37) dr. (mrs.) charusheela ramesh birajdar rp meditation

June, 2021. VOL.13. ISSUE NO. 2 https://hrdc.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/Publication Page | 472

MEDITATION PRACTICES: IMPACT ON MIND AND BODY SAFETY

Mr. Kaustubh Kamalesh Bhandarkar

Dr. (Mrs.) Charusheela Ramesh Birajdar

Abstract

Controlled mind is like friend, while uncontrolled a worst enemy.

Meditation, a practical tool to get enlightenment; gain insight and develop compassion, empathy

and perception, wisdom; well-being.

The real purpose of meditation is transforming one’s mental and physical health in to more

improved and healthy state. It is not to get stuck as thinking continuously, about one object of

thought, but revealing the true nature of that object (as a feeling) upon which we meditate.

Meditation is a process of in which person evolve from thinking to feeling. Meditation is less

about faith, eliminating the continuous flow of confused thoughts and more about altering

consciousness, achieving peace, calm and inner harmony. Meditation techniques encourages

heightened state of awareness and focused attention and physical, psychological (emotional)

well-being. These days, meditation is commonly used for deep state of relaxation, stress

reduction and a tranquil mind.

The religious meditation practice, Buddhism, actually dates back thousands of years. It’s taught

and practiced in different cultures all over the world. Meditation originally was meant to help

deepen understanding of the sacred and mystical forces of life.

Meditation has grown in popularity in the western world from 20th century. Meditation helps us

to live fuller and happier lives. Western world has identified and recognized the importance of

meditation and put it in to mainstream business.

In this research paper, the research scholar wants to understand the variants of meditation

practices across religions and their methods and the mental and physical health benefits for the

individual to maintain the work-life balance in the present global competition.

Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education / Dr. Charusheela Birajdar & Mr. Kaustubh Bhandarkar/ Page 472-489


Key Words: American Psychological Association (APA), Human Resource (HR), Job Stress

(JS), Job Performance (JP), Meditation, World Health Organization (WHO), Mindfulness-Based

Stress Reduction (MBSR).

INTRODUCTION

Concept

Nature of Meditation:

Buddhist Meditation: Through Buddhist meditation, one can remove the negative impressions

(of past actions) already accumulated in our mind. Buddhism meditation practice is total

absorption (Samadhi) and deep concentration of mind (Dhyana); achieves a particular level of

awareness; controls the mind and senses and focuses concentration to reach to full consciousness;

cultivates compassion; eliminates stress levels; gives enlightenment; loving-kindness, mental

development; rejuvenate the inner essence; removes discursive thinking and suffering; self-

understanding and support self-improvement; well-being and wisdom.

Meditation Concentration (dhyana) Not to get distracted, conscious of what one is doing.

Encourages mind to experience awakening, feelings, improving mental and physical health of

the body and quality of life.

Working Definitions

1) Meditation is a practice where an individual operates or trains the mind or induces a mode of

consciousness to allow the mind to engage in peaceful thoughts.

3) Mindfulness is the psychological process of bringing one's attention to experiences that arises

when we pay attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and non-

judgmentally, which can be developed through the practice of meditation and other training.

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Globally, low mental and physical health of the youths and employees are not able to maintain

their well-being.

OBJECTIVES

1) To understand the concept of Meditation.

2) To study the various types of Meditation practices.

3) To study the benefits of meditation on human body for physical health and mental health.

4) To study the benefits of meditation to organisations and their employees.



RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research paper is a secondary data collection with literature review from books, journals,

spiritual articles, print media like magazines, newspaper articles, websites and information

search engines.

Types of Meditation[24]:

1) Buddhist Meditation Techniques

Loving Kindness Meditation (Metta Meditation) (LKM)

Mindfulness-Meditation (MnM)

Vipassana Meditation (VM)

Zen Meditation (Zazen) (ZM)

2) Chinese Meditation Techniques

Qigong Meditation / Chi kung Meditation (QM / CkM)

Taoist Meditation (TaM)

3) Christian Meditation (ChrM)

4) Guided Meditation / Visualization Meditation (GuM / ViM)

5) Hindu Meditation Techniques

Mantra Meditation / Chanting Meditation (MnM / ChM)

Self-Enquiry and “I Am” Meditation (SEIAM)

Transcendental Meditation (TM)(TM)

Yoga Meditation (YM)

6) Sufi Meditation Techniques

Sufi Meditation (SuM)

Arhatic Yoga (AY)

This called “Yoga of Synthesis”, a more advanced technique than Meditation on Twin Hearts.

