476 journal of lightwave technology, vol. 28, no. 4 ... · following this rationale, we present the...

476 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010

Microring-Resonator-Assisted, All-OpticalWavelength Conversion Using a Single SOA and a

Second-Order Si�N�–SiO� ROADMLeontios Stampoulidis, Student Member, IEEE, OSA, Dimitris Petrantonakis, Christos Stamatiadis,

Efstratios Kehayas, Member, IEEE, OSA, Paraskevas Bakopoulos, Christos Kouloumentas, Panagiotis Zakynthinos,Konstantinos Vyrsokinos, Ronald Dekker, Member, IEEE, and Edwin J. Klein

Abstract—We present the first microring-resonator-assistedwavelength converter employing a semiconductor optical amplifierand a tunable, Si�N�–SiO� microring-resonator-reconfigurableoptical add–drop multiplexer. We demonstrate inverted, nonin-verted, and wavelength-division-multiplexing-enabled wavelengthconversion with low power penalties.

Index Terms—Microring resonators, optical fiber communica-tion, optical packet switching, optical signal processing, photonicintegration, reconfigurable add–drop multiplexers, semiconductoroptical amplifiers (SOAs), wavelength converters.

I. INTRODUCTION

P ENETRATION of photonic switching subsystems intonext generation core routers is a promising path for

solving scalability issues of today’s electronic carrier routingsystems [1]. Specifically, these new photonic routers will becalled to:

1) drastically reduce the power dissipation of a single rackfrom its maximum value today, being 10 kW, down to afew hundreds of watts;

2) squeeze more than 1 Tb/s of throughput in a single rackof equipment;

3) scale gracefully to Pb/s capacities keeping down cost,footprint, and power consumption.

In order to achieve these challenging advancements, robustmicro/nanophotonic integration concepts and technologiesneed to be developed. These techniques will need to provide thenecessary high degrees of compactness and cost effectiveness

Manuscript received April 30, 2009; revised July 30, 2009. First publishedAugust 18, 2009; current version published February 01, 2010. This work wassupported in part by the European Commission through Project ICT-BOOM(FP7-224375) under the Seventh Framework Programme and by the Dutch Gov-ernment under the Freeband BB Photonics project BSIK 03025.

L. Stampoulidis, D. Petrantonakis, C. Stamatiadis, E. Kehayas, P.Bakopoulos, C. Kouloumentas, P. Zakynthinos, and K. Vyrsokinos arewith the Photonics Communications Research Laboratory, Department ofElectrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University ofAthens, GR-15773 Athens, Greece (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]. ntua.gr).

R. Dekker is with LioniX BV, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, andalso with the XiO Photonics BV, 7500 BG Enschede, The Netherlands (e-mail:[email protected]).

E. J. Klein is with Xio Photonics BV, 7500 BG Enschede, The Netherlands(e-mail: [email protected]).

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2009.2030143

that will enable the implementation of photonic routing archi-tectures [2]. Fig. 1 shows the basic architecture of a photonicpacket-switched wavelength router. An electronic control planeis employed for processing headers and an optical routing planefor switching IP packets in the optical domain. The “heart” ofthe photonic router is the wavelength routing stage that consistsof all-optical wavelength converters (AOWCs) connected to anarrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR). These componentseffectively form an optical backplane that can efficiently routepacket traffic at high data rates.

The realization of a chip-scale wavelength routing planehas stimulated intensive photonic integration efforts, with thepassive part (AWGR) being the first target in the developmentqueue. Multiport AWGRs supporting up to 40 wavelength chan-nels and consuming approximately 17 W have been recentlyfabricated using either monolithic InP [3] or silica-on-silicon[4] photonic integration. The success in developing compactand low-power-consuming switching fabrics has soon turnedthe focus on the active core part of the wavelength router—theall-optical wavelength converters (AOWCs). The realization oflarge-scale photonic routers would require scalable and powerefficient AOWCs and R&D investments have stimulated com-ponent-oriented research within the European Union (EU) andthe U.S. research projects. In this context, Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency (DARPA) funded project IRIS haspresented a 2 8 wavelength switch hosting a dual monolithicInP AOWC and two multiwavelength lasers [3]. In the sameline, EU-funded project IST-MUFINS has utilized silica-on-sil-icon hybrid integration to provide a photonic chip that hostsfour 40 Gb/s AOWCs and consumes 12 W [5]. Recently, anarray of eight monolithic InP AOWCs that offers a total chipthroughput of 320 Gb/s in a few micrometers square waspresented [6]. In all these demonstrations, the AOWCs havebeen implemented as semiconductor-optical-amplifier-basedMach–Zehnder interferometers (SOA-MZIs) that employ twoactive components (SOAs) per AOWC, increasing overall activecomponent count, power consumption, and imposing thermalmanagement requirements. From a system level point of view,the SOA-MZI AOWCs operate in a differential “push–pull”mode to operate at a maximum data rate of 40 Gb/s, requiringprecise temporal alignment and power level adjustment be-tween “push” and “pull” pulses.

