194825214 science-tests

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Mastering Standardized TestsStudent Edition

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except aspermitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication maybe reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a databaseretrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN 0-07-866964-2

Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 09 08 07 06 05 04

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ContentsIntroductionWhat is in this book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Task Regimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Test-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Unit 1: Earth MaterialsChapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Chapter 2: Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Chapter 3: Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Chapter 4: Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Chapter 5: Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Unit 2: The Changing Surface of EarthChapter 6: Views of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Chapter 7: Weathering and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Chapter 8: Erosional Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Chapter 9: Water Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Unit 3: Earth’s Internal ProcessesChapter 10: Plate Tectonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Chapter 11: Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Chapter 12: Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Unit 4: Changes and Earth’s HistoryChapter 13: Clues to Earth’s Past. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Chapter 14: Geologic Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Unit 5: Earth’s Air and WaterChapter 15: Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Chapter 16: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Chapter 17: Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Chapter 18: Ocean Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Chapter 19: Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Unit 6: You and the EnvironmentChapter 20: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Chapter 21: Our Impact on Water and Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Unit 7: AstronomyChapter 22: Exploring Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Chapter 23: The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Chapter 24: The Solar System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Chapter 25: Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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Introduction

What is in this book? Welcome to the Student Edition of Mastering Standardized Tests for GlencoeEarth Science.

There are three distinct sections in this workbook:

• Introduction: Methods

This introduction provides you with methods to tackle test questions. Using themethods in this introduction, you will learn how to use the process of elimination,how to identify important information in the tests’ graphs, charts, and tables, as wellas other skills that can help you succeed on tests. Carefully study the methods in thisintroduction before you begin the test questions in this workbook.

This workbook was written to accompany your textbook. For every chapter in yourtextbook, there are two types of tests in this workbook.

• Chapter Test: Content Mastery

For every chapter in Glencoe Earth Science, this workbook contains a Chapter Test.Each Chapter Test is made up of multiple-choice questions designed to assess yourknowledge and understanding of the material in the corresponding chapter of thetextbook.

• Standardized Test Practice: Test Preparation

For every chapter in Glencoe Earth Science, this workbook contains a correspondingStandardized Test Practice. The questions in this section are designed to prepare youfor national science tests such as the TerraNova, the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS),and the Stanford Achievement Test, Ninth Edition (SAT-9). The format of thequestions found in these practice tests is very similar to the format of the questionsfound in the actual national science tests.

4 • Introduction Glencoe Earth Science

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Glencoe Earth Science Introduction • 5

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Task RegimenA unique four-part Task Regimen and helpful Test-Taking Tips designed tomaximize the benefits of using this workbook are presented in this section. Each of thefour tasks is designed to help you identify challenges and improve your performance.

Each task has an assignment for you to do on your own at home and one to do inclass. Often the homework and the in-class activities will be coordinated, so it isimportant that you concentrate on both equally.

TASK

TASK 1

TASK 2

TASK 3

TASK 4

At-Home Assignment

Using an answer key from the teacher,locate and review any questions youmissed. Place a question mark besideany question you cannot figure out andbring it to class for discussion.

For each question you missed, find thepages in the textbook that cover thematerial and explain what specific information was needed to answer thequestion correctly. If you cannot find anyhelpful information in the textbook,write out three questions about the testquestion that you did not understand.

For every incorrect question, go througheach answer choice and explain why it iscorrect or incorrect. Include any tips orhints you noticed that helped you eliminate choices. Place a question markbeside any question you cannot figureout and bring it to class for discussion.

Your teacher will provide you with a listof questions to work on. For each question, make observations and writedown all of the information given in the test in the form of a graphic, a passage, or otherwise. Write the information directly onto the test.

In-Class Assignment

The teacher administers thetest in a realistic test-takingenvironment.

Work in a group to discussany confusing questions andcontent areas. Then workthrough the confusing questions together.

Your teacher will lead a discussion for each question.Share your ideas and observations with the class.Keep notes of the discussionto help your review.

