2009 pallai who decides

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Edited byKatalin Pallai

WHO DECIDES?

Development, Planning, Services,and Vulnerable Groups


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Wh D?D, Pg,

S, V G

Local Government

and Public Service

Reform Initiative

Edited by

Katalin Pallai


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Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative

Open Society InstituteBudapest

Address

Ok 6. 12H1051 B, Hg

Mailing addressP.O. Bx 519

H1357 B, Hg

elephone(36-1) 327-3104

Fax(36-1) 327-3105

[email protected]

Web Siteh://g..h/

F h 2009 L G P S R I, O S IB

OSI/LGI, 2009

ISBN: 978 963 9719 14 9

T x h fl h w OSI/LGI h h.A gh . N h k z

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C h k - LGI.Mgg E: B

C h: Chh 2007 l Z Bgh l L h I S IPh h Bg h: B Zh, V Lk, Ik J

P B, Hg, 2009Dg & L: J K l Ch L.

OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE

M Cgh 2009 O S IA gh .


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LGI POLICY FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM

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h. A h h g LGI wk wh w wh k h h . Fw g h, , NGO, g, .

h O S I, : h://www..g/

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Scott AbramsD DL G P S R IO S I

Ok 6. 12H1051 B, Hg

Ph: (+36 1) 327 3104 x. 2268Fx: (+36 1) 327 3105


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Katalin Pallai ...................................................................................................... 1

S W A E, Hh, E AT C , Kz, BhEtleva Martiri ..................................................................................................... 13

Ggh Ex, S IN- E B R Nghh BgBoyan Zahariev Ilko Jordanov....................................................................... 55

I V G h Pg PC S K C, CVesna omasevic.................................................................................................. 123

V G h Eff S L G S DP T Hg C

Nra eller.......................................................................................................... 181

Ix .................................................................................................................. 253


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T k h g h kg. F , h h , x h , hg h h x w h h . g wh, E Yg L Q, LGI P C, h g g w ff wg

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Katalin PallaiM 2009


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W H O D E C I D E S ? D E V E L O P M E N T , P L A N N I N G , S E R V I C E S , A N D V U L N E R A B L E G R O U P S

Nra eller h M Rh I, B. Sh h gh x hg h ,hg , z. Sh h wk j h C E, h Fh E F, h E C5h, 6h 7h Fwk h g, h E S PgO Nwk (ESPON). Sh h g h hg hg w Hg h h hg h C S Offi Hg.Sh h h hg z.

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h O S ISfi.B Zh h R U S Wk h C Nwk I Ex S I, h h E C.


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x

L Bx, Fg,

Albania

Bx 1. w W V P ........................... 32

Bx 2. A W C Rgg P ................... 39

Bx 3. A S P O B S ................ 40

Bx 4. A W R Ag Hh S ............... 41

Fg 1. C I P L ........................ 21

Fg 2. KzBh A ................................................... 28

Fg 3. M D M- ....................... 28

Fg 4. D E Z .............................. 39

1. I C ..................................... 20

2. Hh Bg AU A ............................ 22

3. Hh A N M C Owh ................................................................. 23

4. P U Rg .................................... 25

5. A D R Rh A .................. 27

6. P C L M-

S Ok ................................................... 29 7. P Iq I

Kz M ................................................................ 30

8. E L P Kz M ......... 34

9. Pg Wkg-g P h E S .................................................... 36

10. W U Dggg G Ag............. 36


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x


11. Jk E Kz M,JN 2007 ......................................................... 37

12. E W Kz M

Dggg G Ag ................................................... 37 13. I P S ............................... 42

A2.1 R G Pz G I I .......................................................... 47

A4.1. P D ............................................................. 49

A4.2. P Chg, 19892001 .............................................. 49

A4.3. P D S A ....................................... 49 A4.4. P Dgggg M

Ag G ........................................................................ 50

A4.5. P Kz M ...................... 50

A4.6. E L h F P Kz M ....................................................... 50

Bulgaria

Bx 1. Eg Sg Bg ...................................................... 64

Bx 2. ENERGO Izk .................................................................. 84

Bx 3. S R I: T EVN E SC S ......................................................... 88

Bx 4. A 216 P C Dg

h E Nwk ....................................................... 89

Bx 5. A 234 h P C ................................................ 90

Bx 6. A 347 h P C .................................................. 91

Bx 7. R R P M g T ......... 92

Bx 8. Gg Dww ............................................................. 98

Bx 9. Dg P ............................................................ 98

Bx 10. Rg P ................................................................... 100


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x

L i s t o f B o x e s , F i g u r e s , a n d T a b l e s

Bx 11. B C .......................................................................... 101

Bx 12. T .................................................................................. 102

Bx 13. R R ....................................................................... 103

Bx 14. A C S IgS Bj ................... 115

Fg 1. H C h E G, Lg RNghh, Sg ................................................. 59

Fg 2. R Sh R Hh A E ........ 62

Fg 3. Ag h O E G, Rkk RNghh, w Rkk, Rg P .............. 63

Fg 4. E L Izk Nghh, Kj ........ 64

Fg 5. Offi D Ex E A h R R h O M.................................. 66

Fg 6. Ch h Izk Nghh, Kj ..................... 67

Fg 7. Nw H B wh P Rg Ah, Kkj Nghh, Dz ...................... 67

Fg 8. Akhjk Bg, h S B wh Nghh h w Dz ......................... 68

Fg 9. I Kh wh E, Dz ................... 69

Fg 10. D h S R Nghh h C CDz ................................................. 70

Fg 11. D h S R Nghh h C CKj ............................................... 70

Fg 12. R Sh N-g Hh ............................... 71

Fg 13. P N- h O Nghh Dz ............................................................................. 72

Fg 14. Pg H wh A h E G .... 72

Fg 15. Ch Bfi Eg Bfi C- .................. 76

Fg 16. C w h Sh I C h Ag D C .............................................. 76

Fg 17. Cg h Hg C Bg R ... 79


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x


Fg 18. R Sh Hh wh O UM ................................................................................. 80

Fg 19. R Sh R (18+) wh S

Hgh E ............................................................. 80Fg 20. R Sh R Hh kg L F .... 81

Fg 21. A Eg S Kj,Izk Nghh ................................................................ 84

Fg 22. R Sh R Pg Mg D ............... 86

Fg 23. U W S, 182 R Nghh Ph, M Ph ........................................... 86

Fg 24. Vw S Nghh, P ............................ 87

Fg 25. Ig C h E G PNghh, Bg ........................................................... 90

Fg 26. O E M Bx ...................................................... 91

Fg 27. Hg E S Nghh, P ............ 93

Fg 28. D h Hh Ag wh Chgg h P h M ............................................................................ 93

Fg 29. Ch E M Bx,P Nghh, Bg .............................................. 97

Fg 30. S Nghh P ...................................... 105

1. P R N S Hh ....... 65

2. C Ag h A Og B .................................................................... 73

3. R Sh N- Sx Nghh h w Dz ......................................................... 73

4. Ag A, P B BGN .............................................. 74

5. B Bg M Dz Nghh .......... 78


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x


Croatia

Bx 1. A P S Cg .................................................. 140

Fg 1. C K C .................................................. 130

Fg 2. K C h S A Sj, Rk, Cg ......................................................................... 131

Fg 3. L E Pg C ....................................... 135

Fg 4. S D Ifi Lg- U Rk .............................................................................. 144

Fg 5. S D Ifi Lg- U Sj.................................................................................... 145

Fg 6. S D Ifi Lg- U Cg ............................................................................ 145

Fg 7. I P C- Sg Pg S D Sg ................................... 158

Fg A1.1 S A Lg- U E A Sj S ................................. 166

Fg A2.1 S A Lg- U E A Rk S ........................... 171

Fg A3.1 S A Lg- U E A Cg S ......................... 176

1. K C C M, A, P ........................................................................ 133

2. P D C, K C, w .......................................................................... 137

3. P Chg C, K C, I w ................................................................................. 137

4. N S R 20012006 ............................... 141

5. U G Sj, Rk, Cg ......................................................................... 143

6. U 2003 2006 ...................................... 148


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7. U 24 Mh Lg 2003 2006 .................................................................... 149

A1.1 Ifi V Lg- U C

Exg LED A P O h S h C Sj ..................................... 163

A2.1 Ifi V Lg- U C Exg LED A P O h S Rk M ............................ 169

A3.1 Ifi V Lg- U C Exg LED A P O h S Cg M .......................... 174

Hungary

Fg 1. Mk, , Mg Hg ...................... 187

Fg 2. Sh C Dwg h S A ................... 189

Fg 3. Sh P wh Mx P E .......... 189

Fg 4. Sh P Lg O S Bfi ................. 190Fg 5. T F C C (gh wh Oh S P)

