2/6/20141 the reformation. 2/6/20142 the christian church itself was created by reform
TRANSCRIPT
04/10/23 1
The Reformation
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The Christian Church Itself Was Created by Reform
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St Paul’s new covenant
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St Augustine’s Neo-Platonism
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St Aquinas’s Scholasticism
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Marsiglio, Wyclif and Huss
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Signs of Disorder
At the local level- vulgarized and semi pagan, but still spiritual
Reforms needed: Clerical immorality Clerical ignorance Pluralism
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The Condition of the Church
The Babylonian Captivity
The Great Schism
The Councilor Movement
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Woolsey in England
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Borgia Family in Rome
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Signs of Vitality
Brethren of the Common life
Pilgrimages
Ecumenical Councils
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Pope needs money to complete a special project.
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Martin Luther
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Early Years
Studied Law Masters Degree at 21 Thunderstorm – Friar
At 26 –PHD in Theology
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Luther and Paul
Through Paul Luther determines
Salvation cannot be earned
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Luther’s need to reform
Through Paul Luther determines: Salvation cannot be earned
Salvation is determined by faith ALONE!
Salvation comes as a gift from the grace of God.
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Indulgences John Tetzel is given permission to collect money
to grant sinners forgiveness
“As soon as coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”
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Ninety Five Thesis:Leo X allows pluralism in Mainz
Albert borrowed a vast amount from the Fuggars
Pope Allows him to collect indulgencies
Pope gets half for St. Petes
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Luther defends Hus
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1517 Luther posts his theses
Indulgencies have no Biblical basis.
The debate turns on the legal authority of the Pope.
If not the pope then who has legal authority
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Luther receives a Papal Bull
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The Diet of Worms (1521) Germans begin to call for a revolt
Charles V summons Luther
Luther refuses to recant
Luther is declared an outlaw
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Charles V – The protector of the faith
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Luther before the Diet
“ I am bound by the scriptures”
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Frederick of Saxony
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All vocations have equal merit
1. Abolition on monasticism
2. The Christian home
3. No confessionals
4. Protestant school
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No one is as free as a Christian Stirs a series of peasant revolts
Luther rejects and condemns revolts. ( God hates a rebel )
100,000 peasants are killed
Luther and the power of Language The Catechisms Sermons and Psalms Music-
Excellent teaching device Appeals to most segments in
society on an emotional level
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Luther :The greatest German ever to live… perhaps the greatest of all Europeans.
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Four theological issues
1. How is a person saved?
2. Where does religious authority reside?
3. What is the church? 4. What is the highest form of
Christian life?
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A person may be saved by faith alone
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Authority rests in the word of God as revealed in the Bible
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The Church is the entire Christian community
The SacramentsCatholic
Baptism
Eucharist – Communion
Confirmation
Penance- Confession
Marriage
Holy Orders
Anointing the sick
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Transubstanation
Wine and bread become the blood and body of Christ
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Consubstianation
The spirit is present but the wine and bread remain unchanged
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All vocations have value as every person should serve God according to his or her calling.
Link capitalism. Which makes the Reformation – in the mind of many intellectuals “ the greatest event in modern history”
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Social Impact of the Reformation
1. Resentment of clerical privileges
2. Preacherships - Sermons over Eucharist
3. On Christian Liberty 4. Publishing in the vernacular
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Social Impact of Luther’s Beliefs