In this practice, chakras are activated and ‘kundalini’ is awakened through a safe and systematic

method.

Chakra Meditation (ChM)

Under this meditation practice, all seven major chakras (major energy centres) are kept open,

aligned, and fluid and brings all blocked or imbalanced chakras back into balance that removes

uncomfortable physical and mental symptoms.

Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education / Dr. Charusheela Birajdar & Mr. Kaustubh Bhandarkar/ 72-489


Christian Meditation (ChrM)

Christian meditation is a form of prayer in which a person meditates in a structured way to get

aware and reflect upon the divine truth.

Concentrative Meditation (ConM)

Concentrative Meditation thrust on to concentrate on attention and restrict the awareness, i.e.

focusing on one's breathing or a sound or repetition of a simple phrase or word, mantra or an

specific object such as pen or a pencil and disconnecting else around you.

Focused Meditation (FoM)

Focused meditation is to concentrate using any of the five senses (internal or external).

Gazing Meditation (Trataka) (GaM)

Gazing Meditation is to look steadily and concentrate for a longer time on an external object,

typically a candle or object.

Guided / Visualization Meditation (GuM / ViM)

Visualization meditation is a Tibetan religious practice technique to focus on positive scenes or

images to enhance powerful feelings of calmness peace, and relaxation. In this meditation

technique, unwelcome mental activity is kept away and a sense of peace is brought into.

Heartfulness-Meditation (HM)

Heartfulness approach evolved from ancient tradition of Raja Yoga (‘pranahuti’ or Yogic

transmission), was rediscovered by Shri Ram Chandra of Fatehgarh, a teacher of Shri Ram

Chandra of Shajahanpur (writer of “Efficacy of Raja Yoga” for connection between Heartfulness

and Raja Yoga). Heartfulness-meditation is feeling the healing energy of Mother Earth moving

up in to your body, moving your attention to your heart immersed in the love and light in your

heart (Heartfulness-Relaxation) and then meditating on the source of divine light in one’s heart

by becoming more and more absorbed within the deep silence for as long as one want, until one

feel ready to come out of meditation and get enlightenment. Heartfulness is heart-centred

approach to life to live each moment by the enlightened heart and redefine through spiritual

practice.



Kriya Yoga (KrY)

Kriya yoga (action yoga) a psycho-physiological method, is the ancient Yoga system (spiritual

aspects of meditation) in which number of levels of pranayama (practice of breath control in

yoga; life-energy control), mantras and mudras based on techniques, that consists of breathing,

energization, and meditation exercises to get spiritual development. This is more suited for those

who have a devotional temperament.

Kundalini Yoga (KuY)

Kundalini yoga (guided by teacher) is a physically active form of meditation that blends

movements with deep breathing, poses and mantras to activate the dormant (awakening)

‘kundalini energy’ at the base of the spine moves upward through chakras (energy points) to get

spiritual perfection.

Loving-Kindness Meditation / Metta Meditation (LKM /MeM)

This type of meditation is a combination of Mindfulness-Meditation with Heartfulness-

Meditation. It develops pointed concentrated attention and exalting the heart/ spiritual change.

Loving-kindness meditation is also known as Metta meditation (Buddhist traditions, Theravada

and Tibetan lineages). Metta is a Pali word meaning kindness, benevolence, and goodwill. Its

goal is to cultivate an attitude of love and kindness to who loved you unconditionally, toward

everything, even a person’s enemies and sources of stress. While breathing deeply, practitioners

open their minds to receiving loving kindness by picturing someone who love them. They then

send messages of loving kindness to their loved ones, to specific people, or to the world.

In most forms of this meditation, the key is to repeat the message many times, until the

practitioner feels an attitude of loving kindness. This meditation is designed to promote feelings

of compassion and love, both for oneself and others.

Mantra Meditation / Chanting Meditation (MnM / ChM)

Mantra meditation is predominantly used in many spiritual teachings, including Hindu and

Buddhist traditions. A mantra is a pronounce or sacred utterance, word, phrase, or sound, such

as the popular “Om”, a spiritual power, literal meaning, that is silently repeated for the purpose

of focusing your mind and clear the mind. Chanting mantra for some time takes you to deeper

levels of awareness and easier to focus on a word than on the breath.



