fundamentals
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
87/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
87
5150
51
NT
5150
51
N
51
N
Ig
ig
Ig=0
Ig=0
5150
51
NT
5150
51
N
51
N
Ig=0
Ig
Ig
ig
ig
Tap Substation
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
88/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
88
Tap Substationh h ld
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
89/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
89
PhaseProtection- Overcurrent
51
50
51
50
51
50
51
50
51
50
Should 50elements be seton all relays?
Tap SubstationPh Sh ld 50
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
90/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
90
PhaseProtection- Overcurrent
51
50
51
50
51
50
51
50
51
50
Should 50elements be seton all relays?
To low
impedance
circuit
(i.e.
downstream
switchgear)
To high
impedance
circuit
(i.e. motor
or xfmr)
Tap Substation
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
91/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
91
PhaseProtection- Overcurrent
51
50
51
51
50
51 51
To low
impedance
circuit
(i.e.
downstreamswitchgear)
To high
impedance
circuit
(i.e. motor
or xfmr)
This configuration is not preferred.
Safe/fastbut no selectivity
Tap Substation Phase Protection
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
92/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
92
Safe/fast..but no selectivity Phase Protection- Unit Differential- Overcurrent
Cons- Lower selectivity
87
U
5151
5051
51
50?
51
50?
Pros- Lower cost
Tap Substation Phase Protection
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
93/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
93
Phase Protection- Full Differential- Overcurrent
Cons- Higher cost
87
BL
51
51
5051
51
50?
51
50?
87
BH
87
T
Pros- Higher selectivity
Tap Substation
Ground Protection
(*) relays measure phasequantities, but are often set tooperate for ground faults in the
zone of protection.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
94/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
94
Ground Protection
51
N
87G
51
NT
51
N
51
N
51
N
51
N51G
50G
51G
50G87
BH
87
BL
Ground coordination on each side of
the transformer are performed
independently
*
*
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.O. Tie
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
95/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
95
51P
N.O.
Relaying not shown
for clarity
51
N
51
50
51NT
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.O. Tie
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
96/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
96
51P
N.O.
Relaying not shown
for clarity
51
N
51
50
51
NT
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.O. Tie
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
97/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
97
51P
Relaying not shown
for clarity
51
N
51
50
51
NT
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.O. Tie
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
98/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
98
51
P
Relaying not shown
for clarity
51
N
51
50
51
NT
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.O. Tie
Why use partial differential or bus overload?
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
99/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
99
Why use partial differential or bus overload ?
99
51
P
51
N
51
P
51
N
51
P
51
N
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.O. Tie
Why use partial differential or bus overload?
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
100/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Why use partial differential or bus overload ?
Pros (Partial Differential):
Use one (1) less relay
Eliminate one (1) level of coordination
Cons (Partial Differential):
Require one (1) extra set of CTs on the tie breaker
Can not set 67 element on mains because currents are summed before the relay
100
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.C. Tie
87
B151P
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
101/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
101
B1
67
N.C.
Relaying not shown
for clarity
Polarizing input not
shown for clarity
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.C. Tie
87
B151P
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
102/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
102
B1
67
N.C.
Relaying not shown
for clarity
Polarizing input not
shown for clarity
Secondary Selective Arrangement N.C. Tie
87
B151P
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
103/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
103
B1
67
N.C.
Relaying not shown
for clarity
Polarizing input not
shown for clarity
Special Considerations for System Grounding
There are many advantages to resistance/impedance grounding of electrical
systems: Maintain line-line voltage during ground faults
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
104/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
104
Maintain line line voltage during ground faults
Limit ground fault current, hence limit damage
Continue to operate during ground fault (HRG system)
Reduce arc flash hazard exposure
to name a few.
However, care must be taken to ensure proper protection and means of isolation is
provided.
Additionally, coordination with downstream fuses will typically not beachievedthis means that you will trip the main breaker for a feeder fault
protected by a fuse.
Special Considerations for System Grounding
Tripupstream
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
105/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
105
Detect
current inLRG
device
Special Considerations for System Grounding Consider this
installation.
It may not be possibleto set the main breaker
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
106/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
106
Ground faultlocation
400 A400 A
800 A
400 A
400 A 400 A
or the tie breaker to
pick-up and trip for a
ground fault.
