* GB785238 (A)

Description: GB785238 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements relating to beer engines

Description of GB785238 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of filing Complete Specification: March 26, 1956. Application Date: March 24, 1955 No 8549155. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance -Class 116, B 4. International Classification:-A 47 i. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements relating to Beer Engines. I, FREDERICK SIMPSON, of Cornwallis Foundry, Cheetharn Street, Nechells, Birmingham 7, a British Subject, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention has reference to improvements relating to beer engines. it is the general practice to connect the "pull" lever of a beer engine to the associated piston rod through the medium of a connecting means or "sling" as it is termed, 1,5 which has a pivotal connection to a trunnion pin associated with an arm of the "pull" lever and with a trunnion pin carried by a bracket fixed to the piston rod. As constructed heretofore, however, the construction of the connecting means aforesaid is such that when it is required to disconnect the said connecting means a considerable degree of dismantling is required. The present invention has for its object the provision of an improved connecting means which is simple in construction, efficient in operation and which can be speedily and readily dismantled and reassembled as and when required. Accordingly the invention consists of a beer engine in which the "pull" lever is connected to the piston rod thereof by a sling comprising a pair of bars, each of which is provided at each end with

a bearing adapted to engage the relevant trunnion pins, said sling being provided also with a distance piece for spacing the said bars apart and removable means for securing the bars to the said distance piece in spaced relationship. The invention also resides in a beer engine in which the "pull" lever is connected to the piston rod through the medium of a connecting means or "sling" which is conlPrice 3 s 6 d l structed, arranged and adapted for use substantially as will be described hereinafter. An embodiment of the invention will now be described with particular reference to the accompanying drawing which illustrates the invention in its application to a beer engine which as to its general features is of conventional construction. In the drawings:Figure 1 is a front elevation of a beer engine constructed in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a side elevation of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a fragmentary view showing separated the components of the connecting means employed in the beer engine illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. In the drawings, where desirable, like numerals of reference indicate similar parts in the several views. As illustrated in the drawing, the lowermost arm 101 of the pull lever 10 is provided with laterally projecting trunnion pins 102 whilst the piston rod 11 has secured thereon by means of collars 12 and cotter pins 13 a sleeve 14 which also is provided with laterally projecting trunnion pins 141. The pull lever 10 aforesaid which is fulcrummed to brackets 15 secured to the support 16 in accordance with known practice is connected to the piston rod 11 by a connecting means comprising two separately formed bars 17 conveniently formed as brass castings each of which is provided at each end with a bearing 171 adapted to be engaged with one or other of the trunnion pins 102, 141 aforesaid by an endwise sliding movement. Substantially midway in their length each bar 17 is provided with a hole 172 and through these holes are passed the screw threaded reduced portions 181 of a 785,238 785,238 shouldered cylindrical distance piece 18, the said distance piece being of a length such that when the bars are in abutment with the shoulders 182 the bars 17 are spaced apart at the required distance. The reduced screw threaded end portions 181 of the distance piece 18 are engaged by nuts 19. The cylindrical portion of the distance I fl piece 18 is of substantially the same length as the length of the sleeve 14 which also is substantially the width of the lower arm 101 of the pull lever 10 so that when the connecting means is assembled the bars 17 are i i parallel.

For assembly purposes one of the nuts 19 is removed from the associated screw threaded end portion 181 of the distance piece 18, thus permitting of the removal of 2 ', the bar 17 held thereby. The bearings in the other bar are then slidden over the respective end portions of the relevant trunnion pins 102, 141. The bearings in the detached bar 17 are .i slidden over the trunnions 102, 14 1 to be engaged thereby and the central hole 172 threaded over the presented reduced screw threaded end portion, 181 of the distance piece 18, whereupon the nut 19 is re-engaged 21 with the said end portion and tightened until the bar 17 is in firm abutment -with the presented shoulder of the distance piece 18. When it is desired to detach the connecting means, removal may be effected by un:2; screwing either nut 19 as may be preferred. The means for connecting the "pull" lever of the beer engine to the associated piston rod 14 hereinbefore described is simple in construction, efficient in operation and admits of ready and speedy dismantling and assembly as and when required.

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* GB785239 (A)

Description: GB785239 (A) ? 1957-10-23

A method of manufacturing casting moulds and press dies

Description of GB785239 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: April 5, 1955. 785,239 No 9903/55. St I Application made in Germany on April 5, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 82 ( 1), YI, Y 2 (AI: K: M: Z 3: Z 5: Z 9: Z 12); and 83 ( 2), International Classification:-B 23 n, p COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A method of manufacturing Casting Moulds and Press Dies. We, LICENTIA PATENT-VERWALTUNGSG.m b H of 31-32 Hohe Bleichen, Hamburg 36, Germany, a German Company, do hereby declare the invention for which we Spray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The invention relates to the manufacture of moulds and dies from powdered steel or metal by the powder-metallurgy technique. In the normal manufacture of machine parts and articles in this manner, a measured amount of powder is placed in the die and moulded into the shape of the machine part or article under high pressure The part thus obtained is then ejected from the die and sintered at a more or less elevated temperature. Generally it is a question of machine parts or articles of a simple shape such as gearwheels, levers, cams, sleeves and plain bearings Parts which are hollow in shape can only be manufactured in a very simple form because the moulding pressure acts predominantly only in the direction of pressing In order to obtain in articles which are long a uniform density in the direction of pressing, both the plunger and die are removed Nevertheless the size of the machine parts and articles which can be produced is limited. In the manufacture of moulds and dies, which are necessarily larger in dimensions, since they surround the machine part or article to be manufactured therewith, particular care therefore has to be taken both in design and in construction, and if necessary the known methods have to be amplified or modified Thus, in the manufacture of moulds it has been proposed to add to the iron powder a reducible binding agent, which binds the powder to form a solid body during the sintering process, and to omit the application of pressure On the other hand, it is known to produce dies for metallurgical manufacture by pressing out a master shape, made of carbon or graphite, with the simultaneous use of pressure and temperature The die thus obtained now serves in 5 turn for the manufacture of the article by the metallurgical process,