Mindfulness-Meditation (MnM)

Mindfulness-Meditation originates from Buddhism teachings and is the most popular meditation

technique in the West. Buddhist meditation covers – ‘mindfulness’ (to pay attention on the

present moment), ‘concentration’ (moment by moment, without any distraction) and ‘wisdom’

(true reality).

Mindfulness is a is a therapeutic technique based on being mindful, increasing focus (flow of

your breath), state of active, open attention on the present, awareness and acceptance of living in

the present-moment and awakening to your current experience, rather than dwelling on the past

or anticipating the future; maintaining moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts and

emotions, feelings, bodily sensations and surrounding environment and an aspect of cognitive

and cognitive behavioural approach; involves non-judgmental acceptance, meaning that we pay

attention to thoughts & feelings without judging them – without feeling believing, for instance,

there is no “Right” or “Wrong” way to think or feel in a given moment; acting with awareness,

meaning the ability to focus your attention on your own activities rather than doing things

mindlessly or automatically.

Movement Meditation / Walking Meditation (MoM / WM)

Movement meditation is an active, mindfulness in motion, anywhere use, form of meditation

where the movement guides you; related with Yoga or Tai Chi and other martial arts.

In movement meditation, people focus on the body in motion; find peace in action and prefer to

let their minds wander; is one form of mindful movement and can be combined with

mindfulness-meditation.

Music Meditation (MuM)

Musical meditation is a practice of meditation concentrating to a particular instrumental music,

e.g. Flute Meditation: Bramharshi Pitamah Patriji, S., has inspired the Flute Meditation; other

musical instruments can be taken as Indian classical musical instruments.

Progressive Relaxation (PR)

Progressive relaxation, alternatively called as body scan meditation, encourages people to scan

their bodies for noticing areas of tension and to release it and promote relaxation.

Pyramid Meditation (PM)



Bramharshi Pitamah Patriji, S., a spiritual scientist, founder of Pyramid Meditation (meditation

inside a pyramid or underneath), claims that your breath itself is your teacher/master.

Qi gong Meditation (QM)

Qi gong (Chi-gung - “life energy cultivation”) is a traditional Chinese mind-body exercise, is as

old as Chinese Buddhist, Taoist traditions. This is an ancient and powerful Chinese practice

combines meditation (inner focus), regulated breathing exercises, slow physical movement and

relaxation; controls energy in the body to heal and function, so also to heal another person.

Relaxation Response (RR)

Relaxation Response is making muscles and organs slow down and increase blood flow to the

brain and is a psychophysiological state opposite to that of the stress or fight–flight response;

due to which blood pressure, digestive functioning, heart rate, and hormonal levels return to

normal levels.

Self-Enquiry and “I Am” Meditation (SEIAM)

Self-Enquiry means atma vichara, introduced & propagated by Indian sage Ramana Maharshi

(1879-1950), is to explore our true nature, to get the answer for Who am I question, which

develop the personal knowledge of our true self, our true being and self-awareness.

Sound Meditation (Nada Yoga) (SoM / NM)

This meditation is done by focusing on external sounds (calming ambient sound - para nada) all

attention on hearing only.

Spiritual Meditation (SpM)

Spiritual meditation is used in Eastern religions (Daoism, Christian faith and Hinduism) and

generally practiced at home or in a place of worship with essential oils to heighten the spiritual

experience, deeper connection with the Divine and to get spiritual growth and silence;

lovingkindness and compassion.



Sufi Meditation (SuM)

Sufism a spiritual practice (determined from the tradition of Yoga in India), is the Islamic esoteric

path within, where Sufis keeping goal to purify oneself and achieve mysticism with the Supreme

almighty (Allah).

Taoist Meditations (TaM)

Taoist meditation, consist: concentration, contemplation, insight, mindfulness and visualization;

attributing generation, transformation, and circulation of inner energy. It focuses on self-

awareness and self-actualization.

Third Eye Meditation (TEM)

It is focusing the attention on the ‘the third eye’ or ‘ajna chakra’, located between the

eyebrows. If the attention wanders constantly, redirect it to this point, as a means to quiet the

mind. By time the ‘silent gaps’ between thoughts get wider and deeper.

