20100424 - small - final paper wordpress - challenges in urban polder

Title:

Challenges in Creating Sustainable Urban Polder in Developing

Countries, Case Study: Development of Pluit Polder, Jakarta.

Written by: 1 Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan

1 MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)

Urban Planner & Researcher, Green Impact Indonesia

Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental - Planning and Design Email: [email protected]

http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/

Would be presented in

“Cities. More or Less” The 5th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) 24

th – 26

th February 2011, National University of Singapore (NUS)

In Singapore, Session “H - Waterfronts and Coastal Developments.*

Abstract:

Jakarta as one Waterfront Cities faces less sustainable development due to unclear urban development vision and less stringent planning and development control. And due to combination of natural and human factors, Jakarta becomes vulnerable to flooding. This has created great impact in her economy as recorded in 2002 and 2007. This is one example of the “Less Sustainable Urban Development” Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Urban Polder need to be implemented in Jakarta Metro Region, despite of all difficulties. This would eventually reduce the flood occurrence and its impact if it follows Integrated Urban Polder Guideline thoroughly. Study case of Pluit Polder Development will describe a successful story of “More Sustainable Urban Polder Development” in the North of Jakarta. The key points of its success are the community awareness; collaboration and support from government; and proper planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of Polder. Lastly but not least, close coordination and collaborations are very urgent in implementing Sustainable Urban Polder. Eventually, this would make the Waterfront Cities in Developing Countries more sustainable.

Keywords: Integrated Water Resource Management, Sustainable Urban Polder, Pluit Polder, North Jakarta Urban Polder, Sustainable Waterfront City, Sustainable Waterfront Development, Flood Defense, Coastal Development, Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit (FMPLP).

INTRODUCTION

Jakarta has developed from Trading-Port-City into “Glamour and Famous Metropolitan” due to its roles as the Capitol City of Indonesian in Government Sector as well as Business sectors. The extensive jobs creation and increasing land price in the area later attract the rural population to go to the City. And these cause rapid urbanisation as well as urban sprawling phenomenon. Further, the Metropolitan has expanded swiftly to adjacent suburban such as

Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, Puncak and Cianjur; forming the Jakarta Metro Region or named as ”Kawasan Jabodetabekpunjur” in Indonesian language.

Discussing “More or Less Sustainable” issue of Jakarta development, we find several parameters that Jakarta from other Capitol City of Developing Countries. These parameters are described in the following table.

Table 1. More and Less Sustainable Parameter of Jakarta Metro Region 1

Understanding these phenomena, we believe that a challenging task for making this “Metro City” of “Mega City” sustainable could only be solved with cooperation between stakeholders, led by the Coordination Board of Spatial Planning (BKPRN), involving 3 Governor; 13 Major and Districts Heads as regulated by Government Regulation (PP) No.26 Year 2008. Further, the less sustainable rapid urbanisation and urban sprawling need to be taken care in the long term. Otherwise, Jakarta Metro will still face the unbalanced population density, extensive traffic jams, major floods, etc.2

More Sustainable Parameter Less Sustainable Parameter

• Extensive Job Creation in Jakarta Metro Region;

• The “Centralised Way” of The Central of Government of Indonesia operation creating more opportunities for the business and communities living in Jakarta;

• Numbers of businessmen and investors operating in Jakarta, generating regional economy;

• Cheap land prices especially in low-lying lands and suburban areas;

• Increasing land and property prices due to limited land supply and speculation;

• Great number of populations creating great volume of consumptions;

• Great numbers of skilled workers.

• Unclear urban planning and development vision

• Difficult coordination among Governments due to numbers of sectors and municipalities;

• Less stringent planning and development control;

• Rapid urbanisation;

• Inundation because the area is of low-lying lands or flood-prone zones;

• Uncontrolled conversion of water bodies (rivers, lakes, and ponds);

• Extreme groundwater extractions;

• Extreme land subsidence in Northern Jakarta Metro Region;

• Increasing height of tidal wave because of climate change;

• Urban sprawling;

• Limited reliable infrastructure provisions;

• Serious traffic jams;

• Uncontrolled conversion of open space;

• Limited clean water (tap water or groundwater) supply during drought season;

• Serious poverty;

• Extensive slums area;

• Illegal street hawkers;

• Severe environmental pollutions.

Figure 1. Jakarta Metro Region Map3

Source: Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2009), Sustainable Urban Improvement Program (SUSIP) - Executive Presentation

Figure 2. Jakarta Metro Region Rapid Expansion from 1972 to 2005 4

It is clearly seen that less stringent urban planning and development control implementation create urban sprawling which are less sustainable.

Source: Dardak, H. and Poerwo, I.F. Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2007), Dissemination of Act no 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning (Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Tata Ruang)

Table 2. Jakarta Metro's Region Administrations and Demography 5

Source: Indonesian Statistics Board (Badan Pusat Statistik) (2007)

No Municipality or Regency (Kota atau Kabupaten)

Province (Provinsi)

Population Number Year

2007 Area

Average Popula-tion

Density

Average Popula-tion

Density

(persons) (sq km) (persons/ sq

km) (persons/ ha)

1 East Jakarta Municipality

(Kota Jakarta Timur)

Jakarta Province

(Provinsi DKI Jakarta)

2.168.601 201,69 10.752 108

2 West Jakarta Municipality

(Kota Jakarta Barat) 1.635.485 129,19 12.660 127

3 North Jakarta Municipality

(Kota Jakarta Utara) 1.197.970 139,56 8.584 86

4 Central Jakarta Municipality

(Kota Jakarta Pusat) 814.166 48,13 16.916 169

5 South Jakarta Municipality

(Kota Jakarta Selatan) 1.742.177 145,73 11.955 120

6 Tangerang Municipality

(Kota Tangerang) Banten

Province (Provinsi Banten)

1.628.753 164,54 9.899 99

7 Tangerang Regency

(Kabupaten Tangerang) 3.550.662 1.110,38 3.198 32

8 Bekasi Municipality (Kota

Bekasi)

West Java Province

(Provinsi Jawa Barat)