This is because most
5 A relays have a min.
setting of 0.5 A
Special Considerations for System Grounding Consider one xfmr
out of service
It may also not bepossible to securely set
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
107/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
107
Ground faultlocation
400 A
400 A
400 A
400 A
possible to securely set
the feeder breaker to
pickup and trip for a
ground fault.
For a fault with any
Impedance, the fault will
be below 400 A.
Special Considerations for System Grounding
Remedies may include:1. Specify relays with lower minimum pickup range
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
108/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
108
2. Zero-sequence CT (GFCT)
3. Lower CT ratio, perhaps with higher rating factor
4. Auxiliary CTs for neutral connection
5. Neutral resistor with higher nominal current rating6. Configure 51NT relay to stage tripping of tie breaker and main breaker
Special Considerations for System Grounding
Consider the system, andoperating conditionthe event
th t f hi h id
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
109/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
109
the transformer high-side
breaker is open and bypass
switch closed.
For a ground fault between
the transformer and low-
side main breaker, there is
no provision to clear thefault.
As a result, the neutral
resistor will burn openand
bad things wi ll happen.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
110/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Three Lines
110
Three-Line Diagram
As a minimum, it is recommended that the followinginformation should be included on the three-line:
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
111/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
111
information should be included on the three-line:
Phase designation and rotation
Equipment identification Equipment layout Equipment ratings AC connections
The purpose of the three-line diagram is to demonstratephase arrangement and how CTs and VTs are connected todevices (meters, protective relays, etc).
Include phasor rotationdiagram andrelationship.
The three line and the
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
112/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
112
The three line and thephysical plan are idealdrawings to set therelationship betweenthe phase designationsand transformerphases.
Make sure 3-line andelectrical plan match up
Excerpt of HV Breaker Three-Line
Bushing arrangement
Cable X to
Dwg. YX
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
113/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
113
CT ratio and tap setting,
terminal blocks correspond to
tap
Breaker control cabinet position
to fix orientation of bushings
Note that CT ckt ground shouldbe at first indoor panel.
Ground should be in bkr
cabinet if shorted.
Cable X to
Dwg. Y
Cable X to
Dwg. Y
X
X
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
114/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Physical Arrangement
114
The electrical plan / layout is probably the second most
important document (behind the one line), and should containspecific design information.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
115/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
115
As a minimum, it is recommended that the following
information should be included:
Name of utility and ownership demarcation
North arrow
Design data/basis (high side and low side) Phase designation and rotation
Equipment ratings
Equipment identification
Dimensions (including tie-in point to known benchmark) Fence and gates (typically sets the boundary)
Future equipment
It h ld b t d th t if th li di
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
116/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
116
It should be noted that if the one line diagram
and electrical plan are complete and accurate,
obtaining approval of these two documentsessentially fixes the design and allows detail
engineering to proceed at full speed.
NEMA SG-6
Withdrawn, but still used by many
BIL Based
Provides
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
117/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances
Provides
Bus spacings
Horn Gap Spacings
Side Break Switch Spacings
Minimum Metal-to-Metal
Minimum Phase-to-Ground
117
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
118/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances118
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
119/254
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
120/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances
IEEE 1427SG-6
50
52.5
63
Min Ph-Gnd
Rec. Ph-Gnd
Min Ph-Ph
49
N/A
54
650 kV BIL Ex:
120
BIL/Voltage Ratio
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
121/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances
Table 8 shows the comparison between various maximum system voltages andBILs associated with these voltages. The comparison is intended ONLY to
illustrate the ratio has decreased with use of higher system voltages.
121
IEEE 1427-2006 What It Doesnt Address
Uprating (Discussion Only) Wildlife Conservation
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
122/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances
Shielding Effects
Contamination
Hardware & Corona
Arcing During Switch Operation
Mechanical Stress Due to Fault Currents
Safety
122
NESC (ANSI/IEEE C2)
Safety Based
Standard Installation and Maintenance Requirements
Stations
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
123/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances
Aerial Lines
Underground Circuits
Grounding Methods NFPA 70E
Safe Working Clearances for Low and Medium-VoltageEquipment
123
NESC Fence
SafetyClearance
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
124/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances124
Dont forget to increase phase spacing for switches with arcinghorns.
