2005 results and overview gccc staff at the bureau of economic geology, jackson school of...
TRANSCRIPT
2005 Results and Overview2005 Results and Overview
GCCC Staff at the Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School Of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin
December 14, 2005
Gulf Coast Carbon Center (GCCC)Gulf Coast Carbon Center (GCCC)
Mission: A global leadership position in economic implementation of large scale greenhouse gas sequestration.
Sponsors
GCCC Staff at Bureau of Economic GeologyIan Duncan, Bill Ambrose, Susan Hovorka, Mark H. Holtz, Shinchi Sakurai,
Joseph Yeh, Khaled Foaud, Jeff Paine, Becky Smyth, Cari BretonMike Moore, Falcon Environmental; Michelle Foss, Center for Energy Economics
Other GCCC CollaboratorsOther GCCC Collaborators
• DOE-NETL – Frio project• Southeast Regional Sequestration Partnership
(SECarb); Southwest Regional Sequestration Partnership
• Environmental research, NGO’s– Environmental Defense, National Resources Defense
Council Houston Sierra Club• Other research teams
– National labs, NETL, LBNL,LLNL, ORNL, PNL; USGS; Institute for Energy, Law & Enterprise; HARC; UT ESI; Louisiana Geological Survey, Australian CO2CRC
• Mike Moore (Falcon Environmental)– GCCC consultant with power industry
GCCC ActivitiesGCCC Activities
• Source-Sink Inventory• Field Demonstrations
– Permian historic field impact study– Permian new field evaluation– Gulf Coast stacked storage – Frio Brine Pilot Experiment
• Risk Assessment• Carbon trading workshop• Public information• Information to Texas Legislature (and other Gulf
Coast States)
Source- Sink inventory: US Source- Sink inventory: US Distribution of CODistribution of CO22 Sources and Sources and
Subsurface SinksSubsurface Sinks
CO2 Data from IEA Greenhouse Gas databaseThickness of sedimentary cover from USGS Sources of CO2 gridded and summed and thickness
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Results at www.gulfcoastcarbon.org
Message to LegislaturesMessage to Legislatures
Energy supply benefits from applying CO2 enhanced
oil recovery processes in Texas and the Gulf Coast.
The Environment benefits from capturing and storing a major greenhouse gas.
The Economy benefits from• Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) including wellhead
value, taxes, and jobs. • Net positive carbon credits in Texas and the Gulf
Coast owing to large volume storage capacity• Jobs created by infrastructure development
associated with a CO2 sequestration industry
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Saline Formations
Focus on the Gulf CoastFocus on the Gulf Coast#
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Sources (dot size =release) Refineries and chemical
plants Electric power plants
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Selected oil fieldthat could benefit from EOR
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pipeline
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Future CO2 pipeline
Frio Brine Pilot
Pipelines and Areas of InterestPipelines and Areas of Interest
Courtesy of AirLiquide
Economic Framework for Gulf Economic Framework for Gulf Coast COCoast CO22 Source-Sink Integration Source-Sink Integration
• Numerous sources including immediately available CO2 from refineries and chemical plants and large amounts of CO2 available from power plants at the time that technologies mature.
• Numerous oil and gas fields in decline provide market for CO2
• Determine price of CO2 under various configurations of sources, pipelines, and technology breakthroughs, and incentives.
• Identify early opportunities for successful implementation
Oil & Gas ReservoirsOil & Gas Reservoirs(Texas)(Texas)
DECISION TREEFOR SCREENING
CANDIDATERESERVOIRS
Oil-reservoir database
Has reservoirbeen waterflooded?
Minimummiscibility
pressure (depth,temp., pressure,
oil character)
Does reservoir havewater- drivemechanism?