2.143.804 210,4 10.189 102

9 Bekasi Regency

(Kabupaten Bekasi) 2.125.960 1.263,88 1.682 17

10 Depok Municipality (Kota

Depok) 1.470.002 200,29 7.339 73

11 Bogor Municipality (Kota

Bogor) 905.132 116,85 7.746 77

12 Bogor Regency

(Kabupaten Bogor) 4.251.838 2.388,93 1.780 18

13

A part of Cianjur Regency

(Sebagian Kabupaten Cianjur )

370.651 290,82 1.275 13

Total 24.005.201 5.919,28 4.055 41

Further, we would like to discuss further Jakarta Flooding issue, related to major climate change impact to waterfront cities. Floods regularly happen in Jakarta City. Jakarta Old Town or Batavia was developed by Jan Pieters Z. Coen in 1619 with waterfront city or urban polder concept. It was planned following the Cities in the Netherlands. This strategy was taken because it was naturally low-lying and flood-prone area. In the following years, the flood became worse due to uncontrolled development in the riverbanks, heavy sedimentations and unmanaged drainage system (canals). And according to the documentation, Jakarta was hit by major floods in 1621, 1654, 1918, 1976, 1997, 2002, and 2007.6

The 1997’s Jakarta flood occurred extensively causing the national tragedy. The flood was reported covering 4 sub-districts (Kelurahan), submerging 745 houses, and displacing 2640

Figure 3. Flood in Pintu Besar Area (1872) Source: KITLV/ OVERSTROMING OP PINTOE BESAR TE

BATAVIA/1872

Figure 4. Flood in Jakarta (1915) Source: OVERSTROMING OP DE KERKLAAN TE

BATAVIA/1915

Figure 5. Flood in Jakarta (2002) Source: ARIF ARIADI/ KORAN TEMPO/ PLANET BANJIR

Figure 6. Flood in Jakarta (2007) Source: Public Works Department DKI Jakarta Presentation



Figure 9. Flood in Pluit Area (North of Jakarta, 2008)

Source: Forum Pluit Documentation

Figure 10. Tidal Flood in Pluit Area (North of Jakarta, 2008)

Source: Forum Pluit Documentation

persons with average of 80 cm of flood. 7 Jakarta flood got worse in 2002 affecting 60% of Jakarta, Tangerang and Bekasi. Further, it was reported killing 142 persons and displacing 114,441 persons. Even, Four Trillion Rupiah economic loss was reported caused by the flood. 8

Lastly, the 2007’s Jakarta flood affected more than 60% of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi. 80 persons were reported killed because of flooding while 340,000 persons had been displaced. Furthermore, 74,000 houses were submerged and 670,000 people were left without electricity. 82.150 sq km of roads were reported damaged because of the floods. Eight Trillion Rupiah economic loss was estimated by National Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). This data actually illustrates the worsening floods in Jakarta, and increasing economic losses due to the flooding. And we can see that, actually the sustainability of Jakarta Metro Region has been lessened because of floods impact in the area. 9

Figure 11. The Flood Pattern of Jakarta in 2007. 10

Source: Ministry of Public Works (2008), Jakarta Flood Hazards Mapping 2007

Even, in newspaper articles, it is predicted that the Jakarta would be submerged partially in 2015 due to land subsidence as well as climate change.

Figure 12. The “Submerging” Jakarta in 2050. 11

It is clearly that due to the current extreme land subsidence as well as climate change, North Jakarta Metro Region will submerge in 2050.

Source: http://www.suarapembaruan.com/News/2008/03/01/Utama/ut01.htm

In general, Jakarta floods are actually caused by the interwoven of natural factors and human factors of Jakarta. For easier description, we would like to describe the natural factors first, which are:

• Approximately, 40% of Jakarta areas are low-lying land below the highest astronomical tide;

• Flat topography of Jakarta (even concave in some area sop potential for flooding);

• 40% of Jakarta is located within the flood prone areas of the main rivers; • High rain intensity in the upstream of Jakarta Metro Region;

• Extensive upstream catchment affecting Jakarta (850 sq km);

• Limited water bodies capacity (drains, rivers, retention ponds and lakes);

• Geological and soil types of the Jakarta Metro Region are susceptible to land subsidence and erosion;

Secondly, the human factors affecting the flooding are:

• Disintegration of Spatial Plan and Drainage Master Plan (macro and micro level) of Jakarta Metro Region;

• Limited financial capacity for infrastructure provision;

• Overpopulation in several areas (strategic areas and slums);

• Extreme groundwater extraction; • Conversion of forests, wet agricultural lands;

• Conversion of water bodies (wetlands, agricultural lands, drains, rivers, retention ponds, lakes);

Current Sea Level

Increasing Sea Level

• Unsustainable land development practice causing increasing soil sedimentation;

• Solid waste and waste-water pollution in the water bodies;

• The unclear system role-sharing among in environmental management especially in the drainage management. 12

Combination of the natural factors and human factors has increased the intensity as well as the magnitude of the flooding. And Jakarta become lesser sustainable due to increasing threats of the floods.

The Central Government and Provincial Government of Jakarta had prepared several studies and master plan related to Jakarta Flood Control as followed: 13

• Master Plan NEDECO (1973)

• Study Of East Jakarta Flood Control Project (1989)

• The Study on Urban Drainage and Waste Water Project in The City of Jakarta (1991)

• The Study on Comprehensive River Water Management Plan in JABODETABEK (1997)

All these documents prescribed Flood Control Strategies which need to be implemented: 14

• Retaining water in upstream area with retention ponds and land and forest conservation;

• Applying rain-water infiltration as much as possible with infiltration well and open spaces;

• Building retention ponds in the middle areas;

• Flowing the water as fast as possible to the estuaries or the seas, with the capacity of rivers and drainages;

• Building urban polder systems in the Northern part of Jakarta;

• Securing lives, vital infrastructures as well as real estates.

Figure 13. Concepts of Flood Control of Jakarta Government Source: Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department(2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook

Figure 14. Polder’s Master Plan in Jakarta.

The Master Plan shows disintegration of polder system, because of different land ownerships and difficult land acquisition.