VI- , A Sg Mz (A F D) ............................................................ 196

Fg 6. T F F C C N Offi Mz, , Nw U Hg(N C W Uk) ........................................ 196

Fg 7. Ph P h F F C C

Lkg, Mk (Sg H B C h L C) .................................................................. 197

Fg 8. P Sh Bg Sg Bh A (L VI- ) Kg Bg (Mz VI- wh CCV) ................................ 198

Fg 9. S VI- Mz ...................... 199

Fg 10. U R Lkg .................................................. 200

Fg 11. I Mg S Dk S B.... 200


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x


Fg 12. U gg VI- Mz .... 201

Fg 13. C W D Ig Lkg .............. 201

Fg 14. W A E C Mg D ............... 202

Fg 15. P W VI- P (P) Swg Nwk Mz ............................ 203

Fg 16. I S A E Mz .......................................................... 204

Fg 17. C Mg ............................................... 207

Fg 18. F w- H(S- Sx- H) VI- ............................... 208

Fg 19. w H Lkg ...................................................... 208

Fg 20. W W Mz ............................................................ 209

Fg 21. Gg Dwg Mz .............................................. 209

Fg 22. I H Lkg ..................................................... 210

1. Dff w h S A D h R C D h R g A Ag C P (2001) ............................................ 205

2. Dff w h S A D h R C D h R g A Ag C P (2001) ............................................ 207

A2.1 C D Mk Lkg, 2001 ................... 235

A2.2 C D Mz VI- , 2001 ............................................................. 237

A2.3 C D B, D Egh Mg, 2008 ............................................................... 240

A2.4 A I C RV8 R.(Ex h Mg Rh Sg,Rg h Ah) ....................................................... 243


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I N T R O D U C T I O N

Wg Q, Wg R

L Sg wh S A C P

Katalin Pallai


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Wg h h k, Hw g ? Hw hk , h , h whfi kg ? I w x x

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wh k ghh. I h h


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q .


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I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h h w- h j. A h , w A, Bg, C, Hg.T h h h x g ffg , g h . Ah , h ff. F x, h g h g h ff h , h x g h ff . M xg h w , h g h g , h j h j-. W k w A, wh h h wh gh. T h h g g h (, w ,

, g, j, h ).Ah h x wh h g h h h g hx g h wg h . T g h hw hw wh - h wg . A h x h h h .

THE CASES

F k h k. T . I w h , A C, h x h h g g h g h h . I h h w, Bg Hg, w h h h g .

Ves omsevc x h g h w h K C C 2003. B2003, j g h h - h ff h , , g, h. Wh h x, h h g w h , - jh w k j h h . x h h g h . Sh h h g h

w g h , j h w w. Sh h wh LED g


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, h h h , h x h j .Sh g kw w h fi LEDj h h j. H h, h h -, g g h k w wk. I h x , h h fi fi h , , . O h h -h fi h h, , g j.

I h , Ev Mrr, x h w Kz Bh.Bh Kz Bh h , k h . Wh hg h w h , h Kz Bh ff h g fig . I Bh, gg hh g h. Dg h , h , h h, h gw g, h x w h h - . T w kg h h h h. A

, w h w g.

M h h h h g h g w w h . T hw h wh , ff w h h g g w. T, k , whh q w g w, h k ,

h g w h -. M w : wkg wh h w h h g kg. F wkwh w g h g h g hgh w g wk, h w h h g h kh h h g . T g- , w wh wg g g h kh wh x h .

T h g h h h 15 g k 33 h . T, h g h


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x h h h h g h x h g. T h h h k ff h g. M, , , h h hg h h . T hw h gz,x, g gz k h h j, wh , .

S, h h g h x h- g h h h.T w h g ff h

gz hw wg x kg g . T hg h h . P g h h gh h g . C, wh h w h h k h h .

O, h fi h h h -k kwg h h h h h g. A h , h h ,

h kg g h . Sh g h x - h h fi h g h. I h h xg, h q : h , g h x g, g , , fi .

T h w Iko Jordov d Boy Zhrevx gg Bg h R, wh h - h h hgh h h h .

T q h h w: wh h h h g h h ?


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I , h h x h gg gg , h h g g - gg -. T h, wh h gg , - . I x , , hg g g g .

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I g h kg, wh wh w hg , -, h h, gg h gz - () h. Tgh h zg, wh h w w g hg.I , h h h w h,

w w , h , fi . I h h g g .

F h j w, h gz, - h h j. T h h x hgg h . D , h -g h g , h , fig g h g. I hw h g h hq

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: ff h h h, wh - .Wh - g , h -, x . A h , x h h h gq. T h h ,

.


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9


RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

A g h g wh h . V k

, , h g. C wh h g , h q ff ff h . T, ff ff , k, kg h h .

T k w . T A C wh h g w h . T w Bg Hg x h g g wh ,

h q h g, h h h g- h g. O h h h g wh . U ,ff h g g, h h h g. T xg g wh h fi h , wh h h h , k fi wh x, -g kg.

T h h x g ff ; h h gg h h g h h g h j g x. T xx hw h g g h k , wg h h h wg . T g gh h h gg.

T g h h g

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T g g h . T h . T h q .

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h, h g-g, h ( ). M


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z g , h h h g g ff , hg h wh . M wh g . A h h g wh h w .

I h , wh w h g g?

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Hw, h h . T h x h h ffi g. T h h g . O, , h h h

g.R ff wh h gh q h ,

h . Ag h h g w : h C A , h g h h g- w . T g h h g h h g h wh .T g h h wk h h h w g h h .

T h h w h g h.T Hg Bg g h wh h h

w h h h g. Hw, h h h h w h .T h j hw h g h, .., hw h whh . T g wh h h h . Hw, wh g h , , , g h h h, hg .

I h Bg , h Hg w, h - g h ff g j w h


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g g. T h h h h h . I k ffi h g g wh h h .

T h h h- k -k , h g g , ff, g g . T g h gz kwg.

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Aoce more resources o prude probem d pocy yss

T h w w h h wg wg q . I fi , h fi h ,h , h , h g h .

T ffi g h h xw . Nh, wh q , h h ff . T -

.T k . B h g w h h h g h w q .

Rse wreess d promoe soc cuso

T h h h h h h . A h, h h w

g fi h w . T h -k h wk h g w hffg.

Cg h w g. T h k h . T h h w h gg g z h . Tgh h , -kh h h g h . T h . G w ff j h w

h wg .


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F, wh hw h j h h, h hw h h gh g g h . T h, , x .R h h h wh , k hg , . T P 2006 h , -z h h .

Cree d mpeme egred commuy-bsed pproches

T h - h. A h g wh h z h hgh h h

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T , h Hg Bg ,

h w. F g ffg , h x g kgh fi .

CLOSING WORDS

W wh ff g g g , wh g . T h g

wk . W h g fi.

T hw g g -kg. D g h x k g,, w g. Ex, , k h . P , fl, fi h h fi w hg. Rfi h q wh g h

h h ff h .


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C H A P T E R 1

S W A E,

Hh, E A

T C , Kz, Bh

Etleva Martiri


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A l b a n i a

Executive Summary

Public transportation services are supposed to contribute to the socioeconomic vitality of

communities by removing geographical barriers to employment, increasing access to social

services, and reducing the infrastructure cost of transportation. For communities with

inadequate basic services, an unreliable transport network, and poor living conditions, a

lack of public transportation can be a serious barrier to social and economic opportunity.

In Albania, this barrier has grown due to a decrease in the availability and quality

of public transport, continued problems with peripheral development, rapid but uneven

growth in the number and use of private cars, and a road network not designed to support

the growing volume of traffic.

The cost of transport affects the financial situation of households, particularly those

with low incomes. High transport costs can bring about geographical, social, and economic

isolation for some communities and have a disproportionate impact upon women and

individuals with low incomes in these communities. Most poor women who have jobs are

forced to work at low pay close to home because they must walk to work.

In terms of opportunities and benefits, there is an increasing gap between rich and poor,

between men and women, and between people living in urban and those living in rural

and suburban areas. The socioeconomic situation of women in Albania has not changeddramatically over the past few years. Economic and career opportunities for women are still

restricted. Albanian social attitudes tend to relegate women to the bottom of the pecking

order, out of public life, and out of management positions.1

Gender inequalities can be seen in employment, education, healthcare, domestic

violence, and public transport services. For women living in communities with inadequate

transport services, some of their most basic principles such as equal citizenship and equal

opportunities are being violated.

Usually womens transport use and requirements are different from those of men.Responsible for traditional roles like housekeeping and child-rearing, women have to make

more trips for educational, healthcare, and other family-welfare purposes. The care of the

children and the home is very largely their responsibility and, as a result, so are the journeys

and tasks associated with this care.

