3 cylinder engine final

8/11/2019 3 Cylinder Engine Final

1/16


2/16

3 CYLINDER REVOLUTION

(ar manufacturers are increasingly looking at )-cylinder engines in an

effort to boost economy and beat ever-more stringent emissions guidelines.

*ou+d be forgiven for associating )-cylinder engines with poverty-spec

superminis and city cars #think

(orsa .%, (itreon (' and

the tiny apanese ei cars.

/hat is set to change as

manufacturers respond to thedemand for greener cars,

partly because customers want

them #thanks to soaring fuel

prices' and partly because

they+re afraid of what the "0 will do if they don+t push down their average

emissions.

1olkswagen have announced plans to introduce a )-pot engine into the

2olf and upcoming 3olo range. Although details are scarce, development

chief 0lrich 4ackenberg has confirmed that a )-cylinder engine is under

development and that it has a 5great future6.

Meanwhile !ord have revealed that they are designing a range of )-

cylinder engines, named 5!o76, that will be aimed primarily at the "uropean

market. /he engines will be built at !ord+s (raiova plant in 8omania, with

production e7pected to reach 9%%,%%% units annually.


3/16

8umours are also circulating that BM: are set to introduce a new )-

cylinder engine into the and )-series. 3lans for a new ,)%;cc )-cylinder

turbocharged engine have emerged that will offer three levels of outout %lb?ft of tor@ue, $%bhp with =$lb?ft and $>bhp and

&$lb?ft.

If the BM: move is confirmed then at least it means we won+t all be forced

to drive little cars with asthmatic engines < =)bhp is a respectable figure

for a hot hatch. 4owever, while all of these plans may not yet mean the

death of big-capacity 1= and 1 engines, they are going to become an

increasingly rare site on our roads.
http://drivingspirit.com/http://drivingspirit.com/


4/16

FUNCTION & WORKING

/he three-cylinder engine

features an decisively

improved mass balance as

compared to the two-

cylinder. /here are only

three, each =% crank angle

long, empty strokes.

(onstruction e7penditure,

internal friction #fuel

consumption' and length are

lower and make the engine with rising cubic capacity interesting as a

substitute for four cylinderengines. /hough its crankshaft is shorter, it has

headers in three levels. /he two-stroke three-cylinder was compared earlier

to the si7-cylinder four-stroke engine because its power strokes overlap

similarly. /his is not valid of course for the mass balance. Designers of

motorcycles prefer the three-cylinder because of its compact design . It

can reach total displacements of more than $ litres.

!" it "!r#s

"very pistonhas its own crankshaftheader. /he pistons go through their

strokes at different times. /he ignition interval is $>%. /he three-cylinder

four-stroke engine works precisely like half a si7-cylinder engine. /he less

favourable mass balance is most often improved by an additional e@ualiCer

shaft. %;?%.
http://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/zweizylinder-reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/zweizylinder-reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/vierzylinder-reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/Dreizylinder-Reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/Dreizylinder-Reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/kolben.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/kurbelwelle.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/zweizylinder-reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/zweizylinder-reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/zweizylinder-reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/vierzylinder-reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/Dreizylinder-Reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/Dreizylinder-Reihenmotor.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/kolben.htmhttp://www.kfz-tech.de/Engl/kurbelwelle.htm


5/16

$DV$NT$GE% & DI%$DV$NT$GE%

$DV$NT$GE%

Fel E''i(ien()

/he basic advantage of a three-cylinder engine over a four-cylinder is that it

is inherently more fuel efficient #as there+s one cylinder less of volume of

fuel to burn'. /he smaller the engine siCe the less fuel it will burn and hence

it is more fuel efficient. f course, if a four-cylinder and a three-cylinder

engine have the same capacity #for e7ample %%% cc', then theoreticallythey should use the same amount of fuel. But still the three cylinder will be

more fuel efficient. 4ere+s why.

L!"er 'ri(ti!nal l!sses

ince there is one cylinder less in a three-cylinder engine vs a four-cylinder

engine, there is a lower surface area of metal-to-metal contact #pistons

moving inside the cylinder' compared to a four-cylinder engine and fewer

Eoints #piston to crankshaft'. /his makes for better mechanical advantage

as less fuel is wasted in overcoming friction.

Lighter "eight

/he obvious advantage of having a cylinder less is that there is

considerable weight saving in the engine. /his gives carmakers a lighter

engine, which translates to lower kerb weight for the car and hence

marginally better fuel efficiency too.