though care has te be taken that the sintering temperature during the moulding process remains considerably lower than during the manufacture of S% the die so as to prevent deformation of the latter The grain size of the powder used for the die is so large that the abrasion resistance of the die is so low in comparison with the article manufactured with it, that 60 it can be removed by shot-blasting. The moulds or dies manufactured by these known methods have little strength; they can only be used for the said purposes, but not as moulds and dies in general, e g 65 for the injection moulding or die-casting of parts consisting of synthetic material or metal; nor is their density sufficiently uniform Moreover, narrow limits are imposed on the configuration of the machine parts or 70 articles. It is the object of the invention to provide a mould or die which has greater strength, more uniform density and allows more freedom in respect of shape and configuration 75 of the articles to be produced, and which can more generally be used in the whole casting and moulding technique. According to the method of the present invention, the steel powder, or the powder 80 mixture with non-metallic components is placed in a pressure cylinder or in a corresponding die and is then subjected to a preliminary compression, then the pattern or master shape is pressed into the powder, and 85 the so obtained shaped body is subjected to a sintering process If desired, after the preliminary compression, the compressed powder may be partially or fully sintered before the pattern or master shape is pressedd 90 785,239 in; if a partial sintering is used, the final sintering is performed after the shape has been formed by the impression of the master piece or pattern. Which of the two methods can be used to the greater advantage in any particular case depends on the size and shape both of the mould or die and on the article or machine part which is to be manufactured therewith. If the article is comparatively simple in shape, e g a mould for the injection-moulding of a plate of synthetic material, it is advisable to press out the pattern in the fully sintered body, that is to say to apply the method of stamping with the difference that instead of the pattern being pressed in, the future mould is pressed over the pattern. The purpose of this method is to increase the strength in the marginal zones of the mould thus produced. If the article is not so simple in shape, however, and if it has comparatively large dimensions in the direction of pressing, the pattern is preferably forced into the powder after its preliminary compression, i e without having been sintered In this case it may be

an advantage to apply heat while the master shape is being pressed in, the heat application may be carried out at constant temperature or progressively even up to the sintering temperature For this purpose, the pressing operation may be prolonged accordingly and extended over the period of the rise in temperature The heating may also be limited in place and time, e g by inductive heawing with high-frequency currents, so as to obtain a density and pressure distribution adapted to the configurwaion of the master shape or pattern through the various stages of the sintering process, with the object of obtaining the same strength and density all over the finished mould or die, which is re-sintered if necessary. Since the powders do not flow plastically during the pressing operation, they become compressed predominantly in the direction of the pressure application In order to obtain an improved lateral compression and hence an extended field of application as regards the shape of the machine parts and articles, it is further proposed according to the invention that vibrations of a suitable frequency and amplitude e g ultrasonic, should be superimposed on the pressing operation during the moulding or the forcing in of the pattern, or should precede the moulding operation The moulding operation may likewise be slowed down so as to obtain a more prolonaed action of the vibrations and hence a more uniform and areater compression of the powder Particular attention should then be paid to the natural frequency of the whole system because at it the effects are at their stroncest. As a further means for increasing the uniform density of the future mould or die it is proposed, according to a further development of the invention, that while the master shap_ is being forced into the sintered powder, a resilient ineans for holding dovxn the 70 powder should be used in addition to the press plunger, which means surrounds laterally the pattern at the sides and presents the powder from rising when the pattern is forced in By the use of this device, it is 75 prevented that the upper layer of powder. which has already been subjected to preliniinary compression becomes loosened again when master shapes of large dimensions are impressed 80 In general, the complete mould or die ill consists of two parts, a lower part and an upper part Only with more intricate or complicated machine parts or vw-ork pieces will the mould or die be composed of more 8 s parts it tollovw-s that the master shape or pattern, which is used to produce the individual parts of the mould or die, only corresponds to a portion of the machine part or article to be manufactured in the mould or 90 die. The manufacture of casting and moulding dies by powder rmctallurey produces the porous steel mould in contrast to the known sand mould As

in sand casting, it is gas-95 perrnieo' the oinvent N otfier bhe au iitional advantage that, by the selection of the grain size and shape, of the compnsition of the povwier mix'ures, if necessary with the additior ou ceramic p c lers, e g of chain 100 ote, porce'a n or of coal or graphite and of the pressure, the sintering time and the sintering termp Lrature, it is nossible to de ermine this Gas permeability as desired and to adapt it to the particular require-105 ments Finally, by arranging powder mixture of different compositions in layers, different porosities can be obtained at different regions of the mould. If gas-permeability is not required, how ll G ever, the mould or die according to the invention may be rendered gastight by subsequent impregnation with metals which are easily melted, such as copper, zinc, and aluminium, and the strength of the mould or ii die is frequently increased as a result. Although a considerable increase in strength can be obtained by means of a higher carbon content and by alloying additions to the iron powders, by increased com 120 pression pressure, and if necessary by means of a higher or more prolonged sintering temperature as well as by means of subsequent hardening or anneal Inc of such products made from sintered steel, neverthe 125 less the tensile strength which can be obtained is not always sufficient to withstand stresses which occur in certain cases such as for moulds for injection and compression moulding in the processing of synthetic 130 materials. 785,239 In order to meet these requirements it is proposed to place the moulds or dies, after their manufacture, in steel containers and to fill the spaces between the mould or die and the container by casting into these spaces metallic or ceramic materials in order to increase the resistance to pressure. The steel container then takes up the higher stresses which arise when the mould is used for injection moulding or compression moulding Instead of placing the finished mould or die in the container, simple moulds or dies may be produced in the container. 1 S In the other hand, for medium stresses and simple shapes, strength-increasing inserts may be used, such as angle-irons, hooks, anchors or bands inserted in the powder during manufacture For example, in simple, substantially cylindrical moulds or dies, spiral coils or wires having a high tensile strength may be pressed in during the moulding to take up the tensile stresses. Since a glass-hard surface can also be obtained with sintered steel by means of surface hardening by one of the usual casehardening processes, and the surface can be polished, nickel-plated or chromium-plated, the wear-resistance can be adapted to the particular requirements.

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* GB785240 (A)

Description: GB785240 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Protecting finger tab and ripper for adhesive tapes

Description of GB785240 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATiON Protecting Finger Tab and Ripper for Adhesive Tapes. We, ETAP,LISSEME,NT EXPLORA, of 33 Hauptstrasse, Vaduz in the State of Liechtenstein, a corporate body constituted in accordance with the laws of Liechtenstein, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to a protecting finger tab and ripper for adhesive tapes. The conventional adhesive tapes available on the market are usually supplied in rolls for utilization in combination with various types of dispensing devices which permit of the attachment of more or less accurate lengths of the tape required for various purposes. Most of these devices are usually designed for insertion of the roll from which desired lengths of the tape may be unwound and torn off by means of a cutting member incorporated in the dispensing device and having a serrated edge. Such devices, however, are usually relatively complicated and therefore expensive. In most instances it is moreover difficult to detach a specific required length of the tape with clean ends without the additional use of scissors or any other cutting device.