Arcing horns are typically shipped with all switcheswherei d t d t f i h t
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
125/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances
spacing does not accommodate use of arcing horns, note ondrawings should state that arcing horns should be removed.
Arcing Horns are required where disconnect switch has a riskof breaking magnetizing current.
High-voltage disconnect switches ARE NOT rated for breakingloadunless specifically noted.
125
IEEE C37.32
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
126/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances 126
Line switch must be
rated to break
magnetizing current
HV Line
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
127/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
127
magnetizing current
HV Line HV Line
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
128/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
128
Line switches and
transformer primary
switches must be rated
to break magnetizing
current
Operation of energized disconnect switch while breaking magnetizing current. Theincreased spacing between phases for switches with arcing horns is to prevent a phase tophase flashover.
Consider the impact to the arc during windy conditions
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
129/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances 129
Switch Interrupter Guide
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
130/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Type ofSwitch
Line/CableDropping
TransformerMagnetizing
LoopSplitting
LoadBreaking
StandardArcing
Horns
X X
Whip X X
LoadBreak
X X X X
130
Never a good idea at HV installations. Arcing generates
high transient voltages and risks damage to transformers
Switch Failure
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
131/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
131
115 kV Switch Opening
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
132/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances 132
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
133/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Types of Substation Structures
133
Conventional (Lattice Structures)
Angle (Chord & Lace) Members Minimum Structure Weight
Requires Minimum Site Area
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
134/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
q
Stable and Rigid Construction
Requires Considerable Bolting & ErectionTime
134
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
135/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
135
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
136/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Conventional Design136
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
137/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Conventional Design137
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
138/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Conventional Design 138
Low Profile (Standard Extruded Shapes)
Wide Flange, Channel, Plates, Structural Tubing (Round,Square, Rectangular)
Short Erection Time
Aesthetical Pleasing
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
139/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Station Physical Layout
Aesthetical Pleasing
Most Sizes Readily Available
Requires Greater Site Area
139
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
140/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
140
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
141/254
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
142/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Low Profile (tapered tubular steel)142
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
143/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Low Profile (tube)143
Conventional Low Profile
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
144/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Station Physical Layout144
Common Designs
A-Frame or H-Frame
Lattice, Wide Flange, Structural Tubing
Inboard or Outboard Leg Design
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
145/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Deadend Structures145
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
146/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge and Lightning Protection
146
Design Problems
Probabilistic nature of lightning Lack of data due to infrequency of lightning strokes in substations
Complexity and economics involved in analyzing a system in detail
No known practical method of providing 100% shielding (excludingGIS)
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
147/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection
GIS)
147
Common Approaches Lower voltages (69 kV and below): Simplified rules of thumb and
empirical methods Fixed Angle
Empirical Curves
EHV (345 kV and above): Sophisticated electrogeometric model (EGM)studies
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
148/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection
studies
Whiteheads EGM Revised EGM
Rolling Sphere
148
Surge Protection (Arresters)
Use Arresters (Station Class) Transformer Protection (High Z Causes High V Reflected
Wave)
Line Protection (Open End Causes High V Reflected Wave)
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
149/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection
( p g )
Systems above 169 kV Require Special Attention IEEE C62.22 IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-
Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems
149
Lightning Protection Strokes to Tall Structures; Strokes to Ground
Frequency Isokeraunic Levels at Station Location Design Methods Fixed Angles (good at or below 69 kV, generally applied
up to 138 kV) Empirical Curves (not used widely)
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
150/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection
p ( y) Whiteheads EGM Revised EGM Rolling Sphere
Combination of Surge Arresters and Lightning ShieldingProvides Acceptable Levels of Protection
IEEE 998 IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of
Substations
A p r o p e r l y d e s ig n e d g r o u n d g r i d i s c r i t i ca l f o r p r o p e rs u r g e a n d l ig h t n i n g p r o t e c t i o n .