Womens transport needs are documented insufficiently and have not been addressed

in regional and local development strategies. Women, as drivers, users of public transport,

and pedestrians, are not given full consideration in the planning and development of trans-

portation facilities. There is not any unit or group of specialists in the central government


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or local government body in charge of gender mainstreaming in transportation policy and

its plans, implementation, or monitoring.

The results of a survey on public transport in Tirana district conducted by the Network

for Open Society in Albania (NOSA) and the Co-Plan Institute for Habitat Development showthat male mobility is about twice as high as female mobility. Mobility to areas outside of

the geographical area of their residence location is 20.9 percent for men, compared to 6.3

percent for women.2

Kamez is one of the newest municipalities of Albania, located in the northern area of

the capital Tirana, seven kilometers from the center. About 33 percent of the total popula-

tion belongs to the 015 age group, while at the national level only 22 percent belong to

the 015 age group. Residents suffer a lack of physical and social infrastructure and high

illiteracy and unemployment rates.

Bathore is an informal settlement located north of the city of Tirana and southeast of

Kamez. Bathore is home of approximately 12,000 women and girls over 16 years old, 95

percent of whom are unemployed. Many women still suffer from an archaic but prevailing

cultural mentality that considers them inferior and dependent on their husbands and

family.

The population of Bathore records a very low level of education and life skills. In addi-

tion to inherited unemployment, low socioeconomic levels, extended families, and other

problems, the neighborhood is faced with other challenges such as a lack of access to

basic services.

The lack of infrastructure has had a negative impact on living conditions in Bathore and

Kamez. Most facilities are beyond the boundaries of the administrative area of both Bathore

and Kamez. In order to have a normal array of choices in terms of jobs, shops, healthcare,

and education, it is necessary to travel beyond these areas, which involves a fairly long walk

and an inordinate amount of time and cost.

Other factors may also contribute to limiting the access women have to other services.

For example, coupled with the problems of the public transport system (hygiene, crowding,

promptness), schools, in particular high schools, are notorious for their poor infrastructure.

Lessons are held in two shifts in the morning and afternoon. Female students and teachers

living in the suburban districts are often required to walk 2030 minutes to school on roads

that are treacherous. The long distances to school, insufficient street lighting, and power

outages that leave classrooms dark in the evenings are cited by young women as reasons

for dropping out of school.

In the Tirana region, women and girls account for 38 percent

3

of the employed work-force. A larger number of women compared to men are not economically active and do not


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A l b a n i a

see themselves as part of the labor market. More employment opportunities for women

would require an effective child-care system as well as appropriate and reliable public

transportation.

Womens employment varies by area. The unemployment rate for women living inBathore is much higher than the rate for women living in Tirana. The major barrier to

employment in Bathore is the small number of job opportunities. Transport also remains

one of several barriers inhibiting access to employment mainly for women living in outlying

areas of Tirana.

A variety of factors block the urban poors access to healthcare services. For example,

services may be located far from the main transport routes, preventing residents from

reaching them. Kamez is a place where access to a hospital, including access to obstetric

services, requires an efficient transport system.

Policies in the transport services must be shaped by the needs of society in general, and

especially the needs of women who disproportionately rely upon these services. Transport

should provide adequate accessibility to basic services for women (especially those living

in suburban areas), together with safety and security within the constraints of social and

financial affordability.


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18


INTRODUCTION

P A h k g . A fi h

20002001 W D R h W Bk, h hg g , x , w h .

B 2000, 40 h A . T x 65 2025.4 Mz h hfi xg , . Ahgh , , g , g h h q.

R , h , ff . A h, - , h x. T h . I g . B h wh . D k , g , k h , k h - , , , hh h .

D hg h k A. T hg hgh , g , , -g. M g , w, h . T gfi ffi wh . I ff A, w h ff h h , h g h h. T w h -kg , h h. A - . Fw w g -kg

g. M w h ffi fig j. T q - h h . T h ffi gg whh h .

A h x, w h . P wh h g - ( h ) x j h h j k g.

, hw, - hh, , ,

h .


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19

A l b a n i a

FOCUS OF THE STUDY

T h w xg h h ff

A. I z h xg h , wh h ,Kz, Bh, h A h . T h h .

T h h h h w , hh, . T hw hxg h ff h w g h .

T h g wh h . Nx h h ,kg h gh . T hw h h ff h fi hh x h g w w- ,hh, .

A w w h M- Kz h . T h h h h g h I S (INSA) w hNwk O S A (NOSA) C-P, h I HD .

Chg g h -, hh, gh w h g , whh wkw g h z, w, k h h h x.

THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN URBAN TIRANA

P h hh g ggh - g h .

Iq , q wk h g . S 1990 h h

gwh h A. w g , . T h h


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20


wh w . A g h , gwh h , gg wk kg h h h gwh h , w q ,h h w.

I h ww , h h . M h h q ffi .

T h g . T xg . T 93,5005 g ( Fg1). T g, gzg, fig

.C h hgh wh h wh h h.U D N. 25 M 16, 2006, h h gzh wk. 1 hw h w wk whh g w .

able 1.I C

Operator Route Length

(km)

Number of

stops

Hours

per day

Number of

buses on route

PUU (M )

KK 8.7 13 18 24

A (P )

S. R-Dg

5.8 13 16 16

Q 6.0 9 16 9

L(P ) QKz 7.0 13 17 16Q Lk 3.2 5 17 6

F(P )

Uz 7.4 19 18 44

U (P )

QP 3.2 6 18 10

QSk 8.0 13 18 13

QU. k 8.0 14 16 10


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21

A l b a n i a

Figure 1.C I P L

Source: M .

I h h ,h h Bh-Z H h Kz .

O h g h z h - h hg h h. T

wg, , h. T Lg S M S(LSMS) 2004 INSA hw h 73 h6 k h wk h h w , wh 25 h k wh 20 60 .7

T fl ff g h. T g -h h E U .M h h , , .

Cw wh h k h , g k h, wh h h h.

F-w h w h h h h.


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22


P wh .N xg h wh wk . T h k. N h

h h wh h k .

PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND THE IMPACT ON POVERTY IN ALBANIA

I g, . E h h x g, g hg- x h h-, h x g h (g

h wh ) h g .8P w fi h g h

k h . T ff h fi hhh wh w . T ff (.g., h hh ff ) (.g., h hh x , , hg, h, .). T hgh g ggh, , , h w wh w . I , h h wh g wh .

able 2.Hh Bg AU A

Food,

beverages,

tobacco

Clothes

and

footwear

Rent,

water,

electricity

Domestic

equipment

Medical

care

Transport,

communi-

cation

Education,

entertain-

ment

Personal

care

Other

expendi-

tures

57.8% 5.3% 6.9% 6.3% 2.6% 7.9% 5.4% 2.3% 5.5%

Source: INSA/Lg S M S 2002.

T fig h 2002 Lg S M S hw h 7.9 h h g -. T h h g h hh, , w . E 9.3 - h hh g , wh h 5.7 .9 kg h h hx w h h wh h

, h hgh . F x, wk wg gw wh h hg h h h . H, x


43/276

23

A l b a n i a

3.4 z 7.2 7.8 h wh g , w 10.7 h wh h fih .W, wh h A , h . Dff x h . I A, , h-z , h wh, w, wh , g wh. I wh h whg k, , w, x h w. W fi ffi wk h h. , g g . A

w h g h h w h .Ag P C 2001, 97 hh h

( 17,577 726,895 hh A ). E -wghh, h . T h wh hh w k h .

able 3.

Hh A N M C OwhHousehold by number of members in Albania Total number

of cars1 2 3 4 5 6 7+

N A hh

316 1,512 3,288 6,204 3,340 1,773 1,144 17,577

Source: INSA: P C, 2001.

F h w h, h . A hNwk O S A (NOSA) C-P h g h h h x ALL 10,510, whh hgh h h () (ALL 1,450). Hw, w- h x h h w g. I 2004, h g , wh h 2002, w ALL 7,801, wh h w ALL 4,891.10

F h w . T -w kwh ALL 20 (x USD 0.25 A 2008). I


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24


h ( wh g hh h h h ALL 37,150 hh ALL 9,310 ), x h w wh g ff k k, h, hh , j. F x, h xg wh h w g. A k h h j g . Wh g hg , h h k. Sw h h j h z , wg h h.

G h , h wk. Mh h ff hg . (T 2001INSA hh hw h 44 h j k .)