Furthermore, adhesive tape dispensers designed for office use are unsuitable for carrying compactly, e.g., in a document case or in a pocket of an article of clothing. The present invention comprises the combination of a roll of adhesive tape and a finger tab having at least one smooth face by which the tab may be attached to the adhesive face of the tape to enable the tape to be drawn off the roll by gripping the tab with the tape and having at least one ripping edge so that the tab after withdrawal from the tape can serve as a ripper and be re-attached. The tab preferably has at least one serrated ripping edge. It may be distributed for sale attached to the end of the tape by the adhesive thereof so as to be ready for use. A preferred form of tab for use in the combination aforesaid is in the form of a rectangular plate which has been pressed ox moulded of non-metallic material and has a smooth surface and opposed parallel finely serrated, bevelled, ripping edges and which is attachable by way of its said smooth surface to the end portion of the adhesive face of the tape to form the finger tab fos drawing tape from the roll and which has parallel non-serrated side edges whereby it can be readily gripped and stripped off the adhesive face of the tape, the dimensions oS the tab being as hereinafter given. Nevertheless various other forms of the tab may be used in the combination as for example are hereinafter described and illustrated. The foregoing and other objects of the present invention will be evident from the disclosure in the specification and the accompanying drawings, wherein: Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a conven- tional roll of adhesive tape, showing the novel protecting and ripping tool stuck to the free end portion of the tape. Figs. 2, 2a and 2b are views of the tab. Fig. 3 is a plan view showing another forin of the novel finger tab and ripper according to the present invention, Fig. 4 is a side elevation of a conventional roll of adhesive tape and showing how to use the tab to detach an unwound specific length of tape from the roll. Figs. 5 to 13 inclusive, are plan views, showing further convenient forms of the novel finger tab and ripper. Figs. 14 to 19 inclusive, represent front elevations and plan views of still further possible forms. The reference numeral 1 designates an adhesive tape, having one surface coated with an adhesive substance, in the conventional, commercially available form of the roll 2. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the novel tape protecting and ripping tool consists of a small plate 3 of celluloid, or any other similar material of substantially rectangular shape

having at least one smooth surface and at least one straight and preferably serrated ripping edge 4. Normally, i.e. when no tape is to be used. the smooth surface 4a of the tab 3 is made to adhere to the adhesive coated surface at the free end portion of the tape l, as shown by Fig. I. As may be most convenient, the tab 3 may be stuck transversely or longitudinally. It will be apparent that for unwinding any required length of the tape, its end may be seized by gripping the tab 3 which avoids touching the adhesive surface with the fingers and prevents the tape from getting dirty. It will also be appreciated that, in the event of a specific length of tape being required to be stuck on a base sheet of paper 5 or the like, for example from point A to point B, the tab 3 enables accurate adjustment of the transverse edge of the free end of the tape I to the initial point A first. before fixing the said length to the base 5. After detaching the tab 3 from the end of the tape 1 at A, it may be placed across the tape at the terminal point B of the length A-B, as shown by Fig. 4. and the tape torn off accurately along the ripping edge 4 of the tab 3 by pulling at the roll 2, thereby avoiding any waste of material. The plate 3 is then fixed again in the manner already described at the ne.Sr end of the tape 1. The tab edges A, may be finely serrated in bevelled margins of the tab. A rectangular tab about l-'" long and -f" wide and having the features shown in Figs. 2a and 2D serves well with about 30 serrations along each long edge. The tab enables the adhesive tape to be drawn off the roll and severed to specific lengths without the additional use of scissors or any other cuttinb means, avoiding unnecessary waste and scrap. It will be observed further, that the tab does not necessarily need to consist of a flat rectangular plate, but may be angular or wedge-like, and of circular or any other suitable contour, e.g. as shown in Figs. to 19. It will further be appreciated that the ta may be provided with suitable advertise text and or some appropriate picture of indicia. What we claim is: 1. in combination with a roll of adhesive tape a finger tab having at least one smooth face by which the tab may be attached to the adhesive face of the tape to enable the tape to be drawn off the roll by gripping and pulling the tab with the tape and having at least one ripping edge so that the tab after withdrawal from Qle tape can serve as a ripper and be re-attached. 2. In the combination according to Claim 1, the feature that the tab

has at least one serrated ripping edge. 3. In the combination according to Claim 1 or 2, the feature that the tab is attaches to the end portion of the adhesive face of the tape by pressure and can be stripped off. 4. For use in the combjnation of Clairr 2 or 3 (insofar as appendant to Claim 2) finger tab in the form of a rectangular plate which has been pressed or moulded of nonmetallic material and has a smooth surface and opposed parallel. finely serrated. be'.- elled, ripping edges and which is attachable by way of its said smooth surface to the end portion of the adhesive face of the tape te form the finger tab for drawing tape from the roll and which has parallel non-senrated side edges wherebv it can be readilv tripped and stripped off the adhesive face of the tape, the tab being of the dimensions herein set fort. 5. The combination of a roll of adhesive tape and a tab substantially as herein described with reference to Fig. l of the accompan8ing drawings or where the tab i modified according to anv one of Figs. ^ 2b, 3 or 5 to 19 of the accompanvin drawings.

* GB785241 (A)

Description: GB785241 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to insulated wire

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventors: HANS DANNENBAUM and HANS JOACHIM BECK 785241 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 25, 1955.

No 15094/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 2 ( 5), R 3 D( 1: 2 A: 2 B: 2 C: 3:4:5: 8: 9 10: 11:16), R 3 T(I: 2), R 32 (D 1: D 2: D 5 E 8: G 2); 2 ( 6), P 4 A, F 4 D( 2 3 A: 3 X 8), P 4 K( 4: 7: 9: 11), P 4 Pl(B: C: El: E 3: E 4: X), PIP( 5: 6 B: 6 D: 6 X), P 4 T( 1 X: ZA), P 7 A, P 7 D 2 A( 1: 2 A: 21: 4), P 7 K( 4: 9), P 7 PA(B: C: El: E 3: E 4: X), P 7 P( 5: 6 B: 6 D: 6 X), P 7 T(l X: 2 A), P 9 A, P 9 D(Bl:B 1 103: 2: 3: 8), P 9 K( 4: 6: 7: 9: 1 l), P 9 P 1 (B: C: El: E 3: E 4: X), P 9 P( 5: 61: 6 D: 6 X), P 9 T(IX: 2 A), P 11 A, PI 1 D( 2 A: 6), Pll K( 4: 9), P 11 PI(B: C: El: E 3 E 4: X), PIIP( 5: 6 B: 6 D: 6 X), Pll T( 1 X: 2 A); and 95, B 43. International Classification:-B 05 CO 8 f, g. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Insulated Wire We, DR BECK & Co GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRANKTER HAFTUNG, a German Company of Eiselensweg 7, Hamburg 28, Germany, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a Patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to processes for producing insulated wire. It has long been known to protect wires, such as are employed in the manufacture of coils, lead-in conductors and windings of all kinds by coating with an insulating lacquer for the purpose of protecting them from all disadvantageous effects such as short-circuits, current leakage and damage due to contact. This art is now highly developed and constitutes a large independent industry. Even the highest-quality insulating lacquers hitherto employed have disadvantageous properties Such lacquers consist of a resin compound which amounts to about 30-60 % of the total mass, and of volatile solvents The latter constituent is very troublesome from both the economic and the industrial viewpoints The application of a film of lacquer of a given thickness necessitates a number of repeated coatings which number increases in proportion as the solid content of the lacquer is lower The removal of the solvent vapours requires an effective suction device and causes considerable difficulty in the regulation of the temperature The presence of volatile solvents is also highly detrimental to the lacquer films, from which they can only be removed in an incomplete manner and with great difficulty. The solvents employed are generally highly inflammable and their vapours explosive, so that they always constitute a source of danger. Since these solvents are very rarely recovered, they considerably

