2011 what's new at cmg event in perth - unconventional gas modelling
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Unconventional Gas Modelling
using CMGsReservoir Simulation Technology
Jim Erdle VP/USA & LA Houston
Perth - December 6, 2011
Incorpo rates slides from Matt Mavors 2004 CMG Technical Symposium Presentatio n
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Unconventional Gas Resources
Tight Gas
CBM
Natural Gas Hydrates
Shale Gas
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GEM Uses
Secondary RecoveryMiscib le gas inject ion (CO2, N2, Sour Gas)Gas condensate produc tion wi th cyclingGOGD using in n aturally fractured reservoirsVAPEX heavy oil recovery (isothermal and th ermal)
CBM & Shale Gas ProductionMulti-component desorption/adsorption, diffusion & coal swelling/shrinkage
CO2 & Acid Gas Sequestration
Oil reservoirs, Saline aquifers & Coal bedsGeochemical reactions
Asphaltene modell ing during pr imary and secondary recoveryPrecipitation, Floccul ation, Depositi on & Pluggin g
Naturally Fractured ReservoirsDual Porosi ty (DP), Dual Permeabil ity (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK
Hydraulically fractured wells with non-Darcy flow & CompactionSingle Plane Fracs (Vertical & Horizontal Wells)
Complex Fracture Networks (Shale Gas Wells)
Coupled Surface FacilitiesGAP & FORGAS
Coupled GeomechanicsGEOMECH
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GEM Uses
Secondary RecoveryMiscib le gas inject ion (CO2, N2, Sour Gas)Gas condensate produc tion wi th cyclingGOGD using in n aturally fractured reservoirsVAPEX heavy oil recovery (isothermal and th ermal)
CBM & Shale Gas ProductionMulti-component desorption/adsorption, diffusion & coal swelling/shrinkage
CO2 & Acid Gas Sequestration
Oil reservoirs, Saline aquifers & Coal bedsGeochemical reactions
Asphaltene modell ing during pr imary and secondary recoveryPrecipitation, Floccul ation, Depositi on & Pluggin g
Naturally Fractured ReservoirsDual Porosi ty (DP), Dual Permeabil ity (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK
Hydraulically fractured wells with non-Darcy flow & CompactionSingle Plane Fracs (Vertical & Horizontal Wells)
Complex Fracture Networks (Shale Gas Wells)
Coupled Surface FacilitiesGAP & FORGAS
Coupled GeomechanicsGEOMECH
Shale Gas
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Carbonaceous Shale
A dark-gray or black shale
with significant carbon in theform of small disseminatedparticles or flakes; it i scommonly associated withcoal seams.
(Bates & Jackson: Glossary of Geology , 1980)
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Shale Gas Flow Schematic
Micro-Porosity
Macro-Porosity
Wellbore
Fracture Porosity
InducedFracture
Sorption Diffusion Darcy Flow PipeFlow
Darcy Flow & Non Darcy &
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Barnett Horz vs Vert Well Productivity
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Horz Well BHFP HM with GEM
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Old Way of Modelling Horizontal Shale Gas Wells
Cartesian LGR to represent Frac corridors
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Fracture Geometry Scenarios
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CMGs LS-LR-DK Tartan Gridfor
Modelling Complex fracture networks
New Way of Modelling Horizontal Shale Gas Wells
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CMGs LS-LR-DK Tartan Grid
LS-LR matrix gridblocks used to explici tly represent main proppedfracture network in the SRVs
LS-LR-DK gridblocks used to account for different natural f racturespacings/intensit ies in the SVR using standard DK fracture elementscaling
Unrefined DK gridblocks used outs ide of SVR to represent unpropped (orclosed) natural fractures
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Validation of LS-LR-DK Grid Concept
Multimillon cell Vertical & Horizontal well singleporosity reference modelsComplex Fracture Networks modelled Explic itly
Coarsened models evaluated