Source: Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department (2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook

Legend : Polder in Jakarta Region

Finished Polder

Unfinished Polder

Table 3. Polders Planned by Public Works Department of Jakarta Province in Jakarta Region

Source: Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department (2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook

No. Name of Polder Area (Ha) No. Name of Polder Area (Ha)

01 Rawa Buaya 50.00 21 Pademangan 635.00

02 Cengkareng 450.00 22 Kemayoran 850.00

03 Kapuk Poglar 550.00 23 Sumur Batu 278.00

04 Pantai Indah Kapuk Utara 250.00 24 Sunter Selatan 346.00

05 Pantai Indah Kapuk Selatan 150.00 25 Sunter Barat 1250.00

06 Muara Angke 50.00 26 Sunter Timur I Kodamar 200.00

07 Muara Karang 75.00 27 Sunter Timur I Utara 600.00

08 Pluit Industri 50.00 28 Sunter Timur III Rawa Badak 570.00

09 Teluk Gong 90.00 29 Sunter Timur II 1750.00

10 Jelambar Wijaya Kusumah 100.00 30 Kelapa Gading (Walikota)* 90.00

11 Jelambar Baru 100.00 31 Marunda 2240.00

12 Tomang Barat 170.00 32 Penggilingan 103.00

13 Grogol 80.00 33 Istana Merdeka 15.00

14 Rawa Kepah 229.00 34 Hankam Slipi 4.00

15 Pondok Bandung 90.00 35 Komplek TVRI Cengkareng 7.00

16 Pluit 2083.00 36 Pulomas 460.00

17 Siantar Melati 860.00 37 Tanjungan / Tegal Alur* 390.00

18 Setiabudi Barat 216.00

19 Setiabudi Timur 132.00

20 Mangga Dua 160.00

Unfortunately, due to several factors, the master plans failed to be implemented. The reasons of are limited financial capacity of the Government in infrastructure provision, disintegration of Urban Drainage Master Plan of the Jakarta Metro Region, not updated Drainage Master Plan of Jakarta Province; less stringent development control; and Increasing run-off 850 km2 catchments of Jakarta Metro region. Other factors also prohibit these plans to be implemented such as: difficult process of land acquisition for floods infrastructure; extreme land subsidence; increasing tidal wave height; severe sedimentation; limited funding for drainages maintenance; and last but not least the disintegrated polder system.

It can be concluded that in managing approximately 1450 sq km of complicated catchment and drainage of Jakarta Metro Region, we need the implementation of IWRM (Integrated Water Resources Management). This also must be supported by implementation of integrated urban polder in the Northern area of Jakarta. Hopefully with these strategies, Jakarta Metro Region could reduce the floods and achieving more sustainable city.

SUSTAINABLE URBAN POLDER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Answering the sustainable solution for Jakarta Flooding in Jakarta, we believe that Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is compulsory to be implemented. Global Water Partnership defined IWRM as, “A process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.”15 In the implementation of The IWRM, the stakeholders should consider sustainability issues, comprising technical, social, economic and environmental aspect. IWRM is conducted with holistic approach and dealing with overall hydrological cycle, and the management actually covers:16 • Social Facilitation, Legal and Institutional Setup;

• Water Allocation (quantity & quality);

• Catchment/ River Basin Planning and Management (development control of land use and the urban surface run-off, or known as Low Impact Development);

• Landscape Design;

• Drainage Planning & Management;

• Floods Control and Mitigation;

• Drought Management;

• Financial Management; • Information Management;

• Stakeholder participation;

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);

• Drinking Water Supply; • Pollution Control and Wastewater Management;

• Water Monitoring (quantity & quality);

• Solid Waste Management;

• Wastewater Reclamation, Desalination, etc. Realising the extensive river basin areas that are used as the boundary or IWRM scope and sector approach in Indonesia Government structure, we believe that IWRM implementation would not be an easy task. On the other hand, leaning from our neighbouring countries Singapore and Malaysia, we believe that IWRM still could be implemented gradually, with coordination and collaboration of many stakeholders. Further, we also note that The IWRM framework above could be adapted to the current condition of Jakarta. From 16 aspects of IWRM, some important ones could be prioritised following the urgency of the issue. But we would like to state that with absence of some aspects, the City would be less sustainable.

Figure 15. River Basin Division in West Java Province and Jakarta.17

The Plan shows extensive River Basin Division causing difficulties to implement IWRM in Indonesia in general.

Source: USAID, ESP Atlas, November 2006

Legend:

Catchments

1. Cisadane River Catchments (R.C.)

2. Angke R.C. 3. Pesanggrahan R.C. 4. Krukut- Grogol R.C. 5. Ciliwung R.C. 6. Sunter R.C. 7. Cakung R.C. 8. Bekasi R.C.

Figure 16. Catchments of Jakarta Metro Region 18

The Catchments of Jakarta Metro Region was found to be too extensive area, causing implementation difficulties.

Source: Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Office of Catchments Management of Citarum -Ciliwung Rivers (2008), Final Report of Detail Flood Mitigation Plan for Jakarta Metro Region

On the Northern Jakarta, we find that the integrated sustainable urban polder is very urgent to implement. The Polder could be defined as “An integrated man-made drainage system consisting dikes, drains, retention ponds, outfall structures or pumping stations. Designed landscape in the Polder is required to ensure its effectiveness. Polder Dikes also must be planned and designed considering potential of soil strength, land subsidence, social conflict as well as accessibility issue. The maintenance of infrastructures becomes a critical point for successful polder operation. Lastly, the Polder system must be planned in integration from macro spatial plan, urban design and water management of the macro (river basin) system.” 19

Figure 17. Simplified Illustration of Polder System 20

Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline

Discussing the possible urban polder implementation, we would like to review some of the more and less sustainable aspects of Urban Polder System in Northern Jakarta as followed: Table 4. More and Less - Sustainable Parameters and Strategies of Urban Polder in Northern Jakarta.

21

More Sustainable Parameter Less Sustainable Parameter

• Reduction of floods occurrences and impacts in North Jakarta

• Increasing land and property prices due to sustainable Northern Jakarta area;

• Expensive infrastructure investment for Urban Polder;



• Serious poverty;

• Extensive slums area.