increase the price of the lacquer and thus set definite limits on the quality of the product. The invention consists in a process for producing wire insulated with synthetic resin wherein a mixture of a liquid unsaturated polymerisable polyester resin with a copolymerisable monomer, having a lower molecular weight than the resin and temporarily acting as a solvent for the resin, is applied one or more times to the surface of a travelling bare or fibre-covered wire in the usual manner, but without the use of a volatile conventional lacquer solvent, and wherein after each application each layer is polymerized on the travelling wire in one or more heating zones, under the influence of heat and a peroxide catalyst. The lacquer applied by a process in accordance with the invention therefore differs considerably from the known type of wire lacquers The polymerisable polyester-resin is dissolved in a liquid of unsaturated and therefore still polymerisable character, which temporarily acts as a solvent The polymerisable solvent is copolymerised, and thus solidified on the surface of the wire coated therewith, with the polyester resin, uinder the influence of the catalyst and the oven temperature, so that the insulating layer of synthetic resin is formed only on the surface of the wire The substance serving initially as a solvent is chemically combined in the synthetic resin film formed and is thus itself employed almost completely as a synthetic resin The degree to which the ideal case of % utilisation of the material is approached depends upon various factors. 2 785,241 It has been found that the most favourable results are obtained if systems having the lowest possible vapour pressure and the highest possible speed of polymerisation are used. It has further been found that a process in accordance with the invention may be improved if the following conditions ( 1) and ( 2) are observed:1) The unsaturated polyester resins employed should have the lowest possible volatility, should be highly thermostable and highly suitable for the formation of mechanically high-grade, strongly adhering lacquer films, and should contain interspersed double bonds, from which the cross-linking with the copolymerisable monomers may proceed. Experiments have shown that readily obtainable substances suitable for this purpose are those of the unsaturated long-chain ester type, which may be produced from a mixture of a saturated or unsaturated polyhydric alcohol and a polybasic saturated or unsaturated acid There is an extremely wide range of such starting materials available more especially with regard to the factors which have proved to be specifically valuable for wire resins (inclusion of long-chain,

elasticising components), and many variations are possible in the method of applying themn LO the wire There may be mentioned by way of example as representative of the polyhydric alcohols substances such as glycol, the isomeric butanediols, hexanediol, and if desired to some extent the known triols (glycerine, hexanetriol and trimethylolpropane) or the rnonoethers thereof As acids, in addition to saturated compounds (for example the dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic or sebacic acid, or tricarboxylic acids such as citric acid, or aromatic acids such as the phthalic acids) there are used unsaturated compounds, for example such as maleic or fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and aconitic acid The resins are generally so prepared that elongated chains are formed, in which the numbers of esterified OH and -COOH groups are equal to one another and which contain between 2 and 4 double bonds upon an equivalent weight of 1000. 2) It has further been found that a definite quantity of ether oxygen is essential in thz unsaturated polyester resin if non-sticky, smooth lacquer surfaces resistant to ageing are to be produced The introduction of ether oxygen can be effected in various ways Thus, polyhydric alcohols may be employed in the form of their ethers, for example by using compounds of the polyglycol series corresponding to the following general formula: HO-(CH, CH -O)11-H (n=at least 2). In such cases, carbon-oxygen chains of considerable length may be introduced which produce the numerous ether bridges having a high elasticising effect, that is to say, precisely what is particularly desired in wvire lacquers. Alternatively, for example, glycerine monoethers or ether-carboxylic acids may be employed, for example the known diglycollic acid: HOOC-CH 0-COHN-COOH or, for example, HOOC-CH,-0-C Ad -Cat-O 1 _-o, -' -0-CH 2-COOH. In addition to the polyester resin produced with due regard to the factors mentioned under 1) and 2), unsaturated compounds of lower molecular weight than the resin are employed in the process in accordance wi-th the invention Preferably the molecular weight of these compounds lies between 100 -and500 These compounds are intended to perform a double function They are intended on the one hand to serve temporarily as solvents, or diluents, or flow-regulating media for the unsaturated polyester resins, until the instant when the system produced from the polyesteresin and said unsaturated compound is applied to the wire, and on the other hand to enter the lacquer film as a resin component after the application to the wire, by copolymerisation with the unsaturated polyester resin. It has been found that readily polymerisable compounds having high

boiling points may be used with particular advantage for the purposes of the present invention, since the losses due to volatiliration are the lowest therewith Therefore, styrene will with advantage be replaced by vinyl toluene or dichlorostyrene, and to some extent also, for example, by vinyl carbazole, or by unsaturated esters derived from mono or polyr-hydric alcohols and mond 6 or poly-basic acids, such for example as maleic acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, or allyl alcohol, or by mixed esters such as those of glycols, dicarboxylic acids and allyl alcohol The range of such compounds is extremely varied and is limited in practiccnly by economic considerations or by the technical properties which it is desired to develop in each case. It has furthermore been found that it is possible to produce, in addition to the aforesaid exceptional wide range of variation from the viewpoint of synthesis and raw materials, a further improvement of the material, which amounts substantially to a refinement The unsaturated polyester resins produced always contain a quantity of free OH and COOHSO s O 7 $ 5,241 They themselves contain an ample quantity of ether oxygen and are capable of drying (in the sense in which this term is used in the lacquer art) and of transmitting this drying to other systems They thus resemble in this 70 respect the compounds with ether oxygen mentioned under point 2) Finally, they are apparently capable of reacting with double bonds and therefore of additionally providing cross-linkages which constitute an intensifica 75 tion of the effects attainable by polymerisation Since such resins are in addition readily obtainable and cheap, their use affords a considerable economic advantage. In a conventional wire-lacquering machine, 80 the wire coated with liquid lacquer enters a horizontal or vertical lacquering tunnel, in the gas chamber of which temperatures between 300 C and over 400 C may obtain. The travelling wire naturally does not by any 85 means reach these temperatures, but peak temperatures of up to about 2500 C may be expected on its surface. The lacquer systems employed in processes in accordance with the invention, which are 90 intended to form a film on the surface of the wire, reach their optimum state only as a result of a chemical reaction taking place on this surface, which reaction requires, in addition to heat, the presence of catalysts It has 95 been found that particularly suitable catalysts for the purposes of the invention are those of the organic peroxide type. Regard must be had to the fact that the conditions existing on the surface of a travel 100 ling wire lacquered in accordance with the invention are different from those existing, for example, in casting a resin also having a polyester resin base A particular difference is