Dual Permeability (DK) and MINC without refinementLogarithmically-Spaced Locally-Refined grids inSRVs plus Dual Permeabili ty (LS-LR-DK)Non-Darcy flow Forchheimer number permeabili ty
correctionExtensions of LS-LR-DK approach tested
Model multi-stage horizontal well re-stimulationModel stress dependent fracture permeabil ity
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Re-stimulation of Horizontal Well
Green - 0.0001 md Shale
Yellow 0.001 md-ft Frac tur e ConduitOrange - 2.00 md-ft Fracture Conduit
Red - 20 md-ft Propped Fracture Conduit
Black - Horizontal Well Path
Initially Three Stages Stimulated After Two Years
Four More Stages Stimulated
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Stress-Dependent Fracture Permeability
Unpropped Fracture
Compaction Table
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Pressur e (psi)
C o n d u c
t i v
i t y
M u
l t i p l i e r
Propped FractureCompaction Table
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Pressur e (psi)
C o n
d u c
t i v i t y
M u
l t i p l i e r
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Complex Fracture Network Creation
2010 BUILDER WizardCan create SRV frommicroseismic data or fromuser selection
Creates LS-LR-DK gridwithin SVR
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Shale Gas Modelling WorkflowDemo
from Microseismic to Simulation
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Importing Microseismic Data into BUILDER
Microseismic events can be viewed in 2D and 3D
Each stage shown in a different color
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Importing Microseismic Data into BUILDER
Ability to c reate SRV using the MS data in an existing geomodel
Else, grid can be created automatically around the MS events:User is able to rotate and resize grid areaEasy to align gr id along w ells and fractures
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Defining SRVs by Frac Stage in BUILDER
Stimulated Reservoir Volumes(SRV) can be added by Frac Stagethrough hydraulic fracture wizard
LS-LR Grid automatically createdand fracture properties defined
Noise can be filtered frommicroseismic data by addingconditions when creating SRV
Connect disconnected blocks sothere is a path to well from eachstimulated blockNumber of EventsMagnitudeConfidence
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3D Stimulated Reservoir Volume
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Pressure Profile in SRV
Fracture width & property pseudoization gives accurateresults with reasonable run times by using fewer gridblocks
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Pressure Transients around The HFs
Logarithmic spaced grids around the fracturescaptures the pressure transients around the HFs
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Base Case Results
Initial model with assumed values doesnot match historical production data
Too much gas produced
Not enough water produced
Water Production
Cumulative Water SC - SimulationCumulative Water SC - ProductionHistoryWater Rate SC - SimulationWater Rate SC - ProductionHistory
Time (Date)
C u m u
l a t i v e
W a t e r
S C
( m 3 )
W a t e r
R a t e
S C -
D a i
l y ( m
3 / d a y
)
2009-4 2009-7 2009-10 2010-10
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Gas Production
CumulativeGasSC- SimulationCumulativeGasSC- Production HistoryGasRateSC - SimulationGasRateSC - Production History
Time (Date)
C u m u
l a t i v e
G a s
S C ( m 3 )
G a s
R a
t e S C -
D a
i l y
( m 3 / d a y
)
2 00 9- 4 2 00 9- 7 2 00 9- 10 20 10- 10.00e+0
2.00e+7
4.00e+7
6.00e+7
8.00e+7
1.00e+8
0.00e+0
2.00e+5
4.00e+5
6.00e+5
8.00e+5
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Sensitivity Analysis using CMOST
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History Match Error Reduction
Objective Funct ion Error Reduced from 55% to 1.4%
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History Match Final Results
History match error reduced from 55% to 1.4%Final Gas Rate Match error = 0.70%Final Water Rate Match error = 2.13%