6/16

C!*pa(t si+e

Another advantage of having fewer cylinders is that it allows carmakers to

account for tighter packaging in the car. /he engine won+t take up too much

space in the engine bay, allowing carmakers to design cars that have

ma7imum cabin space and minimum space for the engine.

C!st sa,ing

:ith the rising cost of raw materials #steel and aluminium', it is cheaper for

a carmaker to build a three-cylinder engine than a four-cylinder one. /his

will also translate to some cost savings for you the buyer as well, if the

carmaker chooses to pass on the advantage.

4owever, there are some inherent disadvantages of a three-cylinder engine

over a four-cylinder.

DI%$DV$NT$GE%

N!t re'ine

A four-cylinder engine would be much smoother sounding than a three

cylinder engine. /hat+s because a normal internal combustion engine is a

four stroke cycle < intake, compression, combustion and e7haust #suck,

s@ueeCe, bang, blow'. o at any point in time in a four-cylinder engine,

there is one cylinder that is always on the power stroke #combustion' in the

cycle. In a three-cylinder engine there is a difference in the way the pistons

are arranged on the crankshaft, which leads to a delay of half a cycle

between power strokes. In a three-cylinder engine a power stroke happens

after every $% degree rotation of the crankshaft, while in a four-cylinder


7/16

engine it happens with every &% degree rotation of the crankshaft #for one

full )=% degree rotation of the flywheel'. /his shows up as a slight gap in

the firing time, and hence a rougher engine note.

Nees *!re re,,ing

During the time that no power stroke or firing is taking place in the engine,

the engine is moving only on momentum generated by the flywheel

connected to the crankshaft. At low speeds, this can lead to more vibrations

and if not enough throttle input is given, it can also stall. But at higher

revolutions per minute #83M', there is much better balance in the engineand it is much smoother. /he flywheel gains better momentum. !or better

power, a three-cylinder will need to be revved to higher rpms than a four-

cylinder of e@ual capacity.

In terms of power capacity, three cylinder engines these days can be made

to generate as much or more power than an e@uivalent four cylinder

engine, using other associated technologies. !or instance, adding four

valves per cylinder #two intake valves, and two e7haust valves', will allow

an engine to breathe better and therefore respond faster. imilarly,

turbocharging an engine, will allow for higher compression and more power

generation from the engine.


8/16


9/16

C!*pressi!n rati!- /he ratio of an engineGs combustion chamber

volume at its largest to the volume at its smallest. It defines how

much compression takes place within the chamber. A high

compression ratio results in better fuel-air mi7ing and ignition, which

leads to increased power and better overall engine efficiency.

4owever, higher compression ratios make engines more susceptible

to knocking with lower octane fuels, which can reduce efficiency or

cause damage.


10/16

FE$TURE% OF 3 CYLINDER ENGINE

Fets evaluate two important performance aspects for three cylinder

engines

a. 3ulling 3ower

b. !uel "fficiency

.lling .!"er/

2enerally people have an impression that a three cylinder engines are

underpowered than four cylinder engines, especially when using A(. /he

feeling comes from e7perience in using certain vehicles with %%cc three

port engines. %%cc engines are underpowered while using an Air-

condition, not only because of the number of cylinders, but because of the

displacement capacity. But a bigger three port engine is capable of

delivering the same power as a four cylinder one. But the real difference is

this

A four cylinder deliver the power during all the four strokes in an

engine cycle

A three cylinder engine deliver the same power in a different way.

In three cylinder four stroke engines, one engine cycle consists of two

rotations i.e. while power is delivered from all the cylinders, the crank shaft

rotate two times #9$% degrees'. /he timing between the combustion phases

of all the three cylinders is $>% degrees. But the combustion phase lasts

only for a rotation of % degrees only. o for the time period of rotating

remaining =% degrees, power is not delivered by any of the cylinders and

during that period the engine is driven purely by the on inertia of motion.


11/16

$>% degrees J % degree combustion K =% degree idle

o in every engine cycle, the power output is Cero for % degree of turning

Lote !or ease of representation and understanding, a 9$% degree cycle is

shown in a single cycle in the illustration. 3lease note the actual shape of

the curve may vary from what is given I the diagrams.