that in the case of the casting resin a time of 105 possibly many hours, is available for completing the polymerisation, although at substantially lower temperatures, while the present process must be completed in a very short time on the wire The transit time of a point 110 on the surface of the wire normally amounts only to about 15-30 seconds Therefore, a relatively high catalyst concentration must be used and contain peroxides which are to some extent thermally stable and do not imme 115 diately decompose It must here be borne in mind that only a small fraction of the radicals formed is utilised in each case for exciting a polymerisation process, this fraction being smaller in proportion as the double bond 120 concentration decreases In addition, the wire undergoes a temperature drop in the normal oven, that is to say, it passes through a series of temperature zones merging gradually one into the other If the evaporation of the 125 monomers takes place substantially more rapidly than the polymerisation occurs at the beginning, considerable losses of monomer must be expected. It has been found that these disadvantages 130 groups, partly as end groups and partly as residual impurities These give rise to disadvantages such as increased sensitivity to water, corrosion on metal surfaces (e g. S formation of verdigris), and unfavourable dielectric behaviour, such for example as considerable dependence of the loss factor upon heat and moisture, low destructive strength and the like. In cases where such impurities emanate from uncombined residues of raw materials, they are relatively easy to remove, for example by simple emulsification in an ample quantity of warm water, which washes out the residues of water-soluble glycols and acids Absorbed or adhering water is separated off and removed at moderate temperature in vacuo In addition, free carboxyl groups may be removed by neutralisation Since a quantity of particular metals having an activating action, such as cobalt or manganese or lead, e g as soaps, may in any case be desirable in the subsequent polymerisation and is introduced therein, the introduction of these metals may be effected at this stage, by emulsifying in the acid-containing resin melt, with careful exclusion of air, readily decomposable compounds of these elements, such as finely pulverised carbonates, hydroxides or acetates, and removing water, carbon dioxide or acetic acid in vacuo and under heat Such " siccativated" polyester resins are particularly active. Another convenient method resides in reacting the resins, the disturbing residualgroup content of which has previously been analytically determined, with isocyanate compounds As is known, the isocyanate group rapidly reacts with OH or COO 1 groups with the formation of urethane groups or (with evolution of carbon dioxide) of

acid amide groups, all the OH residues disappearing. It has been found that it is particularly advantageous to use modified isocyanates prepared from the readily obtainable isocyanates by partial reaction with unsaturated polymerisable mono-or-poly hydroxylic compounds Thus, for example, a reaction product consisting of 1 mol of toluylene-diisocyanate and 1 mol of allyl alcohol is highly suitable for eliminating the troublesome residual groups present, by exchanging them for the polymerisable allyl group. A further possible method is the reaction of residual COOH groups with synthetic resins, which can readily be obtained from hydrocarbons, for example xylene, and formaldehyde with acid catalysis, and which have become known in literature under the name XF-resins (Angewandte Chemie AUSGABE A 1948, Part 4, pp 88 et seq) These very reactable substances can readily be reacted with acid groups with formation of benzyl esters and are thus capable of reducing high acid indices to extremely low levels. 785,241 are avoided if the catalyst substance employed is not a single peroxide, but a mixture of peroxides of (a) the type which decompose at relatively low temperatures and therefore initiate the polymerisation at the very beginning of the temperature increase, and (b) of the type which remain "live" at high temperatures, that is to say, which do not emit radical streams until shortly before, or at, the time when the peak temperatures are reached. For example, a mixture of benzoyl peroxide (decomposes about 80 C), dicyclohexyl peroxide ( 1200 C) and tertiary butylperbenzoate ( 160 C) may be employed Of this mixture, each constituent is only active when its "response temperature" (bracketed values) is reached This system has in addition the advantage that the activated lacquer is much more highly stable and much easier to process at room temperature than when only one -catalyst responding at medium temperature is employed. The choice of the particular method of polymerisation which is to be applied also depends upon the nature of the monomer chosen It is readily apparent that monomers which polymerise with difficulty necessitate the use of large quantities of catalyst or else relatively large losses result As has already been stated above, the polymerisation process may also be assisted by the addition of activating metals, such as cobalt and manganese. Finally, it has been found that the best results are achieved if a modification is also made to the known lacquering machines The object of this modification is to give the polymerisation a sufficient start over the evaporation, that is to say, to apply a corresponding temperature drop This can be simply achieved by connecting on the input side of the usual heating duct a pre-heating oven, the temperature of which is in each case adjusted to such a low level that

only a very small evaporation can occur, but that the polymerisation commences For this purpose, temperatures of 200 C + 50 C are generally sufficient Such an oven may with advantage be provided with ultra-red radiation which heats mainly the surface and therefore leads to a rapid closing of the surface The preheated and initially polymerised wire then leaves this pre-heating oven and enters the actual heating duct, in which its hardening is completed Thus the complete final polymerisation is effected in a number of successive elevated temperature zones through which the travelling wire passes. The types of lacquer employed in accordance with the invention exhibit moderate sensitivity to excessive room warmth In addition, the danger exists that if a relatively large quantity of lacquer is present it may polymerise by spontaneous heating (heat of reaction) or become inspissated or even solid. L' a relatively large quantity of wire lacquer was introduced into a storage tank without special precautions, and was circulated between the machine and the storage tank, this would be disadvantageous However, these 70 difficulties may be avoided in various ways, for example by introducing catalysts having the highest possible response temperature or by addition of inhibitors, such as polyvalent phenols or small quantities of quaternary 75 ammonium salts, or by providing a cooling device which manitains the activated liquid mixture at a temperature below 20 C and by feeding only a small proportion of the mixture to a bath heated to the lacquering 80 temperature immediately before it enters the lacquer container of the machine In addition, it is expedient to exclude the air from relatively large storage containers, for example by the introduction of carbon dioxide gas 85 The advantages of processes in accordance with the invention are very considerable The entire technical and financial burden of the volatile solvents, with the high-performance exhaust fans necessary therewith and the 90 constant danger of ignition, is eliminated. The replacement of the readily combustible and highly volatile components, such as hydrocarbons and alcohols, by very sparingly or extremely sparingly volatile monomers 95 considerably increases the safety of operation in the wire lacquering department The raw materials employed are utilised to a high degree, storage space is saved, and dispatch and transport are substantially more economi 100 cal The quality of the lacquered wires produced in accordance with the invention is outstanding The films adhere excellently to the metal, are highly resistant to heat and oxygen (resistant to ageing), are proof against 105 surface leakage currents and exhibit good electric insulating properties, while having good to satisfactory surface hardening and resistance to abrasion The sensitivity of the films to water and solvents is low A further 110 advantage resides in that the