More Sustainable Strategy Less Sustainable Strategy

• Sustainable populations creating sustainable volume of consumptions;

• Sustainable numbers of skilled workers.

• Stopping groundwater extractions;

• More stringent planning and development control;

• Reducing building and infrastructure loads;

• Reversing conversion of water bodies (rivers, lakes, and ponds);

• Redevelopment of urban polder dikes due to land subsidence;

Canals and Drains

We would like to explain these parameters further. First, the reduction of floods would happen with implementation of polder and increasing land and property would eventually be achieved because of this. Ideally, other sustainable development strategy should be implemented in reducing the negative impacts of Urban Polder Development such as:

• Limiting the sustainable populations and professionals in the area because of limited environmental capacity;

• Stopping groundwater extractions to reduce the impact of land subsidence;

• More stringent planning and development to reduce the surface run-off;

• Reducing building and infrastructure loads to reduce the impact of land subsidence;

• Reversing conversion of water bodies to increase the effective capacity of the retention pond of the polder;

• Reversing conversion of open space to increase the retention capacity;

• Reducing environmental pollutions (especially wastewater and sewage), to increase the environmental quality of the urban polders.

On the other hand, Urban Polder would need great investment for its infrastructure construction, operation and management. But, understanding the positive impact of the polder, we believe that it is still feasible. And it need to be highlighted that due to extreme land subsidence and increasing height of tidal wave, redevelopment of urban polder dikes needs to be conducted in the periodic time. This is needed to be implemented because of the environmental degradation.

Beside that the current social problem in the area need to be highlighted such as serious poverty and extensive slums area. And it would need to be solved with other solution which is community development.

Further discussing the implementation the Sustainable Urban Polder, we need to state that integrated approach need to be implemented following the research collaboration of The Netherlands Government, UNESCO IHE, Government of Republic Indonesia, as follow: 22

• Institutional Aspect,

• Planning Aspect,

• Design Aspect, • Land Acquisition Aspect,

• Development Control Aspect,

• Construction Aspect,

• Operation, Maintenance and Management Aspects,

• Monitoring and Evaluation Aspects.

• Reversing conversion of open space;

• Reducing environmental pollutions.

This could be explained in the following figures:

Figure 18. General Process of Creating Sustainable Polder. 23


Figure 19. Sustainable Polder’s Planning Framework (Macro Scale in National and Province Level).24


Figure 20. Sustainable Polder’s Planning Framework (Mezzo and Micro Scale in Municipal and Regency Level).

25


Figure 21. Sustainable Polder’s Implementation Framework (Design, Land Acquisition and Construction). 26


Figure 22. Sustainable Polder’s Development Control and Evaluation Framework. 27


Figure 23. Sustainable Polder’s Operation, Management and Evaluation Framework.28


And to create successful Urban Polder in Jakarta Province, we need these steps: • Setting Polder Organisation and the Vision of Urban Polder;

• Data Collection (Politic, Social, Economical and Technical Data);

• Topographical and Infrastructure Survey;

• Data Analysis (Integrated Approach – Policy, Socio and Economic Analysis);

• Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); • Regular Public Consultations;

• Preparation of Integrated Spatial Plan & Detail Master Plan (Spatial Use and Infrastructure), which include:

o Drainage and flood control plan o Clean water treatment and distribution plan o Pollution control, waste-water (sewage) collection and treatment plan o Solid waste management plan o Wastewater treatment and collection plan o Landscape plan;

• Preparation of Zoning Direction (including Polder Direction);

• Preparation of Urban Design Plan; • Preparation of Feasibility Study of Polder;

• Land Acquisition

• Preparation of Detail Engineering Design (DED) for Polder System (dikes, drainage, retention ponds, outfall structures, pumping stations, wastewater treatment and pipelines);

• Controlling the urban surface run-off with Low Impact Development (LID) method; • Landscape Design;

• Development Control (Permit Application and Issuing Process);

• Development Facilitation (Dissemination, Training, R&D etc);

• Law Enforcement (Incentives, Disincentives & Sanction);

• Other Aspects Monitoring (Building Design, EIA & Infrastructure Construction); • Preparation of Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) of Polder;

• Infrastructure Construction;

• Infrastructure Operation and Management;

• Legal Management; • Financial Management;

• Other Aspects Management (Solid Waste and Wastewater);

• Monitoring (Flood System, Water Pollution, Water Quality);

• Evaluation (Organisation, SOP, Infrastructure, etc);

• Infrastructure Improvement. It could be concluded that integrated approach as well as close coordination need to be adopted in every implementation steps of urban polder. On the other hand, increasing social and environmental factors need to be paid attention in developing the urban polders. And to successfully implement the Sustainable Urban Polder, we would need the polder management institution to ensure its sustainability. The Polder Board function is to manage the polder systems especially in water management and flood protection measures. Ideally, the Polder Institution that will be formed from Government agencies, Private sector and Communities that related to the Polder. The legal basis for supporting the existence of the Polder Board is urgently needed. 29

On the other hand, in the reality, polder institution may be formed by one or two stakeholders. In Jakarta, we find that some urban polders were implemented by Provincial Government of Jakarta, while others were prepared by private sectors and others were prepared by the Local Community with assistance of Jakarta Public Works Agency. For better understanding of sustainable urban polder implementation with stakeholders’ cooperation, we are going to describe on the Pluit Polder Development as illustration of “More or Less Sustainable Urban Polder Development”.

DEVELOPMENT OF PLUIT POLDER IN NORTH JAKARTA Pluit is located in Penjaringan Sub-District (Kecamatan) and Pluit. Administration (Kelurahan) in North of Jakarta. This area was named Fluit Muarabaru, because in 1660 a fluitschip or slim sea-carrier (named Het Witte) was located there to help the Vijhoek Fort in Grogol River Estuaries in protecting Batavia from Banten’s attack at that time.30 Further, the Pluit location is described in this figure.