Role of Transport Services in Social ExclusionWomen in Albania

g , g - ff . T x x hz w:

T k w , h k . F h wh wh

wkg , kg h . E h j wk g, -g, h . F h , w, h j h , whh k h ( -x- k k ).11

T NOSA C-P 12 h h gz wh h :

1) wk (45 )

2) g (32 )3) (35 )

4) (33 )

Ag h 2004 Lg S M S (LSMS),13 h32 wk w , h gfi g . F-w h wg wk , 32 , h g 26

. P wk g h, , h .


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25

A l b a n i a

Wh g h , xg wkg, h , 30 h , w h -h h .14

Wh h j, , wk, , h , h w h wh h, h , h q . I , z h h, x (whh ), ( z w ). I A, wh , wh 13.5 hh15 wg j 0.5 hh wg h .

I , 15 h w . W g w h gfi w wh

. Ag h 2004 LSMS, 62 h - w , wh 38 . Hw, h NOSA 2006 hw h 55.1 h . Cg h wh h wk, h hgh.

able 4.P U Rg16

Frequency Percentage of people using public transport in percent

E 55.1

45 wk 13.9

23 wk 16.4

O wk 6.7

O h wk 3.7

V 3.9

Oh 0.3

Source: NOSA, P , 2006.

Lk wh x, w. Fx, w -g hh x wh h h . Fh, -fi g k g wh wk

h. P wh ff h g h g g h , hh, , h


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26


. Eq zh q g q . T h h q , , gh whh , g h x hgh ff.

T h .Ug wh w . Hw, - wh w wk, hh, h , h wh ffi g h g , w .

Travel Patterns and Gender Inequality in Albania

G q w . I A, , h h w , h h , hh, kh . T h j k. Wh j ff w, w fi h h g , k k, , k .17 W q wh wk q ,

wg ff k h w . A h , hg h wg ALL 26,041 h, w ALL 17,154 h.18 W g h wg w h h , h -g , h ff w g.

W hgh h h w. w j hh . F hwh w qfi k, j k hkg,g, .

I A, h ffi h. C, , hh whh k . O h h , h , w gg h ffi h g g h wh wg h j wk. T 1995 L C h 2004 G EqLw q w ; hw, w h ffh q , g, .

B C-P, h I H D

, g, 74.8 w 40 ww .19 T ff x h wh -


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27

A l b a n i a

k Kz wh , whh ff h ( A ff 21 w 16 ).20 A , 20.9 h j 6.3 w.21

M h ffi w h g h k h q z, ,, .T g w q .

B g h x , , , w h g, h : h, , g/. 22

W ffi

g g. W , , g h g . T g h g g hg g g , h g g.

KAMEZ AND BATHORE AREATOO FAR YET TOO CLOSE

T ff w h x gh h hw hw , g, , ggh. T x h g Fg 2. (S Ax 3.)

able 5.A D R Rh A

Region/prefecture District Cities Number of villages

* , V, Kz 155

Kj Kj, Rgzh 65

Note: * h ( D : , V, Kz, 16)


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28


Figure 2.KzBh A

Figure 3.M D M-

Source: G-Cg, A.


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29

A l b a n i a

irana . Wh wh g h h w j hgh , h g g .

Ag 2002 LSMS , 18 h h . P q wh h . M-- h (hw 6) h w hgh h - h k.

able 6.P C L M-

S Ok

Mini-municipalities Headcount (percent)23 Expenditures/capita/month24

M- 5 () 11.48 10,424

M- 6 (k) 24.76 7,806

M- 10 () 9.06 10,541

M- 11 (k) 30.6 7,115

Source: INSA, LSMS 2002.

Dg h 1990, g j flg -gh hg . T gw 41.1 w1989 2001. T h , whh h h, h gh gfi hg h - ,25whh g , g . M h w h- .

T g h : Bg L, S, Sk, KKz, K P, . T h ,g K Kz, Kz, Bg L, Bh h , , , h k .

T - h gh 15 , k k g- h h - h ff j , , hh, ff g g hh . Kz h .


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30


able 7.P Iq I Kz M

Municipality Headcount

(percent)

Gini

(percent)

Expenditures/capita

(ALL/month)

Kz 27.09 25.76 7,236.27

17.84 29.32 9,003.02

Rg 23.44 29.48 8,201.84

Source: M P Iq A, INSA 2004.

Kamez h w A, h h h , k ww. T w h

1996 h fi x Bh, h gg ghh . T 60,000 h26(g h 2001, h Kz 44,443 h), 10 hgh h 10 g. T h gwh h. (B 1990, Kz w wh h 7,000 h.)M h w Kz , h g hgh. T .

T wh 23 q k, 311h ffi g . T h 2,039h q k. A 33 h g h z 15-- g g h g 22 h hh g h z 14-- g g.27 T Kz x wh h, h wh w , wh h hh. T g hh z x .

T h h wh x

z. Wh h q USD , h h hq USD 25,000. T h k h w h.T h k h , k , hgh , g . P , w,wh fi hg g.

Bathore h h h h Kz. Bh h gz -k

Kz. I xg g . T - Bh 30,000 40,000 h; h g h


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31

A l b a n i a

h A, g h wh -x.

Ag h 2001 INSA , Bh h x12,000 w g 16 g, 95 wh .Ag h 19 h h 60 h fih h. M g w h h h h h . h , g h K L Dkgj g fl h.28

A 6,000 Bh wh x , - g . T h h g z 16 g 6,897.29 Ch g gwg

g h . Ch w h g w h h h x. A 40 h h g h 10 g, 14 h g 10 16 g. T Bh w k.

Access to Basic Services in Selected Areas

A q -

g. W x h q h , h .

T z h , whh h gg h gwh, h fi , . T g , h .

T h. Ahgh h , h ff

wh q . F, , wh g, h hgh , k , g, h h ff fi h .

E ( , hh, , -) . I g h gwh h hg h fi h , h wh . P whh hh -

fi k g h j k, w j hh, , , q .


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32


M h h Bh Kz h - h . B NOSA C-P h g, 66.7 h h wh h . M h w.

M j h Bh Kz.Rhg h q g hk, g , .

T h ff z Bh h h g h BhZ H. T flh h Bh Z H; hw, h wh ff h h h Bh . T h Bh, whh h g h h

h q ALL 80 g ALL 6,400 h hh.30 T x 24 g -g Bh.31 I Bh, w ff h , w wk.

Box 1.

wo Womes Voces bou Pubc rspor

A ff , h wk, h hh , M, Bh.M h wh wkg h . I w , I kw hw . T , w w. T k 20 k; h. B I h k h g Bh Kz. I h k h g Kz h , h ( j) g h . A I h h ,I hk h I ff . A g. I I h h , h hg I w wh k h . T j j.

I kw h h k h . B h w . T x x. W , h , h g h h wh , h Kz.

h h h k wh h whg gwh h . L

g g h x h ; h k x g.


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33

A l b a n i a

Iw wh z Kz32 h z w h w. T h h ff k h w . Dg h , h h Kz 35 80 33 (g h h). Owg hh w h h j . G h -, h z h .T ff gh h h hgh , hk hg, , .

T . I h h g . Egg h gwh h ff h h -

gg h ff. O h h h, h gff x h g, whh ff w. D h, h h g g w

T Bh k ffi w h w wh . Owg gfi g w h . M h w w h. M,w x h h . B

h h k j ffi w - h w h h .

Bw g h Kz z wh h hk h - g :

k ,

wh hg ,

wg,

.

C x w g h h wh w gff-k h. T ffi j kg g. T x h j k h j w h . T-fi h w wh h h k h h . Ih Kz h h h Kz .


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34


Lower Education Attainment in Suburban Areas

ransport circumstances are not only a reflection of social exclusion but they

operate to compound and contribute to further social exclusion.34

T g . Hgh h h h Kz g. T h ( g) ff g , h wh , w h g h, h h.

Lg h , h

w.Lg wkg h g h.

I Kz , w w g h, wkg, gh Bh Kz.

T g Bh ghh Kz h w h h w h w h w .

able 8.E L P Kz M

Educational level in percent Number of

resident population

above six years oldLower

elementary

Lower

secondary

Upper

secondary

University and

post-university

16.8 % 43.5 % 18.7 % 2.2 % 38,423

F 17.5 % 45.5 % 15.4 % 1.1 % 18,681

Source: INSAP C 2001.

T hw h h 60 h h gh Kz. N 30 h - , wh h h wh h w.

C, Kz h h wh 1,469 .35 T 2,500 h h g g Kz .36

Bh h w h, hgh h, kg,

whh h h . Fh, h , h wh h Kz.


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35

A l b a n i a

Sh , h, , h hgh h,ff , h , g z (gg 35). T h, g g wh , h w wg g h. Dg g g wg , wh wk 2030 h. O h 60 wh h g h 20062007 h , 38 ww.37 A g w h h g 13, h g w h h.

w h h ff h . I k wh h .