new type of lacquer adheres particularly strongly to glass fibres, more especially to glass fibres free from alkali, and is therefore particularly suitable for the lacquering of wires covered with 115 glass fibres. It is furthermore possible to modify the polyester components employed for the lacquer bath by the introduction of silicone groups The high temperature resistance 120 especially important in lacquered wires is thereby produced This effect can be heightened by the addition of special monomers, for example polymerisable cyanuric acid esters. Finally, it has been found that lacquered 125 wires produced in accordance with the invention, more especially fibre-covered wires, may be Improved by a thermal after-treatment (tempering), for example by storage for several hours at temperatures between 80 and 1500 130 785,24 1 maleic acid compounds, which are deposited on all the colder parts of the installation, is observed-as: also, in, Part 1 a) After somre time, the product is cooled under a vacuusi and then under carbon dioxide and is dissolved 70 with a monominer (for example corresponding to Part 2) together with a stabiliser, for example 005 % by weight (calculated on tihe total quantity') of hydroquinone. In Parts a) and b), as in motst other caises, 75 it is advantageous to' choose the smallest possible quantity of monomers, normally about tol 40 % by weight The condensation should generally be carried so far that acid indices beloow 30, and as far as possible of 80 about 10 to 15, and OH-equivailents as far as possible of about 2,000 or' more, are obtained. c) In the same apparatus as described under a), 74 g of anhydrous lyceine anld 224 g of dehydrated castor 'oil fatty acid are 85 first mixed and this mixture is slowly eated under the protection: of CO, to, a femperature of 1800 to 2000 C Some water (max 14 cc) is split off and is removed with the ilowing protective gas The heating is continued until 90 the acid index hasi fallen h Mlow 10, the product is cooled and purified by 'extraction till 142 g remain therein This dehydrated castoi oil fatty acid monoglyceride ( O 4 mol) is mixed with 198 g of 1 4-butanediel ( 2 1 mol), 95 240 g of triethyleneglycol ( 1 6 ntol), 296 g. of p'hthalic acid anhydride and 196 g of maleic acid anhydride The furthe 2 r procedure is as describled in the preceding parts: the product is first heated for 1 5 hours at 1500 to 100 1600 C under reflux, whereafter the temperature falls to 1400 toi 1300 C, a slight separation of water immediately commences: and then the apparatus is changped over to distillation and the water which continues to be split 105 cef is driven off under constantly flowing protective gas: (GO,) The temperature rises slowly to, 2000 C anld after four hours is tem, porarily loweredi to: 1300 C, a first water extraction, being

effected under a moderate 110 vacuum: (about 80 to'100 mm') During the next three hours, the temperature is raised to between 2000 anld 210 C and during the last two, hours first a moderate vacuuuml and then a high vacuum is applied Finally, the product 115 i: cooled under carbon dioxide, g of very finely plowdered hydroquinone is added at about 120:0 C fcr tirc purpose of stabilisationt, and the brownish: and almbost limpid resin, which has meanwhile become somewhat vis 120 cons, is finally tapped off (yield 950 g) When copolymerised with one of the monomers mintioneld bblew it give a definitely scfter and more elastic resin than: the types free from fatty acid 125 PART 2 PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC MONOMERS. A condensation apparatus as described in Part 1 (a) of the Example is employed for the C or by a brief passage through a heating zone, for example an infra-red duct Such after-treated wires have particularly good thermal stability and exhibit particularly high S dielectric values. EXAMPLE. PART 1 PRODUCTION OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS. a) In a condensation apparatus: provided with an agitating mechanisms a reflux condenser, a distillation cooler and a calibrated receiver' or a calibrated water separator, 250 g. of ethylene glycol, 660 a g of trielthylesne glycol, 390 g of maleic acid, anhydride: and 590 g oe phthalic acid anhydride are first heated at 1502 to 16 Y' C under reflux An increasing separation of water immediately occurs with temperature reduction After two hours, the reflux initially used is changed over ta distillation and the tempwrature is gradually raised to 200 C within another four hours From the beginning, the installation is; maintained completely free from oxygen by constant flushing with carbon dioxide After thes four homurs, the temperature is allowed to: drop to; between 850 and 900 C and the apparatus is vigorously evacuated for about 30 minutes. A considerable quantity of waver is thus removed whereaft Ler the temperature is again raised to between 2000 and 2100 C, initially without' a vacuum This temperature is first maintained foer one hour under CO and thereafter under a constantly increasing vacuum: fcr 3 further hours Coc Eng is thereafter effected in vtacvou and theq Vac Uum is remioved with CO, at about 1000 C One of the monomers described in the following Part 2 is run into the still warm melt with an J addition of a stabilising age nt, for example hydroquinone or pyricatp eohin (about 005 %) The viscous condensation preduct is immediately dissolved to form a clear, viscous very fluid resin system. b) In the apparatus described under a) 440 g cf diethylene glycol and 250 g of ethylenie glycol are mixed and stirred with 395 g of maleic acid anhydride and 595 g.