Figure 24. The Pluit Polder Location in North Jakarta. 31


The Pluit Polder was bounded by Jakarta Bay (Teluk Jakarta) in the North; Pluit Reservoirs (Waduk Pluit) in the East; Karang Canal (Kali Karang) in the West and Toll Road in the South as described in the previous figure. And in brief, we could describe several the More and Less Sustainable aspects of Pluit Polder Development as followed:

The Pluit Polder Location in North Jakarta

Table 5. More and Less Sustainable Pluit Polder Development 32

.

The Pluit Residential area was developed in 1970 by Regional Government Company named Management Board of Pluit Area (Badan Pengelola Lingkungan Pluit). The company was later restructured and renamed as PT. Pembangunan Pluit Jaya, In 1995, PT. Pembangunan Pluit Jaya, cooperating with private entities, PT. Duta Wisata Loka (DWL) (1995) converted green and blue open spaces within the area to commercial space, such as Megamall Pluit. Later on other spaces were converted to commercial like: Pluit Junction and Greenbay Pluit Apartment. 33 Jakarta Province Government allowed this and later the changes became legal. Later on PT Pembangunan Pluit Jaya was renamed again as PT. Jakarta Propertindo. While PT. Duta Wisata Loka was later restructured and bought by a renowned “Green Developer” in South-East Asia. And the Mega Mall was renovated expanding into the Pluit Lake. The project was renamed as Pluit Village. And we will use Pluit Village name onward, for easier reference. 34

More Sustainable Aspect in Pluit Polder Development

Less Sustainable Aspect in Pluit Polder Development

• Community awareness in environmental protection especially related with flood protection;

• Pluit Polder Forum was formed with active participation of the people;

• Clear Vision of Pluit Polder Organisation;

• Adequate technical knowledge of Pluit Forum member (urban planner, civil engineer, geotechnical engineer and contractors);

• Collaboration with Academic Experts in several planning and design process;

• Integrated Strategy (short and long term strategy) formulated by Professionals and Community;

• Collaboration of Communities, Private Sector (Pluit Power Plant) and Public Works Agency in mitigating flood (especially in 2007).;

• Willingness to Pay in the Community;



• Pluit was originally not planned as integrated polder;

• Conversion of green and blue spaces for commercial uses by The Developer;

• Limited cooperation from the Current Developer of Mega Mall Pluit or Pluit Village;

• Improper design proposed by the Developer

• Extensive slums area in the side of Pluit Reservoir;

More Sustainable Result Less Sustainable Result

• Reduction of floods occurrences and impacts in North Jakarta

• Increasing land and property prices due to sustainable Northern Jakarta area;

• Drainage system failures due to Pluit Village construction and expansion;

• Expensive infrastructure investment for Urban Polder;

Figure 25. The Pluit Polder. 35

Sources: Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

In the mean time, the Pluit Polder was not fully developed as integrated polder system by the developer. And due to that, the area was inundated heavily for 3 weeks in 2002. This disaster brought awareness of the communities on the importance of integrated flood protection system. And The Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (or named as Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP in Indonesian language) was formed later on. For easier description, we mentioned it as Pluit Forum. The Pluit Forum was formed by the Residents of Pluit area which represented by Homeowner Group (Rukun Tetangga/ RT), Homeowner Association (Rukun Warga/ RW) and Pluit Administration Head (Lurah Kelurahan Pluit). The purpose of this organisation was to coordinate the simultaneous effort to protect the Pluit area with holistic approach. This is the clear statement of the Vision of Polder

The Pluit Polder Boundary

The Pluit Reservoir

Jakarta Bay

Kali Karang

Toll Road

North Compartment

South Compartment

Pluit Lake/ Central

Compartment

MegaMall Pluit or Pluit Village

And the structure of Pluit Polder Organisation could be described as followed:

Table 6. Organisation of Pluit Forum (Pluit Polder Board)36

Position Stakeholders Function

Patron Head of Subdistrict Penjaringan

Head of Pluit Administration Section

Protect the Organisation and Coordinate with Related Government Agencies

Advisory Board Head or Homeowner Association (Ketua Rukun Warga/ RW) which affected in

2002’s flood

Give advises and community aspiration

Chairman Elected from Communities Coordinate overall implementation of the Polder

Vice Chairman Selected by Chairman or Elected from Communities

Assist the Chairman in coordinating overall implementation of the Polder

Secretary Selected by Chairman or Elected from Communities

Prepare paper works and letters for internal and external organisation

Treasurer Selected by Chairman or Elected from Communities

Allocate funding as well as prepare accounting

Fundraiser Team Selected by Chairman or Elected from Communities

Collect funding from communities, donors, private sectors.

Technical Team Selected by Chairman or Elected from Communities

Execute the technical works of the Polder

The functions of the Pluit Forum’s team are as followed: • To coordinate the mitigation effort between Homeowner Association (RW),

• To empower the all community members in protecting, operation, maintenance of polder elements

• To represent the communities facing external stakeholder such as Developers and Government Agencies

• To monitor the environmental condition of Pluit Polder. We also identified that the Forum member possessed good technical knowledge (as urban planner, civil engineer, geotechnical engineer and contractors), this actually lowered the planning, design as well as contracting costs of the Polder. We also found that the involvement of professional expert such as DR. Agung Ibrahim Bagiawan from Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR) was very positive. DR. Agung had helped the Forum in prescribing temporary and long term polder development strategies. In the strategy, 250 Ha of Pluit Polder was divided into 3 compartments, such as: North compartment, South compartment and Central Compartment. The Central compartment was originally a Pluit Lake (Danau Pluit) that previously utilised for retention ponds and water recreation. The original system of Pluit Polder could be described as follow:

Figure 26. The Original Pluit Polder Drainage System. 37 Sources: Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

The short term strategies prescribed were: • Adding pumps in several points in the western part of Pluit Polder

• Improving sluices gate connecting to Pluit Reservoir

• Evaluating overall drainage system of Pluit Polder

• Coordinating with Pluit Reservoir and Pumps Station Operator

While the long-term strategies were:

• Redesigning sluices gate connecting to Pluit Reservoir

• Revitalisation of Pluit Village into semi-retention area • Greening the Polder system

• Tide level monitoring

• Coordinating with Pantai Mutiara and Pluit Power Plant to construct integrated dikes Action conducted related to these strategies were and are: • Dike construction with 600 m in length in Kali Karang side (West-side Pluit) in 2003;

• Dike improvement with 800 m in length in Kali Karang South side (South-side Pluit) in 2006;

• Dike improvement in Pantai Mutiara in 2008;

• Sluice gate redesign and improvement; • Dike improvement in Kali Karang again in 2010 because of land subsidence.