Work in a group to discusseach question. Make sure to note the location in the textbook where helpful information was found.

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6 • Introduction Glencoe Earth Science

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Test-Taking Tips

Test-Taking Tips for :

1. Be sure to get plenty of sleep the week before the test. A healthy amount of sleep is8–9 hours every night.

2. The night before the test, try to do something relaxing but stimulating, such asplaying a board game, exercising, or reading an enjoyable book. Cramming the nightbefore the test often can hamper your memory and make you tired.

3. The morning of the test, eat a healthy breakfast with fresh foods that are high inprotein and carbohydrates.

4. The morning of the test, clear your mind of any outside distractions so that you willbe better able to focus on the test. If breaks are given during the test, use that time torelax and clear your mind.

Test-Taking Tips for :

1. Listen to and read all directions.

2. Be sure you understand the question before reading the answer choices. Then, makesure to read and consider every answer choice.

3. Remember to carefully consider all the information presented in the test’s graphics.

4. If the test is timed, be sure to pace yourself.

5. Always choose an answer. By eliminating as many incorrect choices as possible, youwill have a good chance at guessing correctly and obtaining more points.

During the Test

Before the Test

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[544 CHAPTER NAME: THE NATURE OFSCIENCE/UNIT 1/PAGE 12]

A-GLC_NATL_EARTH_196

[ART: picture of a graph, with y-axisnumbered in 0.1 intervals from 0 to 3.0 and

labeled Distance Walked (miles).X-axisnumbered in 20 minute intervals from 0 to 120

and labeled Time (minutes). Two lines ongraph, both starting at (0,0). One line (labeled

Michael) starts with gradual slope and thenpicks up after 40 minutes to cross over otherline (labeled John) that has steady slope from

(0,0) to (120, 1.5). Line labeled Michael shouldend up at (120, 2.5)]

4. The graph shows the distance traveled bytwo different walkers during a two-hourwalkathon. A reasonable hypothesis basedon these data is that John .

f. had walked farther than Michael afterone hour

g. walked faster and farther than Michaelfor the entire two hours

h. is a better walker than Michael

j. started faster than Michael did butwalked fewer total miles

5. All of these pieces of technology are usedto study weather EXCEPT ________.

a. [ART: picture of a thermometer] A-GLC_NATL_EARTH_192

b. [ART: picture of a weathervane] A-GLC_NATL_EARTH_193

c. [ART: picture of a scale formeasuring mass] A-GLC_NATL_EARTH_194

d. [ART: picture of a barometer] A-GLC_NATL_EARTH_195

A-GLC_NATL_EARTH_197

[ART: Table. Heading: Plant Growth after TwoWeeks. 4 columns: Seed Depth, Days to

Sprout, Total Growth (cm), Observations; 0cm, blank, blank, blank; 1 cm, blank, blank,

blank; 2 cm, blank, blank, blank; 3 cm, blank,blank, blank; 4 cm, blank, blank, blank; 5 cm,blank, blank, blank; 6 cm, blank, blank, blank]

6. The picture shows how a chart was set upfor recording data from an experiment.Which of these is the most likelyhypothesis tested in this experiment?

f. Plants grow best when watered everyday.

g. Plants grow differently when seeds areplanted at different depths.

h. Seeds sprout faster when they areplanted in the spring.

j. All plants grow to their maximumheight after two weeks.

[stop sign]

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1. Taylor wanted to find out which brand of“C” batteries lasted the longest. He put onebrand of “C” batteries into his radio. Heput another brand of “C” batteries into aremote-controlled car. He timed how longeach battery lasted before it ran out. Hisexperiment could have been improved by .

a. testing all the batteries in the samepiece of equipment

b. using “AAA” batteries in the carinstead

c. weighing the batteries before hestarted

d. measuring how loud the radio couldplay

2. Information about scientific theory wouldmost likely be found under which headingin a table of contents?

f. Laws of Motion

g. Doctor’s Code of Ethics

h. Repeated Tests Have Shown

j. Mythology of Volcanoes

3. The graph shows the distance traveled bytwo different walkers during a two-hourwalkathon. A reasonable hypothesis basedon these data is that John .