Public Transport and Womens Employment

E gwh hg gh h hg , whh h q , g, h hh.

O w A. O h g-, .., kg h w. D , w h j k

h g hg h gh h.Ag INSA, h 20,152 , 51,945

h h . h 35 A ,31 , 40 .

O 33 15 g h -j, wh h 21 wk - , gg h wkg 53.9 h 2001. Ag h INSA LgS M S, 2002, 2003, 2004, h

w 2002 2004, 60 .W g 38 h wk h g.38 W, h , h h h k. O h ffg h hgh g h fi h k h hh wh wk h h hw hk. W . M k h w wh h hh hh h wg h hh. M w w q ff h

w .


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36


able 9.Pg Wkg-g P h E S

Municipality Activity status (percent) Working age

populationEmployed Unemployed39 Not economically active

Male Female Male Female Male Female

27.8 18.0 6.8 9.2 14.2 24.1 260,198

Kz 30.9 12.2 10.1 11.2 10.1 25.4 29,478

A 29.9 18.1 6.9 7.2 12.4 25.5 2,170,437

Source: INSA, P C 2001.

able 10.W U Dggg G Ag

Municipality Age group Total

1519 2029 3044 4554 5564

866 7,392 11,431 4,000 168 23,857

Kz 240 1,455 1,308 270 23 3,296

A 11,666 52,172 68,803 21,672 1,095 155,408


T w . A - h , h w g h Bh h hgh w wh . T w j Bh h . C, h 3,155 z kg Kz, whh 1,063 h h Bh ghh. Ahgh fi w kg Bh, h

h h (568 w, 495 , kg).40 T gh h w wh h wh hgh k Bh h w h fi j w wh wh .

A 11, 104 w kg w wh h Kz g 2007, 30 h w h Bh ghh. T h h w w h fi g hkg, w Kz h .


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37

A l b a n i a

able 11.Jk E Kz M, JN 2007

Area Male Female

Kz (Bh x) 25 71

Bh ghh 15 33

40 104

I h h k w h j -g h w . Nh, h w gg . S

h Bh , whh w , h hgh.

Job Opportunities in Kamez and Tirana

I g, h h gwg Kz ,whh g g j . T gwhh g w h wg-g . A h w , Kz h w 1519 (28.3 ), wh h h h w (42.1 ) 30 44 .

able 12.E W Kz M Dggg G Ag

Municipality Employed women by age group (percent)

1519 2029 3044 4554 5564 65+

8.7 20.7 42.1 27.4 0.9 0.1

Kz 28.3 20.7 18.6 27.6 4.6 0.3

A 13.9 21.2 34.9 26.3 3.4 0.3


Ahgh h h hg, h q -, x h h w . B h gwh


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38


h ffi h xg h - . W g h h h h wkg . I h 10 11 .. T w g j h q wkg hh (.g., w, .). F x, hw 5, fi x w h 10 11 ..

T g h h w . M h h h , h , - , . Fh, g z . U w

q k . T h h ff h h k.Iw wh w h Kz hw h w h . E wh h h h. Hh ffi kh w w g q j. L j h j.

Vh j h ,

flx wk- , h w h h , , hg, hh, .

R g , Kz hh, hw h hg , g ( h q Ax 1).

M w ( ) h .B wh h h , h . T j

w wh h , . T h wk h h, whh j h wh. D h k fl h g w fl g h .


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39

A l b a n i a

Box 2.

A Woms Cocers Regrdg Pubc rspor

I hg wk h .I g wh h ff h I h k. Fh, h k h , h . I gg g k h k. I wkg h w.

Iw h g h Kz

Figure 4.D E Z

Source: .


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40


Womens Access to Healthcare Services in Kamez and Bathore

Socioeconomic conditions such as polluted environments, inadequate hous-

ing, absence of mass transportation, lack of educational and employmentopportunities and unsafe working conditions are implicated in producinginequitable health outcomes.41

T gh hh . A g h gh. T M Hh w hh hgh , x h g,wh h Rg Hh Ah w h hh , g hh .

Wh hh gh ggh h , k h h. F x, h , g hg hh .

O h h h ,42 hh . T wk hh g h h. T g w h hh -g hh .

Box 3.

A Servce Provders Opo o Brrers o Servces

T h k g w g h h, , k q h g.

Vj , g gg h

Hh gfi , whw h h. Ag h A P Hh Sg, h h hh ff h . M h, h hg g h ff h h hh g, w.

I Kz, h hh g 54,000, wh -- 1:3,600


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41

A l b a n i a

T hh wh Bh. I h hh , gh h - 40,000 z. T -- 1:3,750, whh 1:2,600.43 Hh h q , h h h q, ffi k , h h . Ahgh hh h wh , h h k w, , q.

I , hh ff . T h k q , w kwg k hh . T ffi g Bh h

h h q hh g, h h wh h q kg.

Box 4.

A Woms Repor o Accessg Hehcre Servces

I I w g hh , I h g . I I w g g h, hw h g- . T h w .

Iw h g h Kz

H h , h - , h hgh w h whh . Sg hg g. W h h h, h h, h h hh. T wh hh h hh g.

Improving the Quality of Public Transport

T h q k wh q , g h , w, g hh, , , h .

P w x -. Pk A h gz h k w -


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42


w, h h k , hh, g.

T h g NOSA C-P hw h 83.2 w h g h q w .T h k h q 13.

able 13.I P S

Improvement of transport service Percent of interview responses

I h 49.2

P h 19.2

Ex 9.1

Sh h w w 7.6

B 3.2

Ag h 1.8

P h 1.6Source: P S, NOSA.

P h h h g w h w. h g g .

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

T h A q h k w . L g h ff g h wh xg g g xg g. P g h g wh g h k , hh, .

O h , gfi h ,

, hh h Kz Bh. D hff, w g g -


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43

A l b a n i a

. L h h whh h fig q q .

I , h w h fi h g fi . T k ffi wh h h k h h h w g h x h h . W h h k ggg (, , .) h Kz Bhghh. T k ffi h g .

I k Bh Kz, h h g - h , g , hh,

, h .L h h g h x hgh q h , ff,

I h x g gg h , h h g gh h fi h h , h, , hh , .

Fh, h gg h wg h

ff w Bh Kz h h fi g.

rspor d geder bce pocy eeds rch d. A d eed o besubjeced o geder yss.

T ggg w, x,g q h , hhg , gh hh .

I g zg , hk h h gzh h h wh h --.

Sh h h hh.


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44


Recogze he erco bewee rsporo d soc equy

I w q h gh h g .

I h g h g.

G g q w w .

Empower wome d vove hem deveopme of egred deveopmesregy

Eg h - w gz h h h g .

I h w g .

I w g g j h h .


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45

A l b a n i a

APPENDIX 1

Questionnaire for Tirana, Kamez, and Bathore

D w (/h) / G: M F

Ag: q: M:

Aspects of public

transport to assess

Questions for community members Answers

Access pubcrspor

D g ?

I , q h wh h w h w w:

Y N

D ?

I , wh k h . Ih w NO, wh k :

Y N

D w ?

I , h k whk :

Y N

Quy of pubcrspor

Hw w h q ?

P, x h w wk h w:

G

S

N g

D kw

Hw h h ?

P, x h w w:

A g

S

L

NImpc of pubcrspor socoecoomcopporues,empoyme,educo, dhehcre servces.

I ?

P h w w, whh q h (, hh, ):

A g

S

L

N

Wh hk h xg / ?

P h w w:

M

WEq


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46


APPENDIX 2

Managing the Local and Regional Development Potential

Rg h g g g g (g /g). Hw, h g h fi h ff fi h h g whh h h h h / .

S g h . T w k ff h w h g .T g w k wh h -

g g , h w h g. Tg h wh h kh h fig , g , g fi , hg g . T g fi h Rg Sg w:

g ,

h q ,

h hh,

,

h gh g g h .

W h h ffi g g.


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47

A l b a n i a

able A2.1.R G Pz G I I

Tirana regional

objectives

Why should government act? How should government act?

Povery reduco h

w. I k w

w h k. I h hh g. P q

j .

Bg h g g.

g hk w.

S h -w.

I xg xg .

P gg h wh h w.

Acheve uversprmry educo

Lg wkg k g h,

gg h h.

E h h .

Promoe gederequy dempower wome

D gq w

w h

h h, h, h w gg

wk

Pz g q h , g , h g.

S g h g w g -kg hg , hh wk x.

Improve mercre

A hh h k ( ).

Pz h h hh g .

Esureevromesusby

h h w .

P q gg.

D h g g.


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48


APPENDIX 3

Administrative and Territorial Division in Albania

T A g h Lw hOgz F L G, N. 8652/00, h Lw A D, N. 8653/00.