In order to enable even larger and faster photonic integratedAOWC devices, power consumption, thermal crosstalk, andheat dissipation need to be further reduced. The first step is to

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STAMPOULIDIS et al.: ALL-OPTICAL WAVELENGTH CONVERSION 477

Fig. 1. Schematic of a photonic wavelength router. The routing plane employs wavelength converters and the AWGR for wavelength routing, optical switches,and fiber delay lines for contention resolution and 2R/3R regenerators. The control plane employs an field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for label processing,packet detection for synchronization, label recovery, and arrays of laser diodes for optical control signal generation.

reduce the number of active components per AOWC. The tech-nique that employs a single SOA and a bandpass filter (BPF)offers such capability [7]. However, the SOA-BPF scheme islimited to single-wavelength operation; hence, it cannot beapplied to implement wavelength routing in a high-capacityphotonic router. The first attempt toward wavelength-divi-sion-multiplexing (WDM) enabled wavelength conversion withoptical filtering employs a single quantum-dot SOA (QD-SOA)and a bulk AWG [8]. Although this is a promising technique,optimum performance and chip real-estate efficiency in inte-grated AOWCs calls for ultrasmall and tunable filters.

Following this rationale, we present the ring-resonator-as-sisted wavelength converter (RAWC)—the first AOWC thatemploys a single SOA followed by a compact and integratedmicroring-resonator-reconfigurable optical add–drop multi-plexer (ROADM). The ROADM is fabricated using the TriPleXwaveguide technology [9], [10] and features two coupled andtunable microring resonators that provide a periodic spectralresponse with a filter passband profile suitable for high-speedchirp filtering. Using the RAWC we present error-free invertedand noninverted wavelength conversion and demonstrate WDMcapability by converting incoming packet-mode data streamsinto serially, time-domain-multiplexed signals of differentwavelengths. The successful bonding of SOAs on silicon

boards [11], as well as the high integration potential of mi-croring resonators [12] makes the RAWC approach a viablesolution for achieving large-scale photonic integrated devices.

II. RAWC CONCEPT

Fig. 2 shows the RAWC concept. The data packets P1 andP2 enter the SOA serially as pump signals. After reading theheader of P1 the router controller drives DFB 1 that generates apacket-length continuous wave (CW) signal at wavelength .This signal is launched in the SOA as probe signal, synchronizedwith P1. Similarly, the subsequent data packet P2 is temporallyaligned with a packet CW at wavelength . The pump signalmodulates the SOA gain and via cross-gain modulation (XGM),this modulation is transferred to the probe signal. As such, aninverted (wavelength-converted) copy of the pump signal ap-pears at the output of the SOA. The temporal profile of the con-verted signal shows chirping due to the refractive index mod-ulation in the SOA with the leading edge of the probe signalbeing red-shifted and the trailing edge being blue-shifted. A mi-croring resonator ROADM is cascaded after the SOA with thedrop-port spectrum depicted in Fig. 2. The probe signals are se-lected to coincide with the transmission peaks of the ROADMand by detuning the microring resonators with respect to the CWwavelengths either blue- or red-shift chirp filtering may occur,


Fig. 2. RAWC concept.

leading to the acceleration of the effective operational speedof the AOWC [13]. Depending on the ROADM detuning, thesignal at the output can be either inverted or noninverted [14]. Inthe case of inverted AOWC, a cascaded delayed interferometer(DI) is required to restore pulse polarity. The spectral responseof the DI is detuned so that one of the spectral “dips” of thenotch filter is superimposed with the optical carrier. As such,the excess CW signal that remains unmodulated by the XGMeffect in the SOA is removed and the polarity of the signal isrestored. In the wavelength router depicted in Fig. 1, the RAWCcan be located after the demultiplexing stages at the front end ofthe system. As such, incoming demultiplexed packets will enteran RAWC and can be converted on any of the CW wavelengthsthat coincide with the drop-port spectrum of the ROADM. Sub-sequently, the converted packets will be routed through the in-ternally nonblocking AWGR.