a. had walked farther than Michael afterone hour

b. walked faster and farther than Michaelfor the entire two hours

c. is a better walker than Michael

d. started faster than Michael did butwalked fewer total miles

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Time (minutes)

Dis

tan

ce W

alke

d(m

iles)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Mic

hael

John

Walkathon

The Nature of Science 7

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 1 The Nature of Science

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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4. All of these pieces of technology are usedto study weather EXCEPT .

f.

g.

h.

j.

5. The picture shows how a chart was set upfor recording data from an experiment.Which of these is the most likelyhypothesis tested in this experiment?

a. Plants grow best when watered everyday.

b. Plants grow differently when seeds areplanted at different depths.

c. Seeds sprout faster when they areplanted in the spring.

d. All plants grow to their maximumheight after two weeks.

0 cm

1 cm

2 cm

3 cm

4 cm

5 cm

6 cm

Days toSprout

TotalGrowth

(cm)Observations

Plant Growth After 2 Weeks

SeedDepth

281

23

45

67

89

291 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30

12

34

56

78

9

31

Rain Fair

Sto

rmy Very

Dry

10203040

5060

7080

90100 110 120 130

140150

160170

1801900

grams

100o

0o

8 The Nature of Science

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

6. Marco needed to complete an experiment for a science presentation. Which is the order of thesteps, from the first to the last, in the scientific method that Marco used?

f. F, G, H

g. H, F, G

h. H, G, F

j. G, H, F

Sharingthe results

What myexperience

told me

F G H

Analyzingthe results

Testing ahypothesis


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Scientists should repeat an experimentseveral times before making conclusions.It is important for them to do this inorder to

A use up all of their materials

B make sure they get the same resultsevery time

C fill up a large data chart

D give everyone a chance to participatein the experiment

A scientific experiment must have acontrol as part of the design so that

F the experiment does not last too long

G the experiment is done safely

H there is something to compare theresults to

J the experiment will definitely get theright answer

21

The Nature of Science 9

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

Direct ions: This picture shows an experiment that explores how the Sun heats up differentmaterials. The boxes in the picture are filled with air. Use the information in the picture to answerNumbers 3–4 below.

89°F

1000

65°F

1000

59°F

1000

72°F

0010

00

Black Paper White Paper Aluminum Foil Clear Plastic

Which of the following would be thedependent variable in this experiment?

A the temperature inside the boxes

B the material covering the boxes

C the Sun

D the size of the boxes

A fifth box covered with red paper wasadded to the experiment. Thethermometer coming out of this box hada reading of 66ºF. Red paper seems tohave an effect most similar to

F black paper

G white paper

H aluminum foil

J clear plastic

43


What information could be collected byusing this piece of technology?

A time

B distance

C temperature

D volume

Scientists share their experimentalprocedures and results with each otherso that

F they can be the first to discoversomething

G they can learn from each other andhelp each other

H they can get finished with their workfaster

J no other scientist will do the sameexperiments they did

6

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100°

10 The Nature of Science

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

Directions: Read Number 7 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

Use what you have learned about the scientific method to design an experiment that teststhree brands of light bulbs to see which one lasts the longest. Draw a picture to help explainyour experiment.

7


3. Which of the following diagrams represents an unbonded element?

a.

b.

c.

d.

Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon

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1. Which of the following is a majorcharacteristic of plasma?

a. The electrons and ions have almost noattractive force to each other.

b. The plasma state is denser than thesolid state of most substances.

c. The electrons and ions have a strongattractive force to each other.

d. Electrons can sometimes escape theion’s electron cloud.