of phithalic acid anhydride The air is con-l plerely displaced fromn the boiler by means of CO, whereafter the temperature is raised to betweenr 1500 and 160 C, and an incipient separation of water and lowering of the boiling temperature can: thein be observed After the change-over to distillation, the temperature is gradually raised to 210 C and this temperature is maintained for 3 hours and then reduced to 900 C, whereafter any remaining water is distilled off within about 45 minutes under a good vacuum The temperature is then raised to, between 2000 and 2100 C still with the exclusion of oxygem-and heating is effected first for one hour without a vacuum: and then for at least thlee hours with the highest possible vacuuml An ample sublimation of crystallised phtlhalic acid and 785,241 reaction, but the method of esterification is somewhat differet and the op-ration is carried out in solution The solvents emp.c yd-aromatic or halogeenated hydrocarbons -here serve so remove the wvater of reaction, the liberated water being deposited in known manner iu a water separator The circulating scovent is preferably dried towards the end of the reaction, as the esterification is thereby particularly promoted Here again, the operation are always carried out with the exclusion of oxygen or air This form of estzrification may alsoi be applied without difficulty to the p oeiuction of the polyesters, but longer reaction times are necessary for producing good products than in Parts la) to lc). a) 210 g of crystallised citric acid, 190 g. ef allyl alcohol, 4 g c Q paratoluenesulphonic acid and 360 g of toluene are heated to' boiling point in a glycerine batl A continuous water separation immediately commences which finally leads within 15 hours to the separation of a total of 95 g of water, corresponding to about 5 mol of water instead of the 4 mal initially calculated The excess is due toi the fact that, in addition to the three msls, of pure water of esterification and 1 mol of water of crystallisaticn, a further mol of water is split off from, the citric acid molecule with the formation or a new double bond. When the separation of water has completely ended, the crude ester formed is agitated intensively with dry magnesium carbonate at roomin S temperature for some time in order to remove acid residues The tsluene is r Len first distilled off at normal pressure and finally in vacuo A gold-brown, thin liquid oil having an acid index of 5 to 7 remains and has a saponification number equivalent to that calculated for an aconitic acid triallyl ester. b) 130 g of allyl alcohol, 98 g of maleic acid anhydride and 200 g of toluene are boiled under reflux for 8 to 14 hours in the presence of 2 5, of parateluene sulphonic acid and in the esterification apparatus previously described, the circulating solvent being dried by means of

silica gel during the last two hours The mixture is then ccoled, the tolluener solution of the crude ester thoroughlyagitated, (intensive stirring for 1 hour) with g of magnesium carbonate (dry), and the product is filtered and freed from toluene and residual allyl alcohol in vacua The crude brownish wesr is purified in a vacuum column with a free length of travel of 10 mim, under mmn Hg and with heating at 160 to 1800 C., by short-path distillason= and is obtained as a colourless liquid ofl low viscosity, the acid index of which is 1 to 2 and the saponification numtber of which conforms to the calculated value for a maleic acid diallyl ester. c) 150 g of dry triethylen' glycol are first heated for two hours 'aith 196 g of maleic acid anhydide at 1401 to 150 C under carbon dioxide in the esterification apparatus previously described A viscous honey-yellow liquid is formed 200 g of dry xylene, 130 g. of allyl alcohol and 5 g of paratoluenesulphenic acid, and preferably also a number of boiling stones, are added thereto and the mixture is boiled with distillation-with the use of a silica gel drying cartridge towards the end-and under carbon dioxide until the formation of water has completely ceased. After treatment with magnesium carbonate and filtering off of the latter, the limpid brow 7,nish solution obtained is concentrated in vacua with complete exclusion of oxygen, until all veoatile fractions have been removed ( 15 mm Hg, bath temperature 150 to 160 C., 3 hours) After cooling, a limpid or slightly misty, yellow liquid ef low viscosity remains, which is made crystal clear by means of a Seitz filter ard exhibits the saponification numbers calculated for mixed rraleic acid triethyleneglycol diallyl esters. PART 3 REFINING OF SYNTHETIC POLYESTER RESINS. A specimen of a polyester produced in accordance with Part lb) exhibited an acid index of 18 This number shows that there is one acid COOH-group to one partial molecular weight of 3120, regardless of the type of bond It is desirable to reduce this acid content. a) Neutralisation with activating metal (by salt formation,): 625 g of the said polyester resin are mixed in a little b enzene with an emulsion of 18 g 100 of freshly precipitated cobaltous hydroxide, dried in vacua over blue gel, agitated and gradually heated to, 1805 C under carbon dioxide, whereby benzen:e and a little moisture are distilled off Finally, the heating is con 105 tin-ued in vacuo with constant stirring, the temprerature being maintained at about 180 C The cobalt compound is gradually dissolved The product is allowed to cool under carbon dioxide and diluted, at about 800 C 110 with the exclusion of air, with 300 g of styrene to which 05 g of hydro-quinone has been added. The resin thus produced exhibits the substantially lover acid index of

about 4 to 6 and 115 is; particularly suitable in order to, introduce small quantities of cobalt into oether resins. Since its metal content amounts to about 1 %, additions of this resin amounting to between 1 and 2 % are sufficient for the activation of 120 other resins. b) Blocking with isocyanate reactants: The resin having an acid index of 18 mentioned in section a) of Part 3 also may exhibit an OH 1-equivalent of 2,000, that is to say, 125 there may be one OH-group (= 17) to 1 equivalent of 2,000 Toluylene diisocyanate was 785,241 from the reaction mass within a further 30 minutes below 140 " C, the reaction mass at first fcanin g vigo rcusly The mixture is then allowed to cool under carboni dioxide, and a inixturz of 50 g, of maleic acid diallyl ester and 50 g ef traleic acid tri-thylene glycol diallyl miixed ester is added at below 1000 C, and the carefully colo Led mixture is used for the -wire lacquering. employed for the following reaction. bl) 0 5 mole toluyler A -diisoicyanate (-87 g.) are required for each 2,000 g of the said resin in, order to, block the hydroxyl groups, that is to say, 4 35 g toi each 100 g Also, a further 87 g are required to each 3120 g in crder to' block the free carbloxyls, that is to say at further 2 90 g to, each 100 g In round figures, a total of 7 25 g of the said substance is added to, 100 g of resin If the copolymerisable ronrier is not quite pure, further additions may be necessary for this reason. The monomer is first stirred into' a givent quanlitity of resin, for example by mixing 1 kg. of polyester resin with 500 ' g of maleic acid diallyl ester (see section b') of Part 2 above), followed by stirrirg 72 5 g of thei diis ozyan te ard-as inhibc against spontane Gus plc miezisatiorl-0 2 g b nzcquinon e into' this mixture After standing for severall hours, the resin mixture behco'n S cosiderably tiolter and mnore viscous A peroxide catalyst is added and the further procedure is as describe I below. bi 2) 174 g of soluylene diisocyanate are dissolved in 250 g of pure aconitic acid triaillyl ester (section a) of Part 2 above) and slowly mixed with 58 g of dry distilled allyl alcohol with stirring and coaling, air and moisture bieing excluded preferably by dry CO 0 1 g of benzoquinone is added as inllibitor The temperature should not exceed 250 G After standing over night, a' substantially 50 % solution of toluylene -ionio-allylurethanzmonoissocyaniate is formezd, the equivalent weight of which is 232 Therefore, to g of the above polyester resin 38 4 g of this mixture (including 19 4 g of triester) are introduced subsequent to' the addition of 30 6 g of the triester to the resin, anid the whole carefully mixed, mcisture again being