III. DEVICE FABRICATION

The key component of the RAWC is the microring resonatorROADM. The device was fabricated using TriPleX waveguidetechnology, which is based on silicon nitride and silicon oxide.The technology has been developed by LioniX and involvesthe fabrication of stoichiometric silicon nitride (Si N ) usinglow-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The spe-cific fabrication technique can enable the development ofultrasmall footprint photonic devices due to its large refractiveindex 2.0 . However, a drawback of LPCVD Si N isthe large internal tensile stress that limits the layer thicknessto 350 nm. As a consequence, devices fabricated with Si Nshow significant polarization dependency, fact that limits theapplicability in telecom applications. However, by combiningit with a second material having a large compressive stress,such as LPCVD SiO , the total stress of the composite layerstack is strongly reduced. As a result, the thickness of thetotal stack can be considerably larger than the critical layerthickness of Si N alone. This alternating LPCVD layer stackconcept can result in a rectangular channel waveguide structurewith outstanding waveguiding characteristics and with stronglyreduced polarization effects. The geometry is formed by arectangular shell of silicon nitride filled with and encapsulatedby silicon dioxide, as schematically shown in Fig. 3, where thechannel geometry approximates a “hollow core” waveguide.Modal characteristics depend solely upon the geometry of thestructure, as all composing materials are LPCVD end productswith very reproducible characteristics. The whole process is

Fig. 3. Flow process scheme as made with Flowdesigner process modeler(PhoeniX BV). Here, the Si N is shown in dark grey, and the (different typesof) SiO in light grey.

CMOS-compatible and very cost effective as only one pho-tolithographical step is required to define the waveguides.

Fig. 3 depicts the LioniX fabrication procedure for passiveoptical box shaped TriPleX waveguide geometries [see (1) and(2)]. The fabrication process starts with thermal oxidation ofa 100-mm-diameter silicon wafer to form the lower cladding.


Then, (3) LPCVD Si N and (4) LPCVD SiO are deposited.(5) Photolithography is then performed, (6) followed by reac-tive ion etching (RIE), and (7) photoresist removal. After a (8)second deposition of LPCVD Si N , (9) local removal of theslab nitride layer is performed, followed by the [(10) and (11)]top cladding deposition. Local removal of the nitride, althoughmore difficult in fabrication, results in a box-shaped structurethat reduces the modal birefringence and, also importantly,results in the absence of slab waveguides. The last two stepsare LPCVD and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) based oxide depositions (steps (10) and (11), respec-tively) to form the upper cladding.

A box-shaped TriPleX waveguide, as was used for theROADM fabrication, shows a reduced polarization depen-dency, which can be understood in terms of symmetry in thegeometry. The square box shape can be tailored such thatalmost no modal birefringence exists. The waveguides of theROADM in this study had a 500 500 nm SiO core with a170 nm Si N shell, allowing bend radii down to 50 m.

After the top cladding depositions, the top surface is pla-narized by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to yield aflat surface. A thin film of chromium and gold is depositedby e-beam evaporation. The gold and chromium films aresubsequently patterned using standard contact lithography andwet chemical etching to fabricate the microheater structures.Fig. 4(a) shows a microscope image of a fabricated ROADMdevice. The gold is etched away near the ring resonators tolocally increase the resistance. Fig. 4(b) shows the TE and TMcharacterization of the drop port of the second-order ROADM.The FSR for both polarizations is similar in the 1550 nm band.This indicates that the ring resonator shows a comparable groupindex for TE and TM. Scanning electron microscopy cross-sec-tional analysis revealed that the fabricated waveguides areslightly widened, resulting in a rectangular-shaped waveguideinstead of a square waveguide. This is the reason for the slightdifference between the TE and TM response, as illustrated inFig. 4(b). The difference in modulation depth is caused by thefact that the coupling for TM is stronger than the coupling forTE, partly caused by the slightly widened waveguides. Fig. 4(c)shows a closeup of the coupling region of the second-ordermicroring resonators.