The Pluit Polder Dike

The Pluit Reservoir

Jakarta Bay

Kali Karang

Toll Road

North Compartment

South Compartment

Pluit Lake

Consultation and refining of Pluit Polder Strategy also were conducted with Prof. Bart Schultz, PhD, MSc, and Mr. Martijn Elzinga, expert from The Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment; and Dr. F.X. Suryadi, MSc from UNESCO-IHE during Polder Guideline Seminar in Pluit 2009. This consultation emphasised the revitalisation of the Polder especially the Pluit Lake and Pluit Reservoir. This actually showed the proper general planning, construction, operation and maintenance of Pluit Polder. The polder detail planning and design was not conducted at that moment because of limited funding. And this was proven in 2007. When other areas in Jakarta Metro flooded in that year, the Pluit was safe due to successful urban polder performance comprising:

• Good coordination and performance of Pluit Forum

• Good coordination with The Public Works Agency • Good Pluit Polder and Pluit Reservoir infrastructures.

• Better pumping capacity of Pluit Polder reaching 47.3 cu m/s. The Public Works Agency added the new pumps with capacity of 3 x 6 cubic meter/ seconds in Pluit Reservoir.

• Stringent control of water debit in the Pluit Reservoir and Pluit Polder • Excellent operation of Public Works Agents in operation of Pluit Reservoir and pumping

stations

• Backup of power station supporting the pumping stations And this also emphasised the importance of collaboration between Government Agencies, Private sectors and Communities in developing Polder. . On the other hand, related to Pluit Village issue, the Polder Pluit operation currently faces crisis because of reduction of Pluit Lake retention capacity, diversion inflow from North Compartment to 3-m width long-storage, landscape or peil change in Pluit Village. All these have caused the change of drainage pattern and local inundations in the residential area of Pluit. The Pluit Forum has tried solving this with the current developer since 2008. But the effort seems to be useless because the counterpart was reported buying and constructing 14 additional expensive pumps without proper drainage design. This actually shows that this “the Pluit Village Developer” is not really green and sustainable. And this might be the less sustainable aspect of Pluit Polder Development.

Figure 27. The Current Failing Pluit Polder Drainage System. 38

Sources: Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

The impact of climate change was also felt in Pluit, In 2008, 2009 and 2010, tidal wave caused sea dikes failures and inundating the area in a short time. In 2008, the highest astronomical tide actually surpassed the dike level of Pluit Reservoir. These phenomena actually show the impact of climate change and land subsidence in the low-lying urban areas like Pluit. This might be the less sustainable aspect of Pluit Polder Development. Further, Willingness to Pay of the residents of Pluit Polder and other Donors were found excellent. And it could be seen as “More Sustainable” aspect of the Pluit Polder. It also proved that the Sustainable Urban Polder was feasible to be implemented in Jakarta. It can be concluded that Pluit Polder Development was found as “More Sustainable”. The important features of the development are as described below: • The community awareness and participation;

• Clear vision and polder strategy;

• Adequate skill and proper implementation process;

• Stakeholder collaboration (Government, Private and Community);

• Proper planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of Polder. • Willingness to Pay in the Community; These factors eventually would guarantee the successful implementation of Sustainable Urban Polder.

The Pluit Polder Dike

The Pluit Reservoir

Jakarta Bay

Toll Road

North Compartment

South Compartment

Pluit Lake

Mega Mall Pluit

Local inundation

Local inundation

Limited Capacity of Pluit Lake

and higher peil causing

backwater

Long Storage

Long Storage

Figure 28. Pluit Reservoir 39

Source: FMPLP

Figure 29. Pluit Reservoir Pump Station 40

.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 30. Kali Karang Dike (West of Pluit) 41

Source: FMPLP

Figure 31. Sea Dike facing Jakarta Bay (North of Pluit)

42.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 32. Conversion of Pluit Lake (Central of Pluit)

43

Source: FMPLP

Figure 33. Conversion of Pluit Lake to Pluit Village (Central of Pluit)

44.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 34. After Conversion, Developer built Long-Storage to compensate, It is found less

sustainable. 45

Source: FMPLP

Figure 35. After Conversion, Developer provide pumps to compensate, But It is found less

sustainable. 46

.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 36. The Less Sustainable Sluice, It is still in the improvement process.

47

Source: FMPLP

Figure 37. Drains within the Polder. 48

.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 38. Coordination with Government Officials 49

Source: FMPLP

Figure 39. Contribution from Academic Expert 50

.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 40. Fundraising for Infrastructure Construction

51

Source: FMPLP

Figure 41. Topography Survey for Dike Construction

52.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 42. Construction of Kali Karang Dike 53

Source: FMPLP

Figure 43. Operation of Sluice by the Communities and Government Officials

54.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 44. Drainage Maintenance 55

.

Source: FMPLP

Figure 45. Prof. Bart Schultz, Mr. Martijn Elzinga.; and Dr. F.X. Suryadi, and Mr. Agus Johan in Urban

Polder Guidelines Seminar in Pluit.

Source: FMPLP

CONCLUSION

Jakarta as one Waterfront Cities faces less sustainable development due to unclear urban development vision and less stringent planning and development control. And due to combination of natural and human factors, Jakarta becomes vulnerable to flooding. This has created great impact in her economy as recorded in 2002 and 2007. Despite of all difficulties, Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Urban Polder need to be implemented in Jakarta Metro Region, because these strategies could reduce the flood occurrence and its impact. Pluit Polder Development has described a successful story of “More Sustainable Urban Polder Development” in the North of Jakarta. The key points of its success are:

• The community awareness and participation;

• Clear vision and polder strategy;

• Adequate skill and proper implementation process; • Stakeholder collaboration (Government, Private and Community);

• Proper planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of Polder.