T 309 65 h fi g 12 g () h g.T g fi h wg , h , k w w h . T g () -

wh g 260,605 ( 2004).T A g. T z

() . Eh h w h 10,000 -h, h h h w h 5,000 h. T z h . S gg h wh h z hxg w z, w ffi ff h . L g, , h g xg gz. I 2002, z h g- h (g ), , , .

L g h (h whh h g- h h w , h , h g x h) hh.

T g z h g h . S g kg w k.T h h h k ff g ffi h

fi h.


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49

A l b a n i a

APPENDIX 4

Some Demographic Data of the Selected Areas

able A4.1P D

District Population Males Females Urban areas Rural areas

519,720 260,05450.1%

259,66649.9%

352,58167.8%

167,13932.2%

A 3,069,275 1,530,44349.9%

1,538,83250.1%

1,294,19642.2%

1,775,07957.8%

S: INSA P C 2001.

Dg h 1990, gw. Bw 1989 2001, h g 150,000 , 41 h A 3.6 . T h h hh g , g .

able A4.2

P Chg, 19892001Area Population 1989 Population 2001 Total change

in population

Percent change

368,213 519,720 151,507 41.1

A 3,182,417 3,069,275 113,142 3.6

Source: INSA P C, 2001.

able A4.3P D S A

District Population 2001 Area km2 Density persons/km2

g 519,720 1,229.16 422.82

341,453 41.80 8,168.00

Kz 44,443 21.80 2,039.00

A 3,069,275 28,748.00 106.70

Source: INSA P C, 2001.


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50


able A4.4P Dgggg M Ag G

Municipal/

communes

Age groups Total

014 1564 65+

138,619 339,764 41,337 519,720

81,255 229,027 31,171 341,453

Kz 14,965 27,621 1,857 44,443

V 3,850 7,953 755 12,558

Source: INSA P C 2001.

able A4.5P Kz M

Municipality Population Males/

females*100

Percent of

014

Percent of

1564

Percent of

65 +

341,453 98.1 23.7 67.0 9.1

Kz 44,443 106.2 33.7 62.1 4.2

A 3,069,275 99.45 22.3 63.2 7.5


able A4.6E L h F P Kz M

Municipality Educational level Total

Lower

elementary

Lower

secondary

Upper

secondary

University &

post-university

23,082 38,171 55,970 21,200 158,323

Kz 3,275 8,504 2,878 284 18,681



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51

A l b a n i a

SOURCES CITED

E C (2005) A 2005 Pg R. N.

G, M.S. (2003) S Ex: Nw P G, Nw PO. P I C Bh Rh,L. Ag.

INSA (2004) A 2001 C A. : I S.

(2004) P Wk A. Rh P. : I S.

(2004) P Iq A. : I S.

K, Bj (2007) EC Pj S Ig D DRg. kg , Mh 2007.

M, E (2007) EC Pj S Ig D DRg. Bkg gh g, Mh 2007.

M, A S O (2006) OSI W Pg, Bgg h EU HPj, Mg Eq O W M Sh E E.B: O S I.

M E S (2004) N E Sg 200415. D.

M F (2004) Pg R I h N Sg S D g 2003. Oj Lg- V, P

A P 20042007. A.M L, S Aff, Eq O (2006) D Sg S

I A 20072013. N.

M Kz (2003) Sg U D (SUD). P h M Kz.

M (2007) D Sg P . J.

Nwk O S A, NOSA, I H D (2007)S h P Rg. P h g G G

R Lw. J.P, Dk (2001) G L D C. P h Ex

Wkh G P Eh S 2002: Eg, , I D-kg. B. J 1012.

, J. (2006) M Hh & A N A. C P. A : h://www4.wk.g///R/HML/G-RG/S%20%20/I%20%20Sg%20P/M%20Hh/ISMH1%20MH%20%20%20%2005..

, J. P. F (1995) W Dg C.

Cwh, U Kg: Rh L. ransport ReviewsA ransnational ransdisciplinary Journal. 15 (1): 7796.


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52


UNDP A (2005) Albania National Human Development Report 2005: Pro-poor & Pro-women Policies and Development in Albania. : UNDP.

UNDP Ox (2005) M D G, G gL Ah, Rg R.

W Bk (2002) U P R. I: Cities on the Move: A WorldBank Urban ransport Strategy Review. Ag.

W Bk (2006) A Mk A. Whg, D.C.: W Bk. M.

W Bk (2006) A Hh S N. Whg, D.C.: W Bk. F.

ENDNOTES

1

UNDP A (2005) N H D R P- & P-wP & D A, Ah Og h MDG A.: UNDP A.

2 T h fig h NOSA C-P wh 1,000 hh .

3 Lg S M S (LSMS) (2002) E h h wkg g.

4 INSA (2001) P C.5 : S Ig D h D

Rg.6 T 317 hh.7 INSA LSMS 2004 .8 D, Ag S. (1985) T D P Dg C.

ransport Research Record.9 Lg S M S (LSMS) 2002.10 T h k 2,908 w wh -

925 w wh h w.11 U , W Bk, Ag 2002.12 T h 2,000 hh g.13 LSMS 2004 k x h h hh w 2002 h

.14 LSMS 2004 q q h w

w h .

15 INSA 2004. T APS 2004 1,797 hh 7,496 h . (I 2001, h hh w .)


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53

A l b a n i a

16 T h w wh h h q

17 UNDP NHDR 200518

INSA (2005) W M A.19 Iw 1,000 hh20 A G Pfi. A : h//www..g21 T h fig h NOSA C-P wh 1,000 hh

22 Dk P (2001) G L D C. P

h Ex Wkh G P Eh S 2002: Eg, ,I D-kg. B. J 1012.

23

Pg wh w h .24 I 2004, g 2002 ALL 7,801.

T 2002 ALL 4,891 (LSMS 2004).25 Ag INSA P C 2001, 519,720, wh

67.8 h .26 Bh A .27 INSA (2001) P C.28 T K w Lk Dkgj h h

A h 15h

h 20h

. T w g w . T w : hh, , h,g, k w, . S h fi hw w h .

29 A , Bh 2007.30 O g h h ff 20

h.31 Ag INSA LSMS 2002, g hh Bh ALL 27,000

h.32 T h h h wh g h h.33 Iw wh .34 M. S. G (2003) S Ex: Nw P G, Nw P

O. P I C Bh Rh, L.Ag.

35 Rg E D.36 T fi kg, x h, w h Kz

g Kz, Bh, Bh, Z M, Lk, V.37 Rg E D.


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54


38 UNDP, Rg D Sg.39 U h wkg g wh kg j.40 E Offi, Kz M.

41 C Rgh Pj H & C C Chg, . 24.42 T g w , Kj, g fi -

24 . T h (, Kz, V) 16 .

43 Rg D Hh, .


75/276

C H A P T E R 2

Ggh Ex,

S IN- E B

R Nghh Bg

Boyan Zahariev Ilko Jordanov


76/276


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57

B u l g a r i a

Executive Summary

Many Roma living in areas of Bulgaria fail to pay their electric bills. This failure to pay for

electricity appears primarily in segregated urban Roma communities, but not necessarily the

poorest; it is often combined with a failure to pay for water, garbage collection, and other

services. The causes of the failure to pay for electricity are economic, psychological, and

social. Some Roma cannot pay, because they have earned insufficient income or received

insufficient social welfare money. Some Roma do not pay because they have not developed

the skills to manage their money in a rational way and use their available cash to pay, for

example, for stylish clothes and other nonessentials. Some Roma do not pay because they

simply refuse to pay, sometimes when they know that many of their neighbors are also

refusing to pay. Some Roma do not pay because their electricity lines have been tapped by

neighbors who steal electricity and run up their bills. Some Roma do not pay because they

believe they are being unfairly overcharged by the electrical utility company or by corrupt

employees of the utility company.

In many areas, the failure of so many Roma individuals to pay their electric bills is so

widespread that it escalates into a community problem, and not simply a problem of a

private company seeking payment for the power it has provided to individual customers.

The electrical utility has responded in a variety of ineffective ways to the failure of many

Roma to pay their bills. For example, the utility company has sent collectors to obtain the

payment, but in many instances collectors have been harassed or worse. The utility company

has shut off electricity to individual customers, but this has led Roma to reconnect their

residences, bypassing electric meters. The company has placed electric meters high on

utility poles, but this has generated assertions that the practice stigmatizes the Roma.

The utility has shut off electricity to clusters of residences, without distinguishing between

those residents who pay their bills and those who fail to pay. Local governments and the

Bulgarian central government have tended to treat the problem between the electricalutility company and its customers.