150
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
151/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection 151
Source: IEEE C62.22
Example of lightning strike data
and report provider:
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
152/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
152
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
153/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection153
Fixed Angle Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
154/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection154
Reference: IEEE Std 998
Rolling Sphere Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
155/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection155
Reference: IEEE Std 998
Rolling Sphere Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
156/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection156
Reference: IEEE Std 998
Rolling Sphere Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
157/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection157
Reference: IEEE Std 998
Rolling Sphere Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
158/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection158
Reference: IEEE Std 998
Rolling Sphere Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
159/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection159
Reference: IEEE Std 998
Rolling Sphere Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
160/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection160
Rolling Sphere Method
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
161/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection161
Reference: IEEE Std 998
Comparing Fixed Angle and Rolling Sphere Methods
Increasing height
of static mast will
increase coverage
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
162/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection162
Unprotectedequipment
Fixed Angle Method
Comparing Fixed Angle and Rolling Sphere Methods
Unprotected
equipment
Increasing height DOES
NOT NECESSARILYincrease coverage
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
163/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection163
Rolling Sphere Method
Comparing Fixed Angle and Rolling Sphere Methods
Decrease distance
between static mastsor install static wires
between static masts
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
164/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge & Lightning Protection164
Rolling Sphere Method
Minimize distance / impedance to maximizeeffective protection
Ideal method
of connection
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
165/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge / Lightning Arresters
Not Ideal
method of
connection
165
Minimize distance / impedance to maximizeeffective protection
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
166/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Surge / Lightning Arresters
Preferable
Installation
(hard busbetween
bushings and
arresters)
166
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
167/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Grounding Considerations
167
IEEE 80 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC SubstationGrounding
Safety Risks Humans as Electrical Components
Soil Modeling
Fault Currents and Voltage Rise
Demands Use of Analytical Software
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
168/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Grounding
y
NESC
Points of Connection
Messengers & Guys, Fences
Grounding Conductors, Ampacity, Strength, Connections
Grounding Electrodes Ground Resistance Requirements
168
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
169/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Grounding Exothermic169
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
170/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Grounding Compression170
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
171/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Grounding Mechanical171
OBJECTIVES
To Identify Components of a Grounding System To Review Key Design Considerations and Parameters
Needed for a Grounding Analysis To Review the Grounding Problem To Identify Grounding Analysis Methods and Applicability
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
172/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Grounding Design172
1. Assure that persons in or near any
substation are not exposed to electric shock
above tolerable limits.
2. Provide means to dissipate normal and
b l l t i t i t th th
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
173/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Grounding Objectives
abnormal electric currents into the earthwithout exceeding operating or equipment
limits.
173
1. High fault current to ground
2. Soil resistivity and distribution of groundcurrents
3. Body bridging two points of high potentialdifference
4 Absence of s fficient contact resistance
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
174/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Cause of Electric Shock
4. Absence of sufficient contact resistance5. Duration of the fault and body contact
174
What affects ground grid calculations?Some things include:
1. Available ground fault
2. Soil resistivity
3 Surfacing material
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
175/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
3. Surfacing material4. Area station
5. Current split (how much will returnthrough earth vs static wires and otherdistribution circuits)
6. Duration of fault (Zone 1, Zone 2, BF, etc)
7. Weight of person
8. Safety factor
175
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
176/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Basic Shock Situations176
Source: IEEE 80
Extend grid past the swing
of the gateor swing gate
to the interior
Extend grid 3-0 past
fence, and extend final
surfacing at least 5-0
beyond fence
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
177/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Simple Grid Design177
beyond fence
If substation fence is part ofan overall facility fence,
ensure isolation between
the two fences. Otherwise
the entire ground system
must be evaluated.
Typically this is what
a ground grid designends up looking like:
Perimeter cables
approx. 3ft on
either side of
fence
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
178/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Simple Grid Design178
fence Ground rod
distributed closer
to the perimeter
and corners of the
grid
Best method to verify ground grid design and integrity is the Fall of Potential
test.
1. This test can not be performed once utility wires are pulled in
2. This test requires a significant amount of area outside of the station
without electrical obstructions (approximately 3.5x diagonal of station
area)
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
179/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Testing Ground Grid179
area)
This test is not easily done.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
180/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
180Switch Operator
Source: IEEE 80
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
181/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
181
IEEE 80: Tables 3 6 provide ultimate current carrying
capabilities of grounding cable based on different X/R.