No
Rejected
No
Rejected
No
Rejected
No
Yes
Unknown
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Candidate reservoirs
Candidate forsecondaryrecovery
Reservoir depth> 6000 ft
Cumulativeproduction> 1 MMSTB
Yes
Oil Reservoir Candidate ScreeningOil Reservoir Candidate Screening
• Oil reservoir database developed for Texas– Total of 3,266 reservoirs
• Applied screening criteria for 3 countiesBrazoria, Galveston, and Orange CountiesCandidate reservoirs lie in 5 geologic plays
Piercement Salt-DomeFrio Deep-Seated Salt DomesFrio (Buna) Barrier/Strandplain SSFrio Barrier/Strandplain SSHackberry Submarine-Fan SS
• 44 initial candidate reservoirs
Net sand in brine formation
Oil and gas fields, play outlines
Refineries, chemical plants
Coal-fired power plants
Gas and oil -fired power plants
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100 0 100 200 Miles
Source-Sink OpportunitiesSource-Sink OpportunitiesExplored in GISExplored in GIS
Existing CO2 pipeline
Oil fields - benefit from EOR
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Recovery Efficiency of Sandstone Reservoirs from Enhanced Oil Recovery Efficiency of Sandstone Reservoirs from Enhanced Oil Recovery ProjectsRecovery Projects
Fre
qu
enc
y
Recovery efficiency (percent)
Submarine fan
Barrier/strandplain
Fluvial/deltaic
QAc4237c
0
2
3
4
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42
1
5
6
7
West Texas COWest Texas CO22 Market Market• Company- KinderMorgan
• # reservoirs – app. 70• Additions usage-• 1,500 miles of major
pipelines• Approximately 7.3 TCF or
380 MM tones used
Mississippi COMississippi CO22 Market Market
Simplified Model Using Dimensionless Simplified Model Using Dimensionless Groups for Rapid Assessment of COGroups for Rapid Assessment of CO22
Flooding and Storage in Gulf Coast Flooding and Storage in Gulf Coast ReservoirsReservoirs
• Model can be applied to candidate Gulf Coast reservoirs in BEG database – limited data on many reservoirs
• Potential for use by small and big operators alike to quickly identify best reservoirs
CO2 Injection and Production
0.00E+00
1.00E+09
2.00E+09
3.00E+09
4.00E+09
0 25 50 75 100 125
Time (days)V
olu
me
(SC
F)
Injected
Produced
Derek Wood, Larry Lake
Texas COTexas CO22 EOR Resource Target at EOR Resource Target at
15 % Recovery15 % Recovery
2,037,000
307,6941,965,856
1,445,550
Gulf Coast
Texas Cretaceous Shelf Margin
East Texas
North Central Texas
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Res
idua
l oil
(MST
B)
Gulf Coast residual oil target by play
Total = 5.7 billion STB
Additional Production from COAdditional Production from CO22 EOR EOR
98 89
1,500
3,027
4,714
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
Oil
EO
R P
ote
nti
al (
Mill
ion
Bar
rels
)
Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas GulfCoast
Total
New Miscible CO2 EOR Potential
Role of Pilots in Evolution of CORole of Pilots in Evolution of CO22 Industry Industry
Extensive EOR and UIC experience
PilotsPilots
SACROC/ Claytonville
Stacked Storage
Denbury
Frio
SACROC/ ClaytonvilleSACROC/ Claytonville
• Co-operative with New Mexico Tech and Kinder Morgan
• SACROC – 30 years injection for EOR– Best practices – expansion to North area– Environmental impact on Groundwater
• Claytonville –Characterization for expansion into new production
Extensive Data In West Texas EORExtensive Data In West Texas EOR
• Show VRML of Fulterton• Charaterization of heterogenety,
remaining mobile oil optimizing engineering for secondary and tertiary recovery
• West Texas most mature providence over 1 billion STB produced by CO2 EOR
Model for Stacked Storage in the Gulf Model for Stacked Storage in the Gulf CoastCoast
Linked enhanced oil and gas productionto offset development cost and speed implementation
Very large volumestorage in stacked brineformations beneathreservoir footprints
Near-term and long-term sources and sinks linked in a regional pipeline network
Validation of adequacy of permitting and monitoring protocols
Prospective Source-Sink Matches for Prospective Source-Sink Matches for Stacked StorageStacked Storage
• Source – numerous Texas City refineries, Praxair hydrogen plant
• Sinks – two reservoirs; Smith Energy, Hunt Petroleum, capacity 4 million tons in stacked structural closures, excellent data
• 5-8 mile pipeline• Coastal lowland, stacked
sinks
Frio Pilot