The problem is embedded in legacy of unsolved issues like urban decay, poor housing,

bad infrastructure, low levels of education, unemployment, and discrimination. It creates

stress in the Roma community. It turns Roma neighbors against each other. It turns the

Roma against the electrical utility company.

Electricity supply companies need instruments they can use to address this complex

societal issue, but the root causes of widespread failure to pay electric bills involve issues

that a company cannot address alone. The solution lies in the involvement of a large variety

of stakeholders. It requires analysis of the situation, capacity building, anti-poverty meas-


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58


ures aimed at vulnerable groups, confidence building measures, including local partnership

between Roma leaders and representatives from the electric utility companies and the

local administration to monitor the quality of services supplied and quality standards of

electricity supply, the transfer social benefits for energy bills directly from the governmentto the electricity companies, improved social services and policing, programs for household

budget-management training, and a wide variety of other approaches.


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59

B u l g a r i a

INTRODUCTION

T h z h h ff -

R- Bg. T R h gg h j . F h , h x-. Hw, h x, wh h g h ghh h . T h gg h h g , wh h - j . T x wh- x , whh , g, gg ghh h .

O h h h h - - g g k g. I , , h wh wg g xg gg . I g h x w , hg, g .

E h h x . T h g kh. T g k , hg,

Figure 1.H C h E G, Lg R Nghh,

Sg


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60


, w , , . S w gg h , w w h -g h k fi . I h wk w w k , h k whh h h w h kg fi -k .T h g h h h . A wk g g gh k wh . B h k q h g -, x h . I, -- -w gz

gz. T h q j g h , , -g, wh q .

BACKGROUND: WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?

Methodological Notes and Limitations

T h g 11,368 hh h h g Kj, Sh WPg Rg Bg. O hh fi h Kj (g ), Dz (g ), S Bj ( ) w w g, Kjz (g) Kj (). T ff g g . O hh w h h , h , , w g

wh h .T h x wh h .

T, 11 ghh, whh h ff hg R g x Bg R . I ,w j ghhRz V h w Dz Bzj h w Kj -R z w h g h . T g R - x ghhfi Dz Kj.

T S Bj g. T, h R -

g h h z wh g gg h . Bh h g Kj Kjz, h


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61

B u l g a r i a

Bg g R, w x w w g.

S g w , h w h w Kj Dz. A, h x ghh gg h-, h Kj1 h khg w R.

Fwk w g h h h . I -h - w,-g , k h , fi ,g wh x, g kh .

S h P D P A h Bg, h -

h gh q g. I w h h h h h h hh, g h fi w .

W 11,368 , whh w h hh,hgh h w x h hh fi hN Hh S (NHS). A wh g h hh h hNHS fi ff wh.

T h . A h h wh h h g, h h , whh , h z , h - . T, w k h (.., hh fi ), h k h .

T , gh, h

h hh. Sh h hh Dz h ghh. I ggz h R ghh Dz Kj.2 Hw, h wh h h . V ff g h h k, , g wh h w gz. T w , g ggg h ghh , wh ff wh

w . T h - hh h . T ( k) gh


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62


g h hhh, wh h .

Electricity Supply and Electricity Payment DefaultsGeneral Issues

A h kg g h j g . Ag h ffi h w, , Bg wh h h .

Hw, h h 1989, h w g Bg. A w h k

. I h gg 2005, q q h h Ex A G h O S FSfi,wh h wk g j, gwg , gg R g, wh ff h wk. T gh Kj Dzhw h gh h R Kj 17 h R Dz w g wg wh .

Figure 2.

R Sh R Hh A E

Sources: CEZKj, S S E S R Kj Rg,O S ISfi, D 2005; S S E S

R C Dz, Pj Dz, M Dz, O SISfi, M 2006; h w .

70%

75%

Iztok

92%

Gizdova

Mahala

Arakchijski

Most

Kavaklija Spartak Podina

80%

85%

90%

95%

78%82% 81%

90%

85%


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63

B u l g a r i a

I , h R ghh h hg wh h w h h, wh h gg h fi- h g ghh wh. T,h h q g h hg w z g g - .

S h hw h ghh g , wh qk z k g ggg z .

Figure 3.Ag h O E G, Rkk R Nghh,

w Rkk, Rg P

T gfi h - hw hgh h g , k , . T g ffi h g h fi h g . Ag h NSI , Bg h g (46 ) 2004.


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64


Box 1.

Eergy Sregy of Bugr

Te Bulgarian economy cannot be competitive while it continues to consume 10 times more energythan economies in Western Europe and two to three times more than the Central European economies.Even more alarming is the fact that while in all other countries a sustainable downward trend can beobserved, the Bulgarian economy continues hovering around the highest values

I , g h g h g Bg hh, wh g h hgh h h hh R,3 Sk, Lh, h

Bg g g g. Ahgh h w Bg g g, h h j h kg - ffi:

1) P g ffi h .

2) I h ffi g , g- .

3) P , g g g, - g-

j wh gfi ff.

Figure 4.E L Izk Nghh, Kj


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65

B u l g a r i a

T g h ff h - h - g h . A h g h , , - x fi h h w, wh h g. I, h z Bg - , h g h g w . T g g h g h h k . T g- h h g , , h x . P h x h . J ffi h h ghh wh g h h

w w ff h w . Sh h w.

Description of Roma Neighborhoods and Settlements

1 Fg 4 g ggh h h h R ghh h h w h .

able 1.P R N S Hh

Place of

residence

Municipality of

Dupnitza Kjustendil Sapareva

Banja

Town of Dupnitza Village of

Krajnitzi

Town of

Kjustendil

Village

of

Konjavo

Town of

Sapareva

Banja

Neighbor-

hoods

surveyed

Kava

klija(Roma

)

Sparta

k

Gizdovama

ha

la

Po

dina

Ara

kc

hijs

kimos

t

Razvesenavarba

Kra

jnitz

i

Iztok

Buz

ludja

Kon

javo

Sapareva

Ban

ja

N hh

165 1,330 324 688 535 242 1,458 1,730 2,254 815 1,827


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66


A , R ghh Bg k . T h z wh . I h - h w ,g - , .

Figure 5.Offi D Ex E h R R

h O M

ow of Kjused

Iztok Roma Neighborhood

T w Kj gg. A g j hR h R- ghh Iztok, hk w h h .O w 1,700 hh R. B h h , Kj R wg-wh g h Ygwk -w . , h Izk h h h. T

k w h, wh hg w h . E h hh h A h.

KIUSTENDIL

Share of Roma population:

from NSI: 6.85from expert estimation: 12.04

SAPAREVA BANIA



DUPNITZA



LEGEND

Data from NSI Data from expert estimation

Bulgarians BulgariansTurks Turks

Roma Roma

Other Other


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67

B u l g a r i a

Figure 6.Ch h Izk Nghh, Kj

ow of Dupz

T w D ff gg. T R - D fi ghh.

T R-Kkj ghh Dz 1.7 k- h w h 165 kh R . T h wh ghh. U w w h ghh.

Figure 7.Nw H B wh P Rg Ah,

Kkj Nghh, Dz


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68


Arkchjsk Mos x ghh 248 R hh x- h Bg hh 2.5 k Dz.T R h h R h Dz. M h R Akhjk M I P.

Figure 8.Akhjk Bg, h S B w h Nghh

h w Dz

Gzdov Mh, 1.4 k h Dz, h x 1,600 R g 324 hh. I h ghh Dz. S h h h 1970wh R wk Izk (Kj) wk D-

. T g g w h wh ffi . T h g h g , g h h g w g . T h w g h g R Dz.

Pod x ghh k h Dz.I h 10 Bg R 90 Bg. T R, wh - 70 hh, h g j g wh h gj gwh. A h , R jk h wk.

T Sprk eghborhood ( G Mh) 1.3 k h . I 89 Bg


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69

B u l g a r i a

11 R. T R 150 hh h- Ch (Bg R). T ghh g h q h h g g.M R h w hg. T h w .

Figure 9.I Kh wh E, Dz

ow of Sprev Bj

I Sprev Bj, R 400 10 h . T hh gg gh-

h, h h h.T Rzvese Vrbghh Dz h BuzudjghhKj, w h g Krjz (M Dz) h gKojvo (M Kj) h k w g: Tfig -R hh h g w gwh x . Bh g h h wh h gh x Rzvese Vrb.4


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70


Figure 10.D h S R Nghh h C CDz

Figure 11.D h S R Nghh h C CKj

KAVAKLIJA

Number of households: 165

Number of Roma households: 165

Distance from center: 1.7 km

SPARTAK

Number of households: 1,330



ARAKCHIJSKI MOSTNumber of households: 535



PODINA




RAZVESENA VURBA

Number of households: 242Number of Roma households: 0


GIZDOVA MAHALA




BUZLUDJA

Number of households: 2,254



IZTOK

Number of households: 1,730Number of Roma households: 1,728



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71

B u l g a r i a

Non-payment of Electricity BillsFacts and Figures

T - h ghh h h

. A k h ghh h w D-z ghh h g h - h jx h h h g h h.

