213 practice - vyuka-data.lf3.cuni.czvyuka-data.lf3.cuni.cz/cvse1m0001/213 endocrine glands and...
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Endocrine glands and liver213 Practice
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Endocrine glands – cells producing signal molecules
• Arrangement:
• discrete organs – (thyroid gland) • clusters of cells (gonads, pancreas)• singly distributed cells: DNES in GIT
• endocrine tissue, endocrine glands = epithelial tissue (glandular form)
• fenestrated capillaries
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Hormones– chemical structure – 4 classes. Corresponding cell morphology
● Small peptides, proteins, glycoproteinyhypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid gland, parathyroid
gland, pancreas, DNES● Amino acid derivates or analogues
hypothalamus (dopamin), medulla of adrenal gland, DNES (serotonin)
● Steroids: ovaries, testes, cortex of adrenal gland● T3/T4 (thyroxine) - thyroid gland
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DNES(diffuse neuroendocrinne system)
• Regulation of GIT secretion, motility and water and electrolyte metabolism (gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P, ghrelin)
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Neuroendocrine cells in smal intestine
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Thyroid gland
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Thyroid gland
• Follicles - content of colloid (thyroglobulin) – structural unit of the thyroid gland
• Cubic cells -follicular – thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodotyrosine (T3)
• Function: T3/T4 stimulates the oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria ( resorption in gut, lipid metabolism, growth of the body, development of CNS
• Parafollicular cells– calcitonin –decrease of Ca level in blood –storage into bone and release into urine.
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Follicular and parafollicular cells (C)
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Secretion of thyroxine
• Thyroglobulin synthesis (RER, Gc)• Absorption of iodide from blood – active
transport• Iodide activation and its bound to AA tyrosine
on thyroglobulin (within colloide)• Thyroglobulin resorption and its break-up
within lysosomes. Release of T3 and T4
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Thyroid gland
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Suprarenal glands
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Suprarenal gland
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Suprarenal gland
• Medulla:
• Epinephrin (80%)• Norepinephrin (20%)
• Reaction to stress – Increase of blood pressure, frequency of heart
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Cells of cortex
• SER• Lipids droplets• Mito with tubular cristae• No secretory granules• Function – transcriptional
factors – receptor in cytoplasma – transported into the nucleus
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Suprarenal gland - medulla
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Pancreas
• Exocrine gland (serous) with endocrine gland (islets of Langerhans)
• Difference from parotid gland: no striated ducts, intercalated ducts are longer, presence of intraacinar cells
• Presence of islets of Langerhans
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Pancreas
• Exocrine gland – acinar– enzymes for digestion
• Endocrine gland – islets of Langerhans – cords of cells- controls of glucose level in blood and function of GIT
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Pankreas
● A-cells – glucagon● B-cells – insulin● D-cells –
somatostatin● F-cells –
pancreatic polypeptide
● D-cells – somatostatin
F-cells – pancreatic polypeptideB-cells – insulinD-cells – somatostatinF-cells – pancreatic polypeptide
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Islet of Langerhans - insulin
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Islet of Langerhans – B cell
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Islet of Langerhans - glucagon
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Islet of Langerhans - somatostatin
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Liver
Hepatic lobule - polygonal mass of hepatocytes, separated by connective tissue. Central vein in the centre of lobule Portal lobule – portal
trias in the centre(bile duct, vein, and artery)
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Hepatic acinus: Heterogenity in the
enzyme content It depends on
oxygen saturation and concentration of nutriens in the blood
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Structure
Plates formed from hepatocytes – radial disposition – spongy-like structure
Limiting plate – on the lobular periphery Hepatic sinusoids – discontinuous capillaries Kupffer cells (phagocytes)
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Hepatocytes
Vascular space (baso-lateral) – brush border, space of Disse between hepatocyte and endothelial cell
Bile canaliculus – apical surface – microvilli and tight junctions – between two hepatocytes – prevent the return of bile back to blood
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Hepatocyte function
Proteosynthesis – blood proteins (except for immunoglobulins): RER, GA
Metabolism of glucose: Glycogen (SER) Metabolism of lipids: SER and RER, GA Metabolism of xenobiotics: SER (microsomal
fraction) - cytochrome P450, peroxisomes (peroxidase)
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Bile ducts
Bile canaliculus Bile ductiles (Hering´s) bile ducts – simple cuboidal
epithelium Interlobular bile ducts and wider – simple columnar
epithelium
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Liver• Hepatocytes - histochemical
demonstration of ceruloplasmin • Hepatocytes: PAS
reaction - glycogen