IV. EXPERIMENT

A. Single Wavelength Conversion of Continuous Data

Initially, we evaluated the performance of the RAWC by con-verting a continuous data stream on a single CW wavelength.Fig. 5 shows the experimental setup. The 40 Gb/s transmitterconsists of a CW DFB laser at 1556.55 nm, an elecroabsorp-tion modulator (EAM) driven at 40 GHz for pulse carving anda Ti:LiNbO modulator to modulate the 40 GHz clock and pro-vide a PRBS. The 40 Gb/s data stream pulses were com-pressed to 3 ps using a nonlinear fiber compressor.

The RAWC comprises the SOA, the second-order TriPleXROADM, and a DI used only in the case of inverted operation.The SOA is a commercially available InP buried heterostruc-ture device (CIP XN-OEC-1550) with a 1/e nominal recovery

Fig. 4. (a) Microscope image of a multiport second-order microring-resonator-based ROADM. (b) TE and TM characterization of drop port. (c) Closeup ofring-to-ring coupling region.

time of 80 ps, which is more than three times the bit slot. TheROADM consists of the two coupled Si N –SiO TriPleX mi-croring resonators that can be tuned independently by on-chipheaters. The free spectral range (FSR) of the device is 4 nm andthe full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) bandwidth is 0.6 nm.The DI is implemented using two polarization beam splitters(PBS) and standard polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber. The DIprovided a differential delay of 2 ps between TE and TM polar-ization components. The 2 ps delay corresponds to 500 GHzFSR and is chosen to match the FSR of the ROADM and ensurethat the DI spectral “dips” will attenuate only the optical car-rier of the wavelength-converted signal whereas the rest of thespectrum will remain unaffected. The local probe wavelength isprovided by a CW DFB at 1562.75 nm. Finally, the receiver partconsisted of a 40–10 Gb/s EAM-based demultiplexer and a 10Gb/s error detector.

Fig. 6 illustrates the experimental results recorded witha 80-GHz digital communication analyzer. The pulse traceand the corresponding eye diagram of the incoming data isdepicted in Fig. 6(a). First, the ROADM is detuned by 0.1 nmselecting the lower signal wavelength (blue-shift chirp) and theinverted signal of Fig. 6(b) is obtained. The inset shows thesignal directly at the output of the SOA indicating the deviceslow recovery time. The eye diagram of Fig. 5(b) reveals thatthe ROADM filtering accelerates the operational speed ofthe system within the 40 Gb/s bit slot. The inverted signal atthe output of the ROADM is launched in the PM DI and thepulse polarity is restored [see Fig. 6(c)]. Identical experimentalsetup was used for noninverted wavelength conversion withthe exception of the DI. By detuning the ROADM 0.3 nmwith respect to the probe signal, the noninverted eye diagramof Fig. 6(d) was obtained. Fig. 7(a) shows the BER mea-surements and the 10 Gb/s demultiplexed eye diagrams. Theinverted-wavelength-converted signal exhibits a power penaltyof 0.84 dB, whereas a power penalty of 1.5 dB is measured forthe noninverted signal. The higher penalty for the noninvertedoperation is mainly due to the higher detuning required, whichleads to higher loss and higher optical SNR (OSNR) degrada-tion. Fig. 7(b) and (c) shows the optical spectrum at the output


Fig. 5. Experimental setup for single wavelength inverted and noninverted wavelength conversion of a continuous data stream.

Fig. 6. Trace and eye diagrams of (a) incoming continuous data signal, (b) inverted converted signal at ROADM output, (c) data sequence at the DI output, and(d) noninverted data signal at the ROADM output. The inset shows the inverted signal at the SOA output. The time scale is 2 ns/division for the traces and 10ps/division for the eye diagrams.

Fig. 7. (a) BER curves for RAWC of continuous data, (b) optical signal spec-trum at RAWC output for noninverted operation, and (c) optical signal spectrumat RAWC output for inverted operation.

of the RAWC for noninverted (0.3 nm detuning) and inverted(0.1 nm detuning), respectively.

B. Packet-Mode WDM-Enabled Wavelength Conversion

The performance of the RAWC was also evaluated by wave-length converting a sequence of two 40 Gb/s time-domainmultiplexed (TDM) optical packets. Each packet is convertedonto a new wavelength, verifying the system capability to op-erate in a WDM environment. Fig. 8 illustrates the experimentalsetup of the packet-mode RAWC. The two 40 Gb/s TDM datapackets of the same wavelength (1551.1 nm) enter the RAWC

and temporally synchronized with two different CW packets.The CW packets are generated using two DFB lasers (1555 and1559.16 nm), modulated at the packet rate in a Ti:LiNbOmodulator. A mux–demux stage and an optical delay line areused to provide the two-wavelength TDM CW packet stream.Due to the temporal synchronization of the packet stream, thefirst data packet is converted to 1555 nm and the second packetto 1559.1 nm. In the RAWC, the multiwavelength operation isenabled by the periodic response of the integrated ROADM.