• Willingness to Pay in the Community; It can be concluded that close coordination and collaboration are very urgent in implementing Sustainable Urban Polder. And this would make the Waterfront Cities in Developing Countries more sustainable.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

• The Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment: Prof. Bart Schultz, PhD, MSc, and Mr. Martijn Elzinga.;

• UNESCO-IHE: F.X. Suryadi PhD, MSc ; • Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR): Dr. Arie Setiadi

Moerwanto, MSc,, Dr. William Putuhena, MSc., Dr. Wanny Adidarma, MSc., Ir. Sri Hetty, MSc.,Ir. Ratna Hidayat,, Rohani ST.;

• Dr. Ir. I.F. Poernomosidhi Poerwo, M.Sc, MCIT. MIHT., Scientific Officer and Ex-Director of Spatial Planning Directorate II, Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia.

• Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP : Mr. Hardi Singgih, Mr. Laringan, Mr. Agus Johan, Mr.Agus Maju,etc.

• Pluit Community • Polder Task Team assisting PUSAIR: Denny ST., Karmelia Oktaviani SE. Petty ST., Roy

Sihombing ST., • Green Impact Indonesia Team: Dr. (Cand) Robby Yussac Tallar, MT. Dipl-IWRM.,Mustakim

ST., Maman Hidayat BE., Dwi Sugiarto ST., Septian Lumeno ST., Yansen ST., Yulius., Roni Kurniawan, Agus Sudarman, Cepy, Surya, Adi Afriana;

THE WRITER’S CV I. Personal Information

Full name : Gunawan Tanuwidjaja

e-mail : [email protected]

website : http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/

Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)

Place of Birth : Bandung

Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978

Sex : Male

Nationality : Indonesian

Mother Language : Indonesian

Language Skill : Indonesian, English

II. Education Backgrounds

Formal Education

Name of Institution

City/ Country

Study Time (Months/ Years)

Graduated from (Month and Year)

Specialization GPA

National University of

Singapore Singapore 1 year October 2006

MSc Environment Management

3.86

from scale of 5

Bandung Institute of Technology

(Institut Teknologi Bandung)

Bandung / Indonesia

5 years July of 2001 Bachelor of Architecture

2.73

from scale of 4

III. Informal Education

Study Time (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

2008 Singapore Institute of Planner Spatial Planning for a Sustainable Singapore (1-day seminar)

2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Policy "Lessons Not to Learn from American Cities" by Prof Alan Altshuler (Half-day seminar)

2007 National University of Singapore, Faculty of Engineering, PAC (Professional Activities Centre)

Short Course On "A – Z Of Oil & Gas To Petrochemicals (3-days seminar)

2007 Singapore Institute of Planner Destination Resorts, The Next Wave

(1-day seminar)

2007 Singapore Institute of Planner, Malaysia Institute of Planner and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Seminar of Planning of Iskandar Development Region (1-day seminar)

2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course

2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course

1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student Union of Architecture Gunadharma ( IMA-Gunadharma)

Journalistic Training

Study Time (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization

1997 Architecture Department ITB AutoCad R14 Training

1993-1995 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level C6 to C11

1990-1992 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level J2 to J5

IV. Working Experience

Name of Institute/Companies

City/ Countries Position Job Description Contract Periods

Green Impact Indonesia Integrated Urban, Drainage and

Environmental Planning Consultant

Bandung Manager Team Leader and Urban Planner

March 2003 to now

Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water

Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic

of Indonesia,

Bandung Urban Planning and

Management Expert

Assistant October 2008 to now

Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd., Planning Division

Singapore Planner Physical Planner November 2006 to

October 2008

National Parks Board, Republic of Singapore

Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to Aug 2006

Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water

Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic

of Indonesia,

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher

GIS Expert Assistant (Arc View 3.2), in Polder Team

Jan 2005 - Aug 2005

Satyamitra Jasapuri Engineering

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect, Estimator

House, Factory and Café Design

Aug 2003 - Dec 2004

PT. Trinitas Buana Utama

Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apartment Design Aug 2002 - Aug 2003

PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Architect Jan 2002 – Aug 2002

COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Researcher

Urban Development

Research, especially on

Urban Garbage Management

Aug 2001 - Jan 2002

CV. Cipta Bina Sarana Bandung/ Indonesia Work Trainee Junior Architect May - July 2001

ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Program Facilitator

Community Recovery

Program (CRP-HUI) in RW 11,

Garbage Management ,

Mechanism Making and

Controlling of Cooperative Credit

Jan 2000 - Aug 2001

Name of Institute/Companies

City/ Countries Position Job Description Contract Periods

Cibangkong District

Unit

V. Planning, Design and Research Works

Name of Project Position Year

Under Green Impact Indonesia

Assistance for Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works

Department (2009), Sustainable Urban Improvement Program

(SUSIP) - Executive Presentation

Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009

Drainage Master Plan Revitalisation in Summarecon,

Kelapa Gading, Jakarta, Indonesia

Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr – Dec 2009

Hospital Preliminary Design and Study in Pangalengan,

West Java, Indonesia (Proposal to KPBS, Milk Producer

Cooperative in Pangalengan)

Team Leader and Senior Architect

Apr – Aug 2009

Community Based Development Revitalisation in PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Barat,

Indonesia (Proposal)

Team Leader and Environmentalist

Aug 2009

Traditional Market Mapping, GIS Database and Analysis in the framework of Implementing

Presidential Decree No 112/2007 on Development of

Traditional Market and Relocation of Modern Market in Indonesia (Proposal to Ministry

of Trade of Republic of Indonesia)

Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009

Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for

Barangkal River, sub catchment of Brantas River Basin, in

relation with Social Aspect and Institution Capacity Building

(Proposal to JICA)

Team Leader and Environmentalist

Aug 2009

“9 Pearl” Elementary School in Bandung

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Proposal 99’ers Radio School (Proposal)

Team Leader and Architect 2003

Under Jurong Consultants Pte Ltd.