For other size conductors and different conductor material,
see equations provided in IEEE 80 Section 11.3.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
182/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
182
Source: IEEE 80
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
183/254
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
184/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Substation Fire Prevention
184
Spacing and Separation Requirements
IEEE Guide for Substation Fire ProtectionIEEE 979-2012
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
185/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
185
IEEE 979 2012
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
186/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
186
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
187/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
187
Maintain minimum spacing, or
Bldg.
Alternately, install 2-hour rated firewalls
Alternately, bldg wall can be fire rated
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
188/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
g
979 Table 1
979 Table 1
188
For Mineral Oil Filled Transformers
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
189/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
189
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
190/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
190
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
191/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
191
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
192/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
NEC 450192
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
193/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
193NFPA
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
194/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
194
Note that this is a
Classificationnot a
Listing UL Listing
is completely
something else
Internal
External
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
195/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
195
Less-flammable liquids for transformers: fire point > 300 deg C
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
196/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances196
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
197/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances 197
IEEE C57.154-2012
THE DESIGN, TESTING, AND APPLICATION OF LIQUID-IMMERSED
DISTRIBUTION POWER AND REGULATING TRANSFORMERS
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
198/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
198
DISTRIBUTION, POWER, AND REGULATING TRANSFORMERS
USING HIGH-TEMPERATURE INSULATION SYSTEMS AND
OPERATING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.
Examples of Fire Walls
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
199/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
199
Installation of Precast Fire Wall
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
200/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
200
Some considerations for protectiverelay applications
Recommended References:
IEEE Standard for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus IEEE C37.90
Transformer Protection IEEE Std C37.91
Motor Protection IEEE C37.96
Bus Protection IEEE C37.97 (withdrawn)
Shunt Capacitor Bank Protect ion IEEE C37.99
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
201/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
p
Generator Protection IEEE C37.102
Automatic Reclosing of L ine Circuit Breakers for AC Distr ibut ion and Transmission Lines - IEEE Std C37.104
Shunt Reactor Protecction - ANSI/IEEE Std C37.109
Transmission Line Protection IEEE C37.113
Breaker Failure Protection of Power Circuit Breakers IEEE C37.119IEEE Buff Book
IEEE Brown Book
Applied Protective Relaying - Westinghouse
201
Other Considerations
Redundant DC power sources
SER and DFR (oscillography) default settings enableonly basic functionality at best case. Default settingsby some manufacturers disable the SER and DFR.
Synchronization of clocks
Integration of protective relays with other IEDs
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
202/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
g p y
Utilize outputs from non-intelligent devices as inputsto IEDs
Dont forget about test switches!!!
202
Engineering & Construction
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
203/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
g gCoordination
203
Engineering Process
Electrical
Plans/Details
Foundation
Plans/Details
Site,
Grading &
SPCC
Building
Plans/Details
Conduit
Plans/Details
Grounding
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
204/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
One-Lines &
Specifications
Protection &
Control
Schemes
Relay Panel
Specifications &
Elevations
Plans/DetailsWiring Diagrams
Relay Settings
204
Construction Process
Foundation
InstallationSite Prep
Conduit
Installation
Grounding
Installation
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
205/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Building
Installation
Station Yard
Installation
Commission
205
Supplemental Topics
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
206/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Supplemental Topics
206
With modern relays, a tripping logic diagram
is critical in conveying the logic in the
microprocessor relay.
Logic Diagrams
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
207/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
otherwise a protection one line diagram
will become very busy if all functions are tobe shown.
207
Logic Diagrams
Logic ID Relay
Word Bit
Manual
RestoreReady
52-Inc1
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
208/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
208
Switch 10
Active inPosition 52-1
Future Expansion Possibilities
Tap to Ring
Build as Loop Tap
Add switches to facilitate expansion
Initial layout considerate of final ring bus configuration
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
209/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
209
Future Expansion Possibilities Ring to Breaker-And-A-Half
Build as elongated ring bus Allows future bay installations (i.e. additional circuits, two
per bay
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
210/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
210
Mixing Bus Arrangements
Example: Industrial High-Voltage Ring Bus
Two Single BreakerSingle Bus Medium-Voltage Systems withTie Breaker (a.k.a.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
211/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
211
Secondary Selective)
Variations
Variations Exist
Swap Line andTransformer
Positions Add 2ndTie Breaker
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
212/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
212
Variations
Decrease exposureduring breaker
failure event
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
213/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
213
If low side tieis N.C., plantservice can bemaintained.