Transcendental-MeditationTM (TM)

Maharshi Mahesh Yogi introduced Transcendental Meditation a spiritual form of quiet

meditation based on Hindu traditions in 1950 in India and the Western world. Transcendental

Meditation is an exercise of relaxation that involves chanting a mantra given by an instructor or

therapist. It falls under psychotherapy.

Twin-Heart Meditation (THM)

Twin-Heart Meditation is a practice in which divine energy flows down to the meditator (as a

channel of this divine energy) filling him/her with divine light, love and power, by illuminating

twin Hearts (Crown chakra and Heart chakra). Some of the major chakras (Crown chakra, center

of the divine heart and Heart chakra, center of the emotional heart) are sufficiently activated as

entry points to achieve illumination or cosmic consciousness.

Vipassana Meditation (VM)

‘Vipassana’ is a Pali word meaning ‘insight’ or ‘clear seeing’, to see things as they really belong

to Theravada Buddhist practice. This meditation practice influences your existence to apply your

concentration with the intention of eventual transformation. Vipassana influences us to find



‘insight into the true nature of reality’, through deep thinking, consisting - impermanence,

suffering, unsatisfactoriness, non-self, and emptiness.

Yoga Meditation (YM)

Lord Krishna explained the process of eightfold-yoga system to control the mind and the senses

(Krsnaconsciousness – real and natural state of life) and to draw it away from the attachment to

sense objects; to control the mind to make it friendly to discharge human missions. It is meant

the several meditation types taught in the yoga tradition, from as far as 1700 B.C.

Zen Meditation (ZM)

In ancient Buddhist practice and Japanese terminology, Zazen means ‘seated Zen’, or ‘seated

meditation’.

Meditation Technique:

Sitting Posture:

Unlike ancient yogis, practitioners today, don’t have the mobility in their hips to meditate in

composite seated postures like Lotus Pose, should experiment with the three options below,

keeping in mind a position where hips should be higher than the knees to make it easier to keep

spine long and body relaxed and comfortable.

Cross-Legged:

Sukhasana (Easy Pose) is the most accessible meditation pose, sitting on the floor and crossing

shins to provide a broad base of support. More flexible the meditator is, might create a stable

base by sliding one heel on top of the opposite hip crease, so that meditator is sitting in Ardha

Padmasana (Half Lotus Pose).

Legs out in Front:

Those who have knee or hip pain, stretch your legs straight on the floor and sit with your back

against a wall. Keep a cushion or a few folded blankets underneath your buttocks to bring your

hips higher than your knees. Align your head, neck, and torso properly. Rest your hands in your

lap, palms facing up.

In a Chair:

Keep your feet firmly planted and your thighs parallel to the floor. Sit straight and drop your

shoulders to your ears. Position your head the crown toward the ceiling and rest your hands on

the thighs with the palms facing down.



Visualization:

While sitting for meditation, visualization influences the mind to focus on the image that bring

us into the present moment, and eyes inward, which leads meditation more effortless, relaxed

mind and deep breathing. Once meditator starts relaxing and able to call quality images, you get

positive and quality visualization that gives clear mind.

Period:

Ideal time is 20 to 30 minutes.

BENEFITS

Mental

Altered state of consciousness; boosts your mood; clearness of thoughts; concentration (think

deeply or carefully) with better focus on the present; controls extreme euphoria; counteract to

mind states such as anger (extremely angry), frustration, interpersonal conflict, and resentment;

deeper clarity; detoxes anger, distraction and fear; eliminates worries; enlightenment;

experiences ability to know and understand; free from worry; greater detachment; improves

visualization power of the mind.

Increased: attention; clarity of perception; coping skills; level of memory; pre-cognition;

enhances psychic abilities; self-awareness, generates creative intelligence. Makes the brain

quicker and sharper; for managers and executives - quicker thinking, ensures ability to make

decisions fast. Positive impacts on mental and physical health; promotes calmness and inner

peace. Reduces: anxiety, depression, painful mind states; removes physical effects. Relaxation

response works as effective treatment (counteracts) for psychological stress-related disorders

(post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and strain and harmful stress levels).

Physical

Brings greater autonomy; better immune systems and lower blood pressure; Chronic pain

management. Improves: physical health (energy and vitality, flexibility, health and longevity,

profound rest and relaxation, strength) and reduces fatigue and pain; strengthens nervous system.