Fig. 9 illustrates the experimental results for the WDM-en-abled operation. In particular, Fig. 9(a) and (b) shows theinverted-wavelength-converted packets and Fig. 9(c) and (d)shows the wavelength converted data packets at the output ofthe DI. Fig. 10 shows the corresponding BER curves. Error-freeoperation was obtained with a 0.8 dB power penalty for thedata packets at 1559.1 nm and 1 dB power penalty for thedata packets at 1555 nm. The optical power requirements were7 dBm for the CW and 3 dBm for the data packets. The RAWCrequires approximately 1.5 W of electrical power to operate,which includes the SOA bias and TEC currents as well asdriving requirements for the microring resonator heaters.

V. NEXT STEPS

Fig. 11 shows the new trend in functional photonic integra-tion. From 2004 and onward, the upgrade path involves doublingthe throughput of photonic routing devices every two years,whereas the current state-of-the-art photonic device is offering320 Gb/s throughput on a small chip size of 4.25 14.5 mm .In order to keep up with this emerging trend, the EuropeanBOOM project aims to introduce and integrate new wavelengthconverter schemes that will allow for compact, power-efficient,and high-throughput photonic routing systems [15]. The keyobjective is the development of a new generation of AOWCscapable to perform at ultrahigh speeds up to 160 Gb/s with


Fig. 8. Experimental setup for the packet-mode, WDM-enabled RAWC.

Fig. 9. Trace and eye diagrams of (a) inverted converted data packet at 1555 nm, (b) inverted converted data packet at 1559.16 nm, (c) noninverted data packet at1555 nm at the DI output, and (d) noninverted data packet at 1559.16 nm at the DI output. The time scale is 2 ns/division for the traces and 10 ps/division for theeye diagrams.

Fig. 10. BER curves for packet-mode RAWC.

power consumption of as low as a few watts. The demonstra-tion of the RAWC concept using discrete SOAs and microringresonator chips was the first successful milestone in the devel-opment chain of the project.

VI. CONCLUSION

The purpose of this paper was to introduce the RAWCconcept and verify the principle of operation at 40 Gb/s. TheRAWC can perform inverted and noninverted all-optical wave-length conversion and convert incoming data packets on new

Fig. 11. BOOM planned advancement with respect to previous and current re-search activities on integrated AOWCs.

wavelengths exploiting the periodic response of a second-orderTriPleX microring resonator ROADM. Error-free operationwas obtained with low penalty values. The RAWC operateswith low optical and electrical powers, whereas the system canbe integrated on a single photonic chip and achieve ultrahighspeed operation using the silicon-on-insulator integration plat-form.


ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank A. Leinse, R. de Boer, A.Hoekman, and M. J. Gilde for the fabrication of the TriPleXROADM.

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Leontios Stampoulidis (S’03) graduated from theElectronic and Electrical Engineering Department,University of Patras, Patras, Greece, in 2002.

Since 2002, he has been with the PhotonicsCommunications Research Laboratory, Athens,Greece. His current research interests include opticalpacket/burst switching architectures and photonicTb/s routers based on photonic integrated compo-nents. He has authored or coauthored more than 30scientific papers.

Dr. Stampoulidis is a Student Member of theIEEE Photonics Society [formerly known as Lasers and Electro-Optics Society(LEOS)] and a member of the Technical Chamber of Greece.

Dimitris Petrantonakis (S’06) graduated in com-puter networks from the Computer Engineeringand Informatics Department, Technical Universityof Patras, Patras, Greece, in 2004. He is currentlyworking toward the Ph.D. degree in the photonicsCommunications Research Laboratory, Athens,Greece.

His current research interests include transmissionand processing of optical signals for third-generationoptical networks.

Christos Stamatiadis (S’09) was born in Athens,Greece, in April 1981. He received the Diploma inelectrical and computer engineering (specializationin telecommunications) from the Aristotle Univer-sity, Thessaloniki, Greece, in 2005. He is currentlyworking toward the Ph.D. degree on the developmentof all-optical processing systems at the PhotonicsCommunications Research Laboratory, Athens.