excluded After at least six hours,,, the clearly thickened miixture is capable of being worked up', and maay be worked ups after addition of the catalysts. c) Reaction' of polyester resin with hydrocarbons resin: g of the polyester resin having an, acid index cf 18 are mixed in, a three-neck flask provided with arn agitating mechanism, a carbon dioxide feed duct, a distillation cooler and a condenser, with 20 g of technical xylene-fornsald'hbiyde resin 30 mg of extrefmily finely pulverised, anhydrous zinc chloride are added thereto and the mass is slowly heated toi 135 -1400 C with constant stirring under carbon dioxide, any overheating, and especially any temperature increase above 1500 C, being carefully avoided This temperature is maintained for about 30 minutes A light foaming and separation of water indicate the conmmencement of a reaction Finally, an increasingly strong vacuum is applied and all volatile fractions are removed PART 4 WIRE-LACQUERING OPERATION mi a horizontal lacquering mrachind with six 75 to seveni run 1 s, copper wire of the thickness to' bo lacquered is iun, in andi preheated in a first run without lacquering, in the usual manner. A sufficient propoartioan of the lacquer to be applied, activat-d by addition,of 1 % benzoyl 80 percoxidd ( 50 % dissolved in a softener of phthaiate type), 1 % of cycloelixanione perexide ( 50 %, soltion in cyclob 3 exanlicr) and 2 % of tter -buayl p'erbenzoate ( 50 % solution: in dimiethyl phthalate) and inhibited by addi 85 tion of 0 2 g pure blerzquinone per kg liquid resin, mixture, is stored in a lacquer trough, which is additional-ly provided with a small ccoling coil and a control thermionlmeter The application of the cornmences ine 90 diately the oven 'has reached a temipieraiture of about 410-420 C, and the temperature is lowered so far-with due re Sgardj to the adjusted speed of travel-that the lacquered wire, after 5-7 rurns through the oven, leaves 95 it in the ferm, 'of a brilliant, completely dry filml withb the least possible darkening. Since the growth of the film of lacquer is greater than in accordance with the known processes, it may be possible toi omit the appli 100 cation of lacquer in the last run and to, pass the lacquered wire once more through S the ovent for the purpose of after-tmpe ring By reason of this step, the lacquering temperature as a whole may be soimewhat lowered and 105 discoloration of the lacquered wire may be avoided. A further temperature decrease or an increase in the lacquering speed and at the same time an improvemrent in the yield are 110 obtained if a second oven having approximlately the dimensions of the normal oven, but at a temperature of 2000 C is disposed in front of the first oven, so' that the moist, freshly coated wire is first subjected to an'115

initial piolymierisation and is finally polymerised in; thie miain oven, As a result of this stepi, the evaporation losses are also' considerably lower. The initial 'oven may be replaced by a similar device, for example by an infra-red installa 120 tion, it mecrely being necessary to ensure that thie filmn) of resin is gelled before undesirably high evaporation losses occur. Copper wires of different thicknesses can thus be coated with a surprisingly strongly 125 adhering and very extensible layer of synmthetic resin having good film properties In addition to' gniod electrical insulating proper785,241 ties, the rosin films thus produced have the particular feature of excellent resistance to ageing at te mperatures of abou L 150 ' C and go-d rsisance to hea L under pressure, by ieason of which they canwithstand corresponeling tests at temperatures of up tc, about 290 ' C.

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* GB785242 (A)

Description: GB785242 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to compositions for treatment of the scalp andthe use thereof

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COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Imlprovements in or relating to Compositions for Treatment of the Scalp and the use thereof I, EUGENE ANTHomr PLANT, a British subject, of 33A, Green Lanes, Palmers Green, London, N.13, do hereby declare the invention for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to compositions for application to the human scalp for promoting or facilitating the growth of hair thereon. According to the present invention a composition for application to the human scalp comprises carbon disulphide, in carbon tetrachloride as solvent therefor, and a humectant. Carbon disulphide has been found to be a highly active agent in promoting or facilitating the growth of hair. It cannot however be applied to the human scalpl in pure form owing to its vesicant properties. Moreover, it is a malodorous material and highly inflammable. It has been found however that the dissolution of the carbon disulphide in carbon tetrachloride masks the odour of the carbon disulphide so that it is not seriously malodorous and the solution is non-inflamma- ble and non vesicant However, such solutions tend to have a drying effect on the scalp and it is therefore necessary to include a humectant in the composition. The preferred humectant according to the invention is glycerine but other humectants well knawn in the cosmetic art may be equally employed e.g. hydrophilic colloid materials. The compositions may contain other hairgrowth promoting agents, e.g. camphor and may contain perfume or other adjuvants suit- able for use in scalp-treating preparations, e.g. oils including essential oils such as neatsfoot oil; fatty oils such as lanoline, cantharadini, tincture of mucuna and pilocarpine. The compositions may also contain a diluent such as a volatile alcohol, e.g. ethanol. Generally the compositions will be in liquid form, but they may be formulated alternatively as jellies, pastes or creams. To prevent separation of the ingredients the compositions may contain dispersing or emulsifying agents such as the well lmown fatty alkyl sulphates and alkyl benzene sulphonates or both. In the compositions of the invention the ingredients are preferably present in the proportions 4 Parts

by weight Carbon disulphide - - - 1 Carbon tetrachloride - - 6 to 12 Humectant (glycerine) - - 6 to 12 Camphor - - - - - 0 to 1 Ethanol 8 rol 12 The compositions of this invention are efficacious in promoting the growth of hair on the human scalp and have some germicidal and antiseptic effect. Whilst not being committed to any particular theoretical explanation of their effect, the applicant believes that the sebum normally exuded by the pores of the skin tends to settle and harden over those areas of the scalp where the hair might be expected to grow. The carbon disulphide acts as a solvent for this material thus releasing the hair follicles and facilitating the growth of the hair. Practical experience with some 300 subjects has shown that the first effect of the treatment is to induce a downy growth and this in time grows to normal hair structure. The following examples will serve to illustrate the invention but are not to be regarded as limiting it in any way:- EXAMFILE I Carbon disulphide - 2 fluid ounces Carbon tetrachloride - 24 fluid ounces Glycerine - - - 24 fluid ounces This composition was diluted with 24 fluid ounces of absolute ethyl alcohol and the diluted composition applied to the scalp. EXAMPLE II Saturated solution of camphor in carbon tetrachloride - - 2 fluid ounces Cantharadini - - 2 fluid ounces Tincture of Mucuna 2-3 fluid drains Pilocarpine - - 1-2 grains EXAMPLE II (cont.) Carbon disulphide - 2-3 fluid drams Glycerine - - - 2 fluid ounces Neatsfoot oil or lano lin - - - - 1 fluid ounce Absolute ethyl alco hol - - - - 1 fluid ounce This composition was in condition for application to the scalp.

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* Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p