1. Reduce the privileges of the clergy
2. Preacherships – became leaders – sermons not the Eucharist.
3. Peasant unrest – “On Christian Liberty.”
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Protestantism and Women
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The Christian Home
1 Abolition of monasticism
2 All vocations are worthy
3 abolition of private confession
4 Sexuality is as natural as eating or drinking
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Germany and Protestantism
1 No central power
2 Loose confederation of states
3 The rise of the Habsburgs
4 Burgundy and Austria – other nations wage war Habsburgs marry
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Charles V (1500 –58)
1 Duty to maintain political and religious unity of Western Christendom
2 German interests were subordinate to Habsburg interests
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Political impact of Luther’s beliefs
1 Different religions represented a political threat
2 Local Princess began “legal confiscation” of Roman Catholic property
3 Proved to be a political disaster for Germany
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Germany Divided
Turkish Threat
Divided Germany
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American Territories
Habsburg Valois Wars
Peace of Augsburg –1555 left a fragmented Germany
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The Growth of Protestantism
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Calvin Theocracy in Geneva Switzerland
The Church is the state
Predestination
Redemptive work of Jesus
Hard work is its own reward
The Consistory
“The Institutes of the Christian Religion”
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The Anabaptists
Only adults could make a free choice
Only a few received the inner light
Religious toleration
Women as ministers
By their fruits you shall know them
Pacifists
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The English Reformation
The Lollards – Individual interpretation- they were few
Sacraments were of no value
04/10/23 52
Henry VIII
The Catholic Church was healthy in England
The Kings emotional life – brought about the English Reformation
Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived
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Henry removes the Catholic Church
1. The Act of Restraint of Appeals – 1533
2. The Act of Submission of the Clergy – 1534
3. The Supremacy Act – The King is the head of the Church
4. By 1539 Henry with the help of Thomas Cromwell dissolves all the English
monasteries
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Opposition to the King
Little evidence from the lay people because few knew what was happening
The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 – Multi class rebellion in the north of England- all the leaders were executed by 1546
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Internal Reforms in England
Cromwell centralized govt.
New departments of state were created The Office of the Exchequer
Surpluses were liquid and applied to deficits to balance the budget
Growth of the modern bureaucratic state
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The Church in Scotland
Weak political authority
James V (I) Mary Queen of Scots Catholics: Stuarts -France
John Knox – Reformer – Studied Calvin – Presbyterian becomes state religion… Much like the Puritans: Book of Common Prayer
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The protest becomes political
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Protestanism in Ireland
English wanted to exterminate the Irish … but it cost too much
The Church of Ireland was patterned after the The Church of England
Many Irish remained Roman Catholic
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Lutheranism in Scandinavia
Denmark was ruling the area
These areas become Lutheran
1520 Sweden breaks away
Norway will not be independent until 1814
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The Catholic Reformation and the Counter Reformation
1517 – Catholic Reformation – Promote Catholicism
1540 Counter Reformation – Coerce dissidents or heretics to return to the church
They were not mutually exclusive
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Slowness of institutional Reform
The preoccupation of the Popes with Italian politics
Popes fear of conciliar power
More interested in obtaining and sponsoring art: Clement VII
Hapsburg – Valois conflicts
1527 – The Protestant sack of Rome
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The Council of Trent 1545 -63 Reconcile with Protestants
The argument over the scripture made reconciliation impossible
The Conciliar movement again Sacraments remain
Educational requirements for priests
Jurisdiction over marriage
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Reaffirmed Catholic DoctrineRejected Lutheran and Calvinist positionsLaid the foundation for spiritual renewal Served as the foundation for Catholic doctrine for four centuries
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Jesuits - Ignatius Loyola
Set up Church schools Recruited from Schools Missionary Zeal
The best of the church go on missions
Converts millions to Christianity India Asia The Americas
Teresa of Avila
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A reaction to raise the spiritual condition of the clergy and the laityThe Ursuline Order
Religious order for womenVery popularRaised the intellectual and moral level or the clergy and the people
I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it...
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The Ecstasy of St Teresa - Bernini
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The Congregation of the Holy office
Find heretics
The index of Prohibited Books Weak enforcement outside of
Papal States
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Introduction
State the purpose of the discussion Identify yourself
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Topics of Discussion
State the main ideas you’ll be talking about
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Topic One
Details about this topic Supporting information and
examples How it relates to your audience
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Topic Two
Details about this topic Supporting information and
examples How it relates to your audience
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Topic Three
Details about this topic Supporting information and
examples How it relates to your audience
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Real Life
Give an example or real life anecdote
Sympathize with the audience’s situation if appropriate
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What This Means
Add a strong statement that summarizes how you feel or think about this topic
Summarize key points you want your audience to remember
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Next Steps
Summarize any actions required of your audience
Summarize any follow up action items required of you