2. Under which heading in a table of contentswould information about solids most likelybe found?

f. Water at 100ºC

g. Ions and Electrons

h. Molecules in a Fixed Position

j. Water at 0ºC

Matter 11

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 2 Matter



4. Information about which of the followingtypes of bonding would be most useful to astudent studying the properties of solidgold?

f. covalent

g. ionic

h. metallic

j. hydrogen

5. When a large spoonful of sugar is stirredinto the cup of hot water shown above,what happens to the sugar?

a. The sugar reacts with the water.

b. The sugar dissolves.

c. The sugar disappears.

d. The sugar boils.

6. When a container of water was slowlyheated, the water in the container gradually disappeared. The most likelyexplanation for this is that the watermolecules .

f. were destroyed by the heat

g. seeped into the walls of the container

h. escaped into the air

j. shrank until they disappeared

7. Saltwater can best be described as whichof the following?

a. a compound

b. a solution

c. an element

d. a solid

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 2 Matter

Name: Date: Class:

12 Matter

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Chapter 2 MatterName: Date: Class:

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The state of matter that exhibits thestrongest attractions between atoms andmolecules is

A solid

B liquid

C gas

D plasma

Which of the following units could beused to measure the density of asubstance?

F meters per second

G grams per second

H meters per centimeter3

J grams per centimeter3

A chemist weighed two different carbonatoms and found that one of them had aweight of 14 atomic mass units and theother had a weight of 12 atomic massunits. Which of the following is thereason for the difference in weight?

A The two atoms had different numbersof protons.

B The two atoms had different numbersof electrons.

C The two atoms had different numbersof neutrons.

D The two atoms were at differenttemperatures.

Which of the following has a positivecharge?

F proton

G neutron

H electron

J molecule

4

3

2

1

Matter 13


Which of the following does not have anelectric charge?

A neutron

B electron

C ion

D proton

Mrs. Allen and her eighth-grade class arestudying chemistry, but they are talkingabout cooking. Mrs. Allen tells her classthat there is a compound that can befound as a solid, a liquid, or a gas in anykitchen. What compound can Mrs. Allenbe describing?

F air

G metal

H salt

J water

65

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 2 Matter

Name: Date: Class:

14 Matter

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Substances in nature have physical properties and chemical properties. What is the differencebetween a physical property and a chemical property?

7


1. Which mineral property is being tested inthe diagram above?

a. cleavage

b. hardness

c. luster

d. streak

2. What property is being shown in all of theminerals above?

f. metallic luster

g. fracture

h. cleavage

j. streak

3. Titanium has all of these propertiesEXCEPT .

a. durability

b. low density

c. crystalline structure

d. non-toxicity

4. When conditions permit, many mineralsform crystals with elaborate geometricpatterns. The crystalline structure of quartzshown in the diagram above is due to .

f. the types of chemical elementscontained within the crystal

g. the internal arrangement of atomswithin the crystal

h. how long ago the crystal formed

j. the shape of the surrounding rockswhere the crystal formed

Topaz Albite

MicaOrthoclase

Minerals 15

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 3 Minerals


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5. Jamaal placed a few drops of dilutehydrochloric acid (HCl) on an unknownmineral sample. The mineral samplefizzed, producing bubbles of a gas. Mostlikely, the mineral sample was .

a. calcite

b. feldspar

c. quartz

d. mica

6. Information about silicate would mostlikely be found under which heading in atable of contents?

f. Moh’s Scale of Hardness

g. A Sparkling Wonder: The HopeDiamond

h. Minerals Formed by Silicon andOxygen

j. Minerals That Taste Good!

7. According to the chart, which of thefollowing is the hardest mineral?

a. quartz

b. feldspar

c. calcite

d. diamond

Moh’s Scale of Hardness

Talc

Gypsum

Calcite

Fluorite

Apatite

Feldspar

Quartz

Topaz

Corundum

Diamond

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

DiluteHydrochloric

Acid

16 Minerals

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 3 Minerals


Which of these could have a glassy luster,a white streak, a clear color, and cleavageat 90º?