Increases: ability (to study better and understand, to work), resilience, resistance power, self-

awareness and understanding; sufficient and quality sleep, withstands physical body tension.

Less concern over physical matters; bruises and wounds. Quicker healing of boils, relief from

palpitation of heart. Reduces blood pressure levels, over weight. And resting heart rate, relaxing

muscles and renewed energy.

Psychological Well-being



The emotional benefits of meditation include:

Attainment of liberation; boost in self-confidence or increased compassion for others; building

skills to manage stress; cultivates compassion and wisdom; develops deeper awareness, clarity

of perception, compassion, confidence, creative intelligence, higher willpower, heightened

mindfulness;

Disengages reflexive thought patterns and habitual/automatic responses. Emotional reactions

overcome dissatisfaction, impatience, intolerance. Emotional regulation helps to deal better the

signs of anxiety, stress; provides calm; capacity to observe mental and emotional processes, to

see actual reality of things; broadens conscious awareness trough opening up; help us to

understand how our mind works; conserves conscious self-control; makes awareness about being

ourselves; a valuable source of self-insight. Enhances the clarity and accuracy of perception, self-

understanding by observing & learning about the self and leads to self-improvement & enhanced

quality of life, sense of well-being. Exclusive concentration / focusing on the present and for

longer time on the task at hand without wandering mind. Facilitates and experiences mental and

physical transformation;

Flushes out of negative emotions and thoughts. Gives calm throughout the day and peace,

compassion, courage, happiness, higher state of being that can benefit both your emotional well-

being and your overall health, heightened charge of psychic energy, faith, hope, inner joy, love,

peace, sense of balance with body and mind, spiritual health, tolerance, wonder. Increase in;

Increase in: attention to and awareness of present experience, behaviours, clarity, efficiency of

well-learned, happiness, imagination and creativity, level of awareness, mental wellness,

patience, positive attitudes, positive emotions and tolerance, value in conserving conscious self-

control. Improved, mental condition eliminates your mental and physical symptoms. Intense

state of tranquillity and spiritual union with God. lessens impulses. Makes expressive decisions

that enhance person’s wellbeing. Manages stress and symptoms of certain medical conditions.

Mindful awareness practice (steady attention), builds mental integration to bring our wandering

attention back to focus, which is called focused attention training; more aware of the present

moment and paying attention that allows more of flow of thoughts. Person become more

harmoniously balanced (intelligent plus emotionally matured), feels positive change and

proliferates our awareness. Promotes feelings of compassion, and kindness; calmness and

relaxation; reduces chronic pain; relieves stress, improves quality sleep. Regulates thinking and

emotions. Restores positivity and rejuvenates our mind. Walking meditation gives physical



discipline, healthy relax; works on aches, pains that prevent you from sitting comfortably and

restlessness.

CORPORATE APPROACH ON MEDITATION

University

Universities like Harvard and Monash are training their students in mindfulness techniques, as

evidence builds to prove, it can increase memory, focus and calm.

Mindfulness practices present an opportunity to develop the ability to pay attention in a skilful,

non-judgmental way. This ability to respond rather than react makes mindfulness a very

attractive approach for workplaces.

Mindfulness prevents burnout and promotes job satisfaction & facilitates better performance. A

study with HR staff showed mindfulness training improves memory for tasks, increases

concentration and supports less switching between tasks.

Gillian Coutts, Australian director of The Potential Project, a leading supplier of mindfulness

training [23] “Mindfulness training techniques skillfully applied to the workplace have been

demonstrated to enhance focus, clarity, creativity, communication, teamwork and sense of well-

being.”

Pandit Dasa, a Meditation Teacher & Well-being expert[22] “It helps reduce employee stress and

create a more positive work environment”.

Mindfulness-Meditation – Popularity in Western World

Mindfulness training is getting popular in the western business world, especially in knowledge-

intensive organizations (KIOs) and many large corporations have been incorporating practicing

mindfulness into their culture. For example, companies such as Google, Facebook, Toyota, Ford,

Coca-Cola, Starbucks, AOL and eBay, Apple, Procter & Gamble, JP Morgan Chase & Co.,

General Mills Inc., Bank of America, insurance giant Aetna Inc. and Intel Corp., Harvard, HBO,

Nike, Goldman Sachs and Black-Rock, Mayo Clinic, offer mindfulness coaching, meditation

breaks and other resources to their employees, to help their workforces create a more positive

and harmonious work environment; to improve workplace functioning[13]. Mindfulness has

resulted in better employee well-being, lower levels of frustration, lower absenteeism and

burnout. High levels of mindfulness correlate with ethical decision-making and increase personal

awareness and emotional regulation. Consulting firm, McKinsey & Co, incorporates meditation

as a tool in leadership development programs.