Total Calendar Time to complete HM = 25 hrs
Man Time = 10 hrsComputing Time = 15 hrs
using 2 CPUs/Job and running 8 concurrent Jobs
Parameter RockCompactionTable Shift
Diffusivity(cm 2/s)
LangmuirAdsorption
Constant(1/kPa)
MaximumAdsorption
Mass(gmol/kg)
FractureWidth(m)
FracturePermeability(mD)
FractureConductivity(mD-m)
Initial WaterSaturationin ProppedFractures
Initial 1.0000 0.0006 7.20E-05 0.055 0.00200 30000 60.0 0.20
Final 1.0833 0.0006 6.00E-05 0.020 0.00233 9500 22.1 0.45
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Water Production
Cumulative Water SC - ProductionHistoryCumulative Water SC - SimulationWater Rate SC - ProductionHistoryWater Rate SC - Simulation
Time (Date)
C u m u
l a t i v e
W a t e r
S C ( m 3 )
W a t e r
R a t e
S C -
D a i
l y ( m 3 / d a y
)
2009-4 2009-7 2009-10 2010-10
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140Gas Production
Cumulative Gas SC - ProductionHistoryCumulative Gas SC - SimulationGas Rate SC - ProductionHistoryGas Rate SC - Simulation
Time (Date)
C u m u
l a t i v e
G a s
S C
( m 3 )
G a s
R a t e
S C -
D a i
l y ( m
3 / d a y
)
2009-4 2009-72009-102010-10.00e+0
2.00e+7
4.00e+7
6.00e+7
8.00e+7
1.00e+8
0.00e+0
1.00e+5
2.00e+5
3.00e+5
4.00e+5
5.00e+5
6.00e+5
History Match Final ResultsGas Production
Cumulative Gas SC - ProductionHistoryCumulative Gas SC - SimulationGas Rate SC - ProductionHistoryGas Rate SC - Simulation
Time (Date)
C u m u
l a t i v e
G a s
S C
( m 3 )
G a s
R a t e
S C -
D a i
l y ( m
3 / d a y
)
2009-4 2009-72009-102010-10.00e+0
2.00e+7
4.00e+7
6.00e+7
8.00e+7
1.00e+8
0.00e+0
1.00e+5
2.00e+5
3.00e+5
4.00e+5
5.00e+5
6.00e+5Water Production
Cumulative Water SC - ProductionHistoryCumulative Water SC - SimulationWater Rate SC - ProductionHistoryWater Rate SC - Simulation
Time (Date)
C u m u
l a t i v e
W a t e r
S C ( m 3 )
W a t e r
R a t e
S C -
D a i
l y ( m 3 / d a y
)
2009-4 2009-7 2009-10 2010-10
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
h k
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Thank You!
Any Questions?
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IMEX Uses
Primary recoveryBlack Oil & Volatile OilDry & Wet GasGas Condensate
Secondary recoveryWaterfloodingPolymer FloodingDry Gas Injection
GOGD in naturally fractu red reservoir sWAGPseudo-miscib le Displacement
Gas Storage
Naturally Fractured ReservoirsDual Poros ity (DP), Dual Permeabil ity (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK
Hydraulically fractured wells with non-Darcy flow & CompactionSingle Plane Fracs (Vertical & Horizontal Wells)
Complex Fractur e Networks (Shale Gas Wells)
Coupled Surface Facilities ModellingGAP, FORGAS, METTE & Avocet IAM
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STARS Uses
Chemical EOREmulsions, Gels, Foams
ASP. SP, ASG
MEOR
LoSAL
Brightwater
Thermal EORHot water
Steam flood & cyclingSAGD & ES-SAGD
Combus tion (LTO & HTO)
ISC of Oil Shale
Naturally Fractured ReservoirsDual Poros ity (DP), Dual Permeabil ity (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK
Cold Heavy Oil Recovery (CHOPS)Natural Gas HydratesComplex Thermal Wellbore Configurations
Discretized Wells (transient, segregated flow of st eam and bitumen in single tubing horizontal wells)
FlexWells (transient, segregated flow of st eam and bitumen in mul tiple tubing , undulating wells)
Coupled Geomechanics
GEOMECH
STARS U l d
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STARS Uses
Chemical EOREmulsions, Gels, Foams
ASP. SP, ASG
MEOR
LoSAL
Brightwater
Thermal EORHot water
Steam flood & cyclingSAGD & ES-SAGD
Combus tion (LTO & HTO)
ISC of Oil Shale
Naturally Fractured ReservoirsDual Poros ity (DP), Dual Permeabil ity (DK), SubDomain (SD), MINC & SD-DK
Cold Heavy Oil Recovery (CHOPS)Natural Gas HydratesComplex Thermal Wellbore Configurations
Discretized Wells (transient, segregated flow of st eam and bitumen in single tubing horizontal wells)
FlexWells (transient, segregated flow of st eam and bitumen in mul tiple tubing , undulating wells)
Coupled Geomechanics
Natural Gas Hydrates