Figure 12.R Sh N-g Hh

Source: CEZKj.

F Fg 13 h h h -g hh Dz hgh. Sfi, h h -w

w h . I w h ghh h - g gh .

Ag h ffi , g, 17 h hh h ghh D k h g.

Fg 13 hw h hh Dz wh gfi -g h Gz Mh, Kkj, Sk ghh. IGz Mh Kkj ghh h h h hh hg h BGN 500. T h gh h h

h hh h Sk ghh.

0%

10%

Buzludja

4%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Iztok GizdovaMahala

ArakchijskiMost

Kavaklija Spartak Podina RazvesenaVarba

SaparevaBanja

14%

50%

16%

47%

17%

4%

19%

1%


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72


Figure 13.P N- h O Nghh Dz

Figure 14.Pg Hh wh A h E G

Source: S S E S R C Dz, Pj Dz,M Dz, O S ISfi, M 2006.

ARAKCHIJSKI MOST

Non-paying: 16%

Legend

Non payingPaying

PODINA

Non-paying: 4%

RAZVESENA VURBA

Non-paying: 19%

SPARTAK

Non-paying: 17%

KAVAKLIJA

Non-paying: 47%

0%

5%

Kavaklija

19%

Spartak Gizdova

Mahala

Podina Arakchijski

Most

Average

10%

15%

20%

25%

1%

22%

14%

18%17%


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73

B u l g a r i a

able 2.C Ag h A Og B

Groups according to the

amount of the arrears

050

BGN

50100

BGN

100250

BGN

250500

BGN

500

1,000 BGN

1,000

3,000 BGN

3,000+

BGN

Total

w S Bj 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 27

Bzj ghh 70 5 6 2 0 0 0 83

Izk ghh 168 43 30 3 0 0 0 244

P ghh 18 2 5 2 1 2 0 30

Rz Vghh

34 1 4 2 4 1 0 46

Sk ghh 62 14 22 24 23 54 22 221

Gz Mhghh

18 6 14 16 27 63 17 161

Kkj ghh 10 5 6 13 18 25 1 78

Vg Dj 13 1 2 0 0 0 0 16

Vg Kj 64 2 2 0 0 0 0 68

Vg Kjz 46 1 3 3 1 0 0 54

o 530 80 94 65 74 145 40 1,028

Source: CEZKj.

able 3.R Sh N- Sx Nghh Dz

050

BGN

51100

BGN

101250

BGN

251500

BGN

501

1,000 BGN

1,001

3,000 BGN

3,000+

BGN

Akhjk M 14(31%)

78(5%)

168(10%)

384(15%)

738(15%)

1,985(20%)

4,036(5%)

Gz Mh 21(11%)

70(4%)

180(9%)

375(10%)

769(17%)

1,705(39%)

4,465(11%)

Kkj 20(13%)

88(6%)

155(8%)

354(17%)

673(23%)

1,800(32%)

3,200(1%)

P 8(60%)

76(7%)

132(17%)

378(7%)

727(3%)

1,872(7%)

Rz V 15(74%)

71(2%)

147(9%)

295(4%)

675(9%)

1,226(2%)

Sk 14(28%)

74(6%)

180(10%)

366(11%)

724(10%)

1,773(24%)

3,981(10%)


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74


S, g hh h BGL 250 h , h h hgh h h g g . T .

able 4.Ag A, P B BGN

Average Arrear per

Bill

050

BGN

51100

BGN

101250

BGN

251500

BGN

501

1,000 BGN

1,001

3,000 BGN

3,000+

BGN

w S Bj

4.2

Bzjghh

4.3 37.5 52.2 77.3

Izkghh

15.4 28.9 38.1 76.6

Pghh

3.0 7.6 16.9 64.5 51.9 44.6

Rz Vghh

7.2 35.6 59.0 84.1 65.9 102.2

Skghh

7.2 10.6 38.4 22.1 40.0 56.7 109.2

Gz Mhghh

6.1 6.6 16.1 19.4 26.9 45.0 111.3

Kkjghh

7.4 19.0 13.7 23.6 24.1 50.4 82.0

Vg Dj 4.8 11.0 63.9

Vg Kj 3.7 22.7 47.8

Vg Kjz 5.4 85.3 34.3 36.8 79.8

Source: CEZKj.

4 hw h h g gw h g . I ghh wh , h hgh h . O x h h hg , whh h g k h ( w h h x- ). A x h h

/h , whh - h ,g, h g h ( w h h


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75

B u l g a r i a

h h x ). A hh , h h g , , whh qk h h h g. T k wg g h h hgh h h h h . A h x h h g h k wh hh ghh . O h x .

T - qk g ghh. F x, h Sk ghh Dz x,wh 11 R 89 -R hh; 17

hh h h h 16 h, g. C, h h h , , , x h.

Wh w h h x kg h , , g, g h g. U, h h g h k h . F x,h g h , wg h z - , hgh h h

w h R. Lg h . T h h h ghh , whh h g h q h g q. T k fi h kh. I g q g h h g h g h w h g ghhkg k gg gh, , w .

T h R hh k h ghh wh . T hw -- q wh fi . Ih ghh wh h hh g fi hgh, h h hh h fi hgh.T , h fi .B h fi w-g w, R .5 T hgh h h wh ff h k h

g hh.6


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76


Figure 15.Ch Bfi Eg Bfi C-

Source: CEZKj N Ag S H2005.

Figure 16.

C w h Sh I C h Ag D C

Source: CEZKj.

0

1

0.1

2

3

4

5

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

6

Numberofchildbenefitentitlements

Number of energy benefits

0

200

10%

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Averagedebtp

erclient

Share of indebted clients

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

1,400


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77

B u l g a r i a

A h h , h g . O h h h h - . T h - , h hghh g . T - h g wh h wh - wh , h h k ff w ff .

HOW DID THE PROBLEM APPEAR AND DEVELOP?

T - ( x, w

), hg ( x, ).

T g h h h h h h wk wh g g . I , hw, h w h .

T h g.I w w g hgh h -z. T g wh q h ,

h h h , g h. S, , h gh h .

h R ghh, wh -q wk g g . T h h hh h h . I fi , h wh h wh ghh. T

wh g , R w -R, h hgh . T ghh.

Wh h h wh , . I , h h wk, g h wk. I k ghh g h h k g .

A j h h g h h -

w fi h h. T q g fi, g fi -fi k


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. I h -fi h h h q .

D -g w g :h h wg- .

Swh h g w h w g w-, wh g h hh g.

Oj w g:

,

.

Economic and Social Factors and Unpredictable Events

E fl hg w, g ,h , h h. U h g h w h , , .

T poor housg d vg codos ghh - x R . I w k h g

R h Dz Gz Mh, 35 R h - k. Eg hg h h h w h hgh .

able 5.B Bg M Dz Nghh

Panels Steel

structure

and

concrete

Bricks Bricks

and

wood

Stones Sun-dried

bricks

Wood Other

materials

Kk 0 3 24 86 0 1 0 0

Sk 3 13 53 69 0 10 0 1

Gz Mh 4 6 162 75 0 126 2 2

P 0 0 30 22 0 14 3 0

Akhk M 1 9 177 54 0 5 0 0

Source: S S E S R C Dz, Pj Dz,

M Dz, O S FSfi, M 2006.


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B u l g a r i a

T w h g R h Bgj h w Dz g h, x , g h R h h g . A h h R Kj Rg h O S FSfi 2005 hw h R g ( Fg 17). T - g g h h g ; , g w, hg; h , , . T h 85 h R g j 20 Bg.

Figure 17.

Cg h Hg C Bg R

Source: S S E S R Kj Rg, O S FSfi, D 2005.

T R ghh -. I g, h h .E h x h R, h h g- j h- h g h .

Ag h g - Dz k-, h w , . F x, GzMh, h ghh , h k -

. T h hh g 57 .

0%

20%

Extremely poor living conditions

2%

Poor living conditions Acceptable living conditions

40%

60%

80%

100%

13%

18%

72%

80%

14%

Bulgarian Roma


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Figure 18.R Sh Hh wh O U M

Source: S S E S R C Dz, Pj Dz,M Dz, U L, N S I, 2003.

O g, h g -R kh h R h hgh .

Figure 19.R Sh R (18+) wh S Hgh E

Source: S S E S R Kj Rg, O S FSfi, D 2005, S S E S R C Dz, Pj Dz, M Dz

2009 pallai who decides

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