2a

Norman Ludwin

q  It is divided in to groups or sections, not just one player per part

q  It is based on bowed string instruments of the violin family

q  The instrumentation is standardized q  It includes one or more bowed bass instrument

sounding in the 16th-foot (double bass) range q  It has distinct organizational identities q  It performs as an unified ensemble under

centralized control and discipline

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¤ Musicians were hidden behind curtains ¤ Numbers of players were optional ¤ Music written as SATB

n  Similar to vocal music

¤ No indications of what instruments are to be used n  Even up to 1740, Leopold Mozart wrote that “if the alto trombone player is

inadequate, a violinist should be asked to perform the trombone part on the violins.”

¤ Giovanni Gabrielli 1558-1613

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¤ Music was performed in temporary structures ¤ Used small numbers of players (8-10) ¤ Mostly for royal audiences ¤  Largely strings and keyboards, with the occasional oboes

or flutes added ¤  Trumpets and timpani would be added for special

occasions ¤ Arcangelo Corelli 1653-1719

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¨  1637 first public opera ¨  Still no actual “orchestral music” in 17th century,

(meaning still one player on a part) ¨  J.S. Bach 1685-1750 One of the world’s

greatest composers ¨  Antonio Vivaldi 1678-1741 wrote Four Seasons;

¤ Not only men were musicians; Vivaldi conducted a famous all girl ensemble in Venice, Italy

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¨  The birth of the orchestra as we know it begins ¨  Effects like string tremolos, crescendos and

diminuendos are beginning to be being utilized ¨  Orchestras now have uniforms, budgets, and

concert halls ¨  They are on stage ¨  They have stabilized as a distinct entity opposed to

a large chamber group ¨  Concerts are beginning to be middle class events

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¨  Three main sections of the orchestra: ¤  Strings

n  6,6,4,4,2 n  First violins, second violins, violas, cellos and basses

¤ Woodwinds and Brass n  2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 clarinets

¤  2 horns, 2 trumpets, and timpani n  Timpani was classed with trumpets

¤ No percussion section, but operas had harps, snare drum, bass drum, triangle and cymbals

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¨  Joseph Haydn 1732-1809 Inspired Mozart and taught Beethoven, known as Papa Haydn ¤  104 symphonies (Symphony No.45 *), “Father” of the string

quartet, concertos, sonatas, ¨  W. A. Mozart 1765-1791 One of the great geniuses of

music ¤  41 Symphonies (Symphony No. 40*), string quartets,

concertos, operas, ¨  Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827 Revolutionary in music

¤ Nine symphonies (Symphony No, 5*), concertos, string quartets, choral works

*In the analyzed scores section

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¨  Johannes Brahms 1883-1897 Traditionalist and innovator ¤  4 Symphonies, concertos, String quartets

¨  Rimsky-Korsakov 1844-1908 Star orchestrator and composer ¤  Scheherazade (1888)*

¨  Richard Wagner 1813-1883 Opera composer notated for rich chromaticism, counterpoint, and harmonies ¤  Siegfried Idyll (1869)*, Ring Cycle (1876), Parsifal (1882)

¨  Hector Berlioz 1803-1869 assembled huge orchestras; doubled winds and added more strings u  Symphonie Fantastique (1830) * * In the analyzed scores section

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¨  New woodwind instruments added included: piccolo, English horn, bass clarinet, contra bassoon; each of these added extended the range of the woodwinds

¨  Brass instruments added were trombone and tuba ¨  Harp ¨  More percussion instruments become regular

members

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Late Romantic Era

¨  GUSTAV MAHLER 1860-1911 FIFTH SYMPHONY (1901)* ¨  MAURICE RAVEL 1875-1937 RAPSODIE ESPAGNOLE (1907)* ¨  CLAUDE DEBUSSY 1862-1918 AFTERNOON OF A FAUN*

¨  SERGE PROKOFIEV 1891-1953 ROMEO AND JULIET ¨  ARNOLD SCHOENBERG 1874-1951 PELLEAS AND MELISANDE

¨  IGOR STRAVINSKY 1882-1971 PETROUSHKA* (1910) ¨  LARGE ORCHESTRA AS WE KNOW IT TODAY

¤  STRINGS: 18,16,14,12,10 ¤  WINDS: 4 FLUTES, 4 OBOES, 4 CLARINETS, 3 BASSOONS, 8 HORNS, 4 TRUMPETS, 4

TROMBONES, 2 TUBAS, 2 HARPS, PIANO AND PERCUSSION (WITH THE ADDITION OF THE ELECTRIC BASS AND GUITAR WE REACH THE SIZE OF THE ORCHESTRA FOR “MISSION IMPOSSIBLE 3”)

* In the analyzed scores section

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20th and 21st Century

q  Benjamin Britten 1913-76 British composer q  Young Persons Guide to the Orchestra (1941) , Serenade for Tenor, Horn, and

Strings (1943), Billy Budd (1951)

q  Aaron Copland 1900-1990 forged American style of composition q  Piano Variations (1930), Billy the Kid (1938), Appalachian Spring (1944)

q  Jerry Goldsmith 1924-2004 One of the greatest film composer q  Patton (1970), Omen (1976) Alien (1979)

q  Leonard Bernstein Composer, conductor and educator of the highest order q  West Side Story (1957), Serenade for solo violin (1954), Symphony No. 3

(1977)

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20th and 21st Century

q  John Adams 1947 American Pulitzer Prize winning composer with strong minimalist roots q  Nixon in China (1985-87), Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986)

q  Aaron Jay Kernis 1960 Pulitzer prize winner. Instrumental color is excellent and mixes social, literary and musical influences q  New Era Dance (1998)

q  John Williams 1932 Premiere film composer

q  Jaws (1975) , Star Wars (1977) , Schindler’s List (1993)

q  Steve Reich 1936 Tape manipulation later added African drumming influences, phase shifting, Jewish heritage q  Different Trains (1988), Double Sextet (2007) Pulitzer prize

q  Michael Giacchino 1967 Rising star film composer q  MI3 (2007), Incredibles (2006), Ratatouille (2008), Up (2009), Star Trek

(2009) Super-8 (2010)

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