Name of Project Position Year

Preliminary Study and Brief Development Concept of QEZ3, Petrochemical Complex, Qatar

Planner 2007 to 2008

Dera Bassi Detailed Master Plan, Greater Mohali Area,

Punjab, India


Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008

Wonogiri Industrial Park, Indonesia (Guanxi State Farm -

Biofuel Plant)


Master Plan An Tay Industrial Service Centre

Planner 2007

Master Plan Zhangzhou Waterfront City, China

Assistant Planner 2006-2007

Master Plan AMRL International Tech City, Tamil Nadu, India

Assistant Planner 2007

With MSc Environmental Management Program

“Neotiewpia” Eco Village Master Plan in Kranji Singapore

Planner & Environmentalist 2006

Under SJP Engineering

BTC Café Junior Architect 2004

Kopomas Factory Junior Architect 2004

Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design Development

2003 – 2004

Under PT. Trinitas Buana Utama

Rental Houses in Bandung Studio Coordinator 2002 – 2003

Bukit Resik Exclusive Aparment Studio Coordinator 2002 – 2003

Site Plan “S. Parman” Elite Housing

Studio Coordinator 2002

Under PT. Imesco Dito

Private Houses in Jakarta Junior Architect 2002

Freelance Project

Cibangkong Low Cost Housing, Bandung Indonesia

Final Year Student 2001

Design Development of KARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa

and Cottages, Bandung Indonesia under Cipta Bina

Sarana

Junior Architect, Design Development

2001

Master Plan of Cipulir Housing Site Plan, Jakarta under Prof Ir.

Danisworo

Junior Architect 2001

VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and Publication

Awards/ Prestige

Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National University of Singapore, 2006-2007

Shell Grant Bursary Holder in MEM National University of Singapore, 2005-2006

Second Champion of Design Competition of Informal Traders Stand held by The Municipal\ Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year 2001

Activities Bandung Independent Living Center (BILIC)

2003 - 2004 : Voluntary Attendant for Difable (Disable) Person

2003 : Coordinator Research Team in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several Location in Bandung

Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Development Discussion Forum)

2002 : Forum Gelar Kota Secretariat

2001 : Junior Researcher

Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadharma ITB (Gunadharma Student Union of Architecture Department of ITB)

2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma

Member of Sustainable Human Settlement Discussion Group

Coordinator of TOR Team of Sustainable Human Settlement Seminar

1999 – 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)

OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)

OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Union of St Aloysius Junior High School)

Publications Integration of Sustainable Planning Policy and Design of Low-Cost Apartment, in the Context of Sustainable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha University, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.

Bamboos as Sustainable and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife material of Low-Cost Apartment, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha University, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.

Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia, 2008-2009.

Developing a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bintan Island, Indonesia, MSc Environment Management Program, National University of Singapore (Best Dissertation Award)

Report of Research in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several Location in Bandung

Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urban Solid Waste Management, January 2002.

Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.

Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibangkong Village, Bandung, Indonesia (Kelurahan Cibangkong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture

Seminar Report of Housing Development Based on Low Economy People.

1 Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2009), Sustainable Urban Improvement

Program (SUSIP) - Executive Presentation, assisted by Green Impact Indonesia

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Dardak, H. and Poerwo, I.F. Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2007),

Dissemination of Act no 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning (Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Tata Ruang)

5 Indonesian Statistics Board (Badan Pusat Statistik) (2007), http://www.bps.go.id/index.php

6 Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department(2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid.

http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc100?OpenForm

www.bbc.co.uk

9 Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department(2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook

http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc100?OpenForm

http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/ekbis/2007/02/12/brk,20070212-93047,id.html

http://www.hkv.nl/default.asp?LanguageID=2

10 Ministry of Public Works, Directorate General of Water Resources Management (2008), Jakarta Floods

Project, Flood Hazards Mapping http://www.hkv.nl/documenten/Jakarta_Flood_Hazard_Mapping_Framework_MH.pdf

11 http://www.suarapembaruan.com/News/2008/03/01/Utama/ut01.htm

12 Op.Cit.6

13 Op.Cit.6

14 Op.Cit.6

15 http://www.gwptoolbox.org

16 CK-Net Indonesia (2007), Work Program of ToT IWRM & Climate Change

http://www.gwptoolbox.org

Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan and Malone-Lee, Lai Choo (2009), Applying Integrated Ecological Planning and Adaptive Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries in the Framework of Sustainable Spatial Planning and Development, Study Case Bintan Island, Indonesia, In International Seminar Positioning Planning in Global Crises, Bandung November 2009, Department of Regional and City Planning, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung

17 USAID, ESP Atlas, November 2006

18 Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Office of

Catchments Management of Citarum -Ciliwung Rivers (2008), Final Report of Detail Flood Mitigation Plan for Jakarta Metro Region

19 Ministry of Public Works, Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources,

Republic of Indonesia (2009) Draft Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia,

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR), Ministry of Public Works, Republic

of Indonesia (2007), Final Report of Research on Development of Flood Control Technology for Sustainable Waterfront City

Indonesian Ministries of Public Works and the Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment, Partners for Water, Rijkswaterstaat, and UNESCO-IHE (2009), Guidelines on Urban Polder Development, http://www.pusair-pu.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=41

23

Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR), Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia (2007), Final Report of Research on Development of Flood Control Technology for Sustainable Waterfront City

Indonesian Ministries of Public Works and the Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment, Partners for Water, Rijkswaterstaat, and UNESCO-IHE (2009), Guidelines on Urban Polder Development, http://www.pusair-pu.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=41

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid.

27 Ibid.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.

30 http://supermilan.wordpress.com/2007/05/11/asal-usul-nama-tempat-di-jakarta/

31 Indonesian Ministries of Public Works and the Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and

Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment, Partners for Water, Rijkswaterstaat, and UNESCO-IHE (2009), Guidelines on Urban Polder Development, http://www.pusair-pu.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=41

Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP) Presentation and Documentation.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid.

34 Ibid.

35 Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

Presentation and Documentation.

36 Ibid.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid.

42 Ibid.

43 Ibid.

44 Ibid.

45 Ibid.

46 Ibid.

47 Ibid.

48 Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

Presentation and Documentation, Courtesy of Mr. Agus Johan and Mr. Laringan

49 Ibid.

50

Ibid.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid.

55 Ibid.

20100424 - small - final paper wordpress - challenges in urban polder

Documents