Amoco Pipeline Access to Gillock Amoco Pipeline Access to Gillock FieldField
Gillock field
Gathering hub
To Texas City
Franks Production CharacteristicsFranks Production Characteristics
• OOIP- 16 million STB
• Cumulative production- 8 million STB
• Target EOR volume (15 % of OOIP)- 2.4 million STB
• Drive Mechanism- water drive
Franks Reservoir Geologic Franks Reservoir Geologic CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• Play- Frio Deep-seated Salt Domes
• Average Dip-Less then 2 degrees
• Reservoir Depth (ft)- 8,900 ft
• Net pay thickness- 11 ft
• Number of additional reservoirs- 3 oil
Potential Sources Near ProspectsPotential Sources Near Prospects
Company name CITYCO2
ESTIMATEYEAR
ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONDuPont Orange 1290 2001 12%BP Amoco Texas City 4210 1999 3-13%Marathon Ashland Petroleum Texas City 694 1999 3-13%Valero Energy Texas City 193 2001 3-13%Valero Energy Texas City 1589 1999 3-13%Dow Chemical Texas City 1489 2001 12%BP Amoco Texas City 480 1999 100%BP Amoco Texas City 61 1999 100%
Ecosystem monitoring: Chemical and biologic changeGround water monitoring forgeochemical change
Injection horizon: pressure, temperature, oil and CO2 saturation during and post- injection, instrumented slant hole
Characterization of deeper horizon in preparation for eventualdisposal
Stacked Storage Monitoring ElementsStacked Storage Monitoring Elements
Research ElementsResearch Elements
• Demonstration in high emissions area with high injectivity
• Use of CO2 for EOR – economic demonstration• Assessment of impacts in of injection in high
water table – wetland setting• Monitoring across a fault and though reservoir to
measure CO2 movement, oil bank formation, pressure evolution, and fluid migration.
• Development of dual use of subsurface for EOR and for disposal
• Explore options for monitoring permanence at full implementation – define the gold standard for MMV
• Data to support risk assessment – Stress conditions during large injection– Displacement of brine– Impacts at surface – deformation and tilt
• Improved economic modeling – measure recovery efficiency for current technologies Gulf Coast case specific reservoir
• Dual permit for EOR + disposal
Technology Gaps – Stacked Technology Gaps – Stacked Storage Field Test ObjectivesStorage Field Test Objectives
Denbury as a Corporate ModelDenbury as a Corporate Model
• Added CO2 flood proved reserves of 35.3 MMBOE (12/31/03)– West Mallalieu field (2001) $ 4 million investment 10.4 MMBOE
proved reserves “$2.60/bbl cost”
– McComb Field (2002) $ 2.3 million investment 8.4 MM BOE proved reserves “$3.57/bbl cost”
• Little Creek, Ms 17% recovery– 1974 pilot
– 1985 2 phase project implemented
• 145 MMSCF/day CO2 used for EOR, 64 MMSCF/day sold commercially
CO2 EOR Processes Tested on the CO2 EOR Processes Tested on the Gulf CoastGulf Coast
• Water-alternating gas (WAG)– Example Quarantine Bay, Chevron 1991– Results 16.9% recovery of OOIP, 188 Mstb recovered– Design CO2 slug size 18.9 % of original HCPV, Miscible– CO2 utilization 2.57 Mcf/stb recovered
• Gravity stable flood– Example Weeks Island, Shell ( Johnston, 1988)– Results 64% of starting oil volume, 261 Mstb– Design 24 % pore-volume CO2 w/ 6 % CH4– CO2 utilization 7.9 Mcf/stb with recycle
CO2 EOR Processes Tested on the CO2 EOR Processes Tested on the Gulf CoastGulf Coast
• Huff ‘n’ Puff– Example 28 Texas projects (Haskin &Alston, 1989), 106 LA
and Kentucky wells (Thomas &Monger, 1991)– Results 3,233 to 29,830 stb/well– Design 2-3 week soak times 8 MMscf CO2 injected– CO2 Utilization 0.71 – 2.73 Mscf/stb, Average 1.3 Mscf/stb
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment
Water tableUnderground source of drinking water
Earthquake
Escape to groundwater,surface water, or air via long flowpath
Substitute undergroundinjection for airrelease
Escape of CO2 or brine togroundwater,surface wateror air throughflaws in the seal
Failure of well cement orcasing resulting in leakage
Impacts of Unexpected Result of Impacts of Unexpected Result of InjectionInjection
Risk Short term (during injection process)
Long term (after closure)
Seismisity
Failure of well engineering
Leakage over a short path
Leakage over a long path
Health and safety Environment Impact on atmosphere
Gulf Coast Carbon CenterGulf Coast Carbon Center
www.gulfcoastcarbon.org