Efstratios Kehayas (S’03–M’07) received theB.Eng. degree in electronic engineering from theElectronics and Computer Science Department,Southampton University, Southampton, U.K., theM.Sc. degree in optics and photonics at the ImperialCollege London, London, U.K., and the Ph.D. de-gree from the Photonics Communications ResearchLaboratory, National Technical University of Athens(NTUA), Athens, Greece.

He is currently a Research Associate at the In-stitute of Communications and Computer Systems

(ICCS), NTUA. His current research interests include design and developmentof novel dense wavelength-division multiplexing/optical time-division multi-plexing fiber-based optical sources and ultrahigh speed photonic processingsystems/subsystems applicable to telecommunications. He has authored orcoauthored more than 40 publications in IEEE and Optical Society of Americanjournals and conferences, and several research proposals, including FP6-MUL-TIWAVE, ICT-APACHE, and ICT-EURO-FOS.

He is a member of the IEEE Photonics Society [formerly known as Lasersand Electro-Optics Society (LEOS)] and a chartered Electrical and ComputerEngineer from the Technical Chamber of Greece.

Paraskevas Bakopoulos (S’04) received theDiploma in electrical engineering and computerscience (with specialization in telecommunications)in 2003 from the National Technical Universityof Athens, Athens, Greece, where he is currentlyworking toward the Ph.D. degree in the PhotonicsCommunications Research Laboratory, School ofElectrical and Computer Engineering.

Christos Kouloumentas received the Diplomain electrical and computer engineering from theNational Technical University of Athens (NTUA),Athens, Greece, and the M.Sc. degree in mi-croelectronics-optoelectronics from the PhysicsDepartment, University of Crete, Crete, Greece. Heis currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in thePhotonics Communications Research Laboratory,NTUA.


Panagiotis Zakynthinos (S’08) received theDiploma in telecommunication networks from theComputer Engineering and Informatics Department,University of Patras, Patras, Greece, in 2005. He iscurrently working toward the Ph.D. degree in thePhotonics Communications Research Laboratory,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,National Technical University of Athens, Athens,Greece.

Konstantinos Vyrsokinos received the Diplomafrom the Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Ger-many, under the European Region Action Schemefor the Mobility of University Students (ERASMUS)exchange program, and the B.Sc. degree in physicsfrom the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,Thessaloniki, Greece.

From February until August 2001, he was aLaboratory Assistant at Heinrich-Hertz-Institut fuerNachrichtentechnik, Berlin GmbH, Germany, in Op-tical Signal Processing Group. Since January 2002,

he has been with Photonics Communications Research Laboratory, NationalTechnical University of Athens, Athens, Greece. His current research interestsinclude the application of gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers forfast all optical switching.

Ronald Dekker (M’04) the Ph.D. degree in inte-grated optics from the University of Twente, Twente,The Netherlands.

He was engaged in the field of material engi-neering, microfabrication, integrated optics, andtelecommunication components for more than 12years. For three years, he was a Process Engineerwith the University of Twente, where he was engagedin the development of novel clean room processingsteps for the IC industry to improve the qualityof flat panel displays. Then, for several years, he

was with JDS Uniphase, both in the Netherlands and Canada, where he wasinvolved in microelectromechanical systems based attenuators and densewavelength-division-multiplexing components. He was a Senior Researcher atthe Research Chair Integrated Optical Micro Systems, University of Twente,where he was engaged in femtosecond waveguide writing in rare-earth-dopedoptical materials. He is currently a Project Engineer with LioniX BV, Enschede,The Netherlands, and a Product Specialist with XiO Photonics BV, Enschede,where he is engaged in the development of TriPleX waveguide technology.

Edwin J. Klein received the M.Sc. degree from the Electrical Engineering De-partment, University of Twente, Twente, The Netherlands, in 2002, and thePh.D. degree from the Integrated Optical MicroSystems Group, University ofTwente.

He was a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Integrated Optical MicroSystems Group,University of Twente. In 2008, he joined LioniX BV, as a Product Specialist,where he was engaged in microring-resonator-based PLC devices for use in op-tical telecommunication. He is currently a Design Engineer with XiO Photonics,Enschede, The Netherlands. He has authored or coauthored more than 35 pub-lications in journals and conferences. His current research interest include de-velopment of complex photonic devices in TriPleX waveguide technology.

Dr. Klein was the recipient of the prestigious Dutch Veder Award in 2008based on his research on microring resonators.

476 journal of lightwave technology, vol. 28, no. 4 ... · following this rationale, we present the...

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