Variations
Second tie breakerallows maintenance of100% of the swgrequipment.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
214/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
214
Single Breaker Designs Breaker maintenance requires circuit outage
Typically contain multiple single points of failure Little or no operating flexibility
Multiple Breaker Designs Breaker maintenance does not require circuit
outage
Some designs contain no single points of failure
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
215/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Flexible operation
In general, highly adaptable and expandable
215
Primary/Back-up Protection Philosophy Each protected component has two sets of protection
Each protection set is independent of the other
Failure of any one component must not compromiseprotection
DC Battery Systems Single Battery System
Primary protection on different circuit from back-up
Special Considerations
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
216/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Primary protection on different circuit from back upprotection
Blown fuse or open DC panel breaker cannotcompromise protection
Battery itself is a single point of failure
Dual Battery System
Primary protection on different battery than back-up
Battery is no longer single point of failure
216
Spacing Affects Structural Design
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
217/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Spacing & Clearances217
Post Insulators
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
218/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
218
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
219/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
219
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
220/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
220
Suspension
Ball and Socket Insulators
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
221/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
221
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
222/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
222
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
223/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Suspension
Polymer Insulators
223
Applied Forces Wind Ice
Forces from Short-Circuit Faults Design Considerations Insulator strength to withstand forces from short-circuit
faults Structural steel strength under short-circuit fault forces
(moments) Foundation design under high moments Ice loading, bus bar strength, and bus spans Thermal expansion and use of expansion joints
IEEE 605 IEEE Guide for Design of Substation Rigid-Bus
typically controls
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
224/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Requirements
IEEE 605 IEEE Guide for Design of Substation Rigid-BusStructures
224
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
225/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design225
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
226/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design226
Bus Supports Short-Circuit Forces
Wind Loading Ice Loading
Seismic Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
227/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design227
Short-Circuit Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
228/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design228
Short-Circuit Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
229/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design229
Short-Circuit Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
230/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design230
Short-Circuit Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
231/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design231
Short-Circuit Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
232/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design232
Short-Circuit Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
233/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design233
Short-Circuit Forces
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
234/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Structural Design234
Rigid Bus Shapes
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
235/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
235
Source: Aluminum Electrical
Conductor Handbook
Rated Continuous Current
Selected Ambient Base
Allowable Temperature Rise Equipment Limitations
Interaction with Transmission Lines
Other Factors Wind
Ice Loading
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
236/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Current Ratings
g
Emissivity
236
Rigid Aluminum TubeBus
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
237/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
237Note that these tabulations are based on specified conditions.
Rigid Aluminum TubeBus
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
238/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
238
Great Resource
Rigid Aluminum TubeBus
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
239/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
239Example of more specific calculations.
Corona Mitigation
Voltage[kV]
Wire Tubing[inches]
15 #2 AWG
Corona forms when the voltage gradient at the surface of the conductor
exceeds the dielectric strength of the surrounding air. IEEE 605-Appendix D
provides methods to calculate minimum conductor size (based on Peeks
equation).
Experience and best practices suggests the minimum conductor sizes as
shown in the table below.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
240/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
240
34.5 #1/0 AWG 69 #1/0 AWG
115 #4/0 AWG
230 750 kcmil 1
345 - 2
500 - 4
Corona MitigationMany utilities have standards for minimum conductor size:
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
241/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
241
Source:
Corona Mitigation
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
242/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
242
Source: IEEE 605
IEEE 605-2008 is a great resource: Conductor Physical Properties
Conductor Electrical Properties
Examples of Calculations
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
243/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Bus Design243
Appendix
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
244/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Sh.
244www.hv-eng.com
Example of low profile substationusing lattice structures
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
245/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Sh.
245
Example of conventional design
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
246/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Sh.
246
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
247/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Typical detail of tube bus support Sh.247
Grout makes the installation look pretty,
but the consequence is that the water
has no where to drain.
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
248/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Typical detail of tube bus support Sh.248
Base plates with grout
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
249/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-2015
Installation leads to rusting at base of support
Sh.
249
Base plates without grout
-
7/26/2019 5 HV Substation Design Feb 17 18
250/254
HV Substation Design: Applications and Considerations HV Engineering, LLC IEEE CED 2014-20