12/16

U%E% OF 3 CYLINDER ENGINE

$t!*!0ile se


13/16

/he smallest inline-three, four-stroke

automobile engine was the ;>) cubic

centimetres #)). cu in' uCuki F5A,

which was first used in the &9&

uCuki Alto?!ronte. mart currently

produces a diminutive 9&& cubic

centimetres #>. cu in' inline-three

diesel engine, the smallest automotive diesel engine yet. Most inline-three

engines fall below .$ litres, with a ,& cubic centimetres #9). cu in'

1olkswagen 2roup unit seen as the largest petrol engine. A ,99& cubic

centimetres #%.= cu in' diesel engine was produced by 1M Motorito the

&> Alfa 8omeo )) 1.8 TD, the largest inline-three produced for

automotive use.

1!t!r()(le se

!or motorcycles, the inline three-cylinder engine is considered

advantageous as it is narrower

than an inline-four and

produces less vibration than a

twincylinder vehicle.

F!r-str!#e

!our-strokestraight-three motorcycle engines have been produced for both

road and racing purposes by Aprilia, Faverda, /riumph, *amaha, BM:,

Benelli, 3etronas, M1 Agustaand BA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Altohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Frontehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_Motorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_33_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel-twinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apriliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Motorcycles_Ltdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Motorradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelli_(motorcycles)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agustahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automotive_superlativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Altohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Frontehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_Motorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_33_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel-twinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-strokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apriliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Motorcycles_Ltdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Motorradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelli_(motorcycles)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Agustahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company


14/16

/he /riumph 8ocket III, has a $,$&> cc #>%.% cu in' straight-three engine

and the company has produced a number of other transversely mounted

straight-three engines, such as the water-cooled Daytona &;;i, which was

also the companyGs first fuel inEected machine and ,%;% cc peed /riple.

T"!-str!#e

Between &9$ and &99, uCuki made three two-stroke straight-three

production runs the air-cooled 2/)% and 2/;;%, and the water-cooled

2/9;% and /89;% racer based on it.

!ollowing a comparative study at saka 0niversityGs !aculty of

"ngineering, between in-line and F-shaped motors, awasaki Motors

decided to develop a range of high performance, two stroke straight-three

engines. Between &=& and &9, the company produced air-cooled inline,

tripleengines with capacities of $;% cc, );% cc, >%% cc, ;%% cc, and 9;% cc,

and the 4-8 ;%%cc and 4$-8 or 89;% 9;% cc racing models in both air-

cooled and water-cooled forms.

N!n-at!*!ti,e se

Inline three-cylinder engines are not limited to propelling motor vehicles.

/he may also be used in general industrial applications. An e7ample is the

!airbanks-Morse)$"> slow-speed diesel engine which is shown coupled

to a water pump.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Rocket_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_triplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks-Morsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Rocket_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_triplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks-Morse


15/16

$gri(ltral se

Inline ) engines are very common in diesel engined tractors, as well as

other agricultural machinery. Learly all

manufacturers of diesel tractors have or

have had models with three-cylinder

engines on their program. /he perhaps

best known e7ample of any kind of three-

cylinder diesel engine is the 3erkins

AD).;$ that were used in Massey

!erguson); tractors, as well as in !ordson

De7ta and several other tractors. /his

engine was also used for marine and stationary applications. ther

e7amples of manufacturers include Luffield#BM(', Bolinder-Munktell?1olvo

BM, International 4arvester, ohn Deere, DeutC-!ahr, !ord and many

others.

$,iati!n se

/he 4ewland A"9; is a 9;% cc

lightweight two-stroke inverted three-

cylinder li@uid-cooledaircraft engine that

produced 9; bhp #;= k:', manufactured

in the mid-&%s by 4ewland.

CONCLU%ION

ther than this theoretical view, in a real life scenario, the performance,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Universalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolinder-Munktellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolinder-Munktellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutz-Fahrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewland_AE75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Universalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolinder-Munktellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolinder-Munktellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Harvesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutz-Fahrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewland_AE75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewland


16/16

comfort and fuel efficiency of a car depends on many other factors starting

from the aerodynamics to the passenger weight. /here is no generaliCation

that all three cylinder ones are fuel efficient and all four cylinder ones are

better to drive. It depends on many other factors like the manufacturer,

engine refinement, @uality components, performance of the subsystems

etc.

!inally, it+s a personal choice to go with a car with three cylinder or four

cylinder. If somebody values more fuel economy, better operating e7pense

and generally drives in fast lanes its better to have a three cylinder engine.

At the same time if somebody is buying the car mainly for city driving,

driving comfort and use A( most of the time, it+s better to have a three

cylinder one.

3 cylinder engine final

Documents