Mindfulness practice is being employed to reduce anxiety, burnout, depression symptoms,

inhibiting impulses, stress, worry; and to improve attention regulation, better health,

communication, decision-making, focus, managing emotions, memory, mental effectiveness

more fulfilling relationships, self-awareness, teamwork and sense of well-being; let go of old

negative patterns; prevents drug addiction.

A study of HR staff showed mindfulness training increases concentration, memory for tasks,

facilitate better performance; supports less switching between tasks and promotes job

satisfaction.

At General Mills, USA, whose employees participated in a meditation, yoga and dialogue

program, found: 80% of employees reported a positive change in their decision-making; 89%

found increase in their listening capabilities.

Contribution of Meditation to Workplace

Organizational Benefits:

Organizational Innovativeness – (Ho, 2011) study of managerial staff, 412 nos. from 15

Taiwanese Technology companies: meditation led staff towards self-learning, building a

knowledge organization. Dane (2011) the mindfulness-meditation training increased manager’s

analysis capability, innovation, organizational collaboration, positive job performance, and

enriched

organizational creativity to organizational development.

Organizational Development:

Roche, Haar, & Luthans (2014), surveyed 697 managers from 1,865 sampled companies of New

Zealand, reported: meditation helped practitioners reduce burnout and stress, enhanced efficacy,

optimism and resilience; this psychological strength contributes to long-term organizational

development.

1) To understand the concept of Meditation.

2) To study the various types of Meditation practices.

3) To study the benefits of meditation on human body for physical health and mental health.

4) To study the benefits of meditation to organisations and their employees.

The information covered under nature and definition of meditation fulfils our first objective of

understanding concept of meditation; studying variants of meditation practices in detail fulfils

our second objective; benefits covered under mental, physical and psychological well-being

categories fulfils our third objective of studying physical health and mental health benefits and



corporate approach to meditation fulfils our fourth objective of studying the benefits of

meditation to organisations and their employees.

CONCLUSION

The review of above secondary data states that a regular practice of meditation, from whatever

form of meditation you choose, will give rise to an abundance of improved mental and physical

health benefits, and maintain the mental and physical fitness and well-being of the human being.

This means that meditation can develop our brains to improve our alertness, creativity, and

empathy. Individual can sense calmness and inner harmony. Meditation can help become more

mindful; more aware of thoughts, focused, and peaceful.

Meditation might build self-confidence in leaders. Mindfulness might work best in concomitance

with autonomy - the more mindful the senior level employee, the lower their employees’

emotional exhaustion and the higher their job satisfaction. Mindfulness-meditation can enhance

employee well-being.

Meditation can improve job accuracy, quality, speed, and work time, under heavy work-load.



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[21] Nakao, M. (2019). Heart Rate Variability and Perceived Stress as Measurements of

Relaxation

Response. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(10), 1704.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101704

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[22] Does Mindfulness Training Have Business Benefits? - SHRM

https://www.shrm.org/.../does-mindfulness-training-have-business-benefits.aspx

[23] How can HR promote mindfulness among employees?

https://www.hcamag.com/.../how-can-hr-promote-mindfulness-among- employees-

217223.aspx

[24] 23 Types of Meditation — Find The Best Meditation ...

https://liveanddare.com/types-of-meditation/

Mr. Kaustubh Kamalesh Bhandarkar (PhD. Research Scholar).

Indian Institute of Cost And Management Studies & Research, Pune

[Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune – 411007 (India)].



PH: +918600108420. EMAIL: [email protected]

&

Dr. (Mrs.) Charusheela Ramesh Birajdar (Research Guide)

Indian Institute of Cost And Management Studies & Research, Pune

[Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune – 411007 (India)].

PH: 09689893358, EMAIL: [email protected]

37) dr. (mrs.) charusheela ramesh birajdar rp meditation

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