A biotite mica

B calcite

C fluorite

D galena

In beach sand, quartz is the mostabundant mineral because of its

F hardness

G streak

H cleavage

J luster

Most of the minerals found in rocksbelong to a group that contains silicon,oxygen, and one or more metals. Thisgroup is called the

A carbonates

B ores

C oxides

D silicates

A mineral that contains a usefulsubstance that can be mined for profit iscalled an ore. Which of the followingmay be classified as an ore?

F calcite (CaCO3)

G halite (NaCl)

H hematite (Fe2O3)

J quartz (SiO2)

4

3

2

1

Mineral

BiotiteMica

Calcite

Fluorite

Galena

Cleavage/Fracture

Cleavagethin

Cleavagerhombic

Cleavage90°

Cleavage90°

Color

black to brown

white to clear

purple to clear

silver to gray

Streak

Green

White

White

Black

Luster

Glassy

Glassy

Glassy

Metallic

Minerals 17



Chapter 3 MineralsC

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A mineral is a naturally occurring,inorganic, crystalline solid with adefinite chemical composition. Which ofthe following is not a mineral?

A calcite

B coal

C halite

D talc

A student plotted the mass and volumeof five different samples of the samemineral as shown on the graph above.She calculated the density using theformula D = M/V. The density sherecorded was most likely measured in

F grams

G cubic centimeters

H pounds per square inch

J grams per cubic centimeter

Which of these statements is true?

A Apatite can scratch fluorite.

B Diamond can be scratched bycorundum.

C Calcite can scratch quartz.

D Topaz can be scratched by quartz.

Which statement provides the bestdescription of the mineral propertycalled streak?

F Streak is the way a mineral reflectslight from its surface.

G Streak is the color of the powder leftby a mineral when it is rubbed againsta surface.

H Streak is the ability of a mineral toresist being scratched.

J Streak is the tendency of a mineral toeasily break along smooth, definitesurfaces.

8

7

Scale of Hardness1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Talc

Gypsum

Calcite

Fluorite

Apatite

Orthoclase feldspar

Quartz

Topaz

Corundum

Diamond

Softest

Hardest

6

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Volume (cm3)

Mas

s (g

)

5

18 Minerals

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 3 Minerals


1. The rocks in Group A are different fromthe rocks in Group B because only therocks in Group A have _________.

a. foliated layers

b. the mineral quartz

c. visible crystals

d. plant and animal remains

2. According to the table, a sedimentary rockwith a grain size of 0.1 cm would have thename _________.

f. conglomerate

g. sandstone

h. siltstone

j. shale

3. Slate belongs to a group of rocks that havemineral grains lined up in parallel layers.According to this definition, which ofthese is slate?

a.

b.

c.

d.

Rock Name

Conglomerate

Sandstone

Siltstone

Shale

Grain Size Composition

sand

silt

clay

Appearance

smaller than0.004 cm

compact;splits easily

roundedfragments

larger than0.2 cm

0.006 to0.2 cm

0.004 to0.006 cm

gravel,pebbles

fine tocoarse

very finegrain

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

Group BGroup A

Rocks 19

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 4 Rocks


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4. The diagram is a geologic cross-section ofan area where a river has exposed a cliff ofrock layers. According to the picture,which rock layer is the oldest?

f. Q

g. R

h. S

j. T

5. According to this chemical formula, all ofthe following elements are found inlimestone EXCEPT .

a. calcium

b. carbon

c. hydrogen

d. oxygen

6. The size of crystals in igneous rock can bedetermined by how fast the magma coolsand solidifies. The faster the magma cools,the smaller the crystals. Which sample ofgranite formed from magma that cooledand solidified at the slowest rate?

f.

g.

h.

j.

CaCO3

Limestone

River

Q

R

S

T

20 Rocks

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 4 Rocks


Which statement is best supported by the information shown in the diagram?

A Igneous rocks form by the melting and solidification of magma.

B Metamorphic rocks form by burial and cementing of sediments.

C Sedimentary rocks form by heat and pressure applied to other rocks.

D Igneous rocks form by weathering and erosion of other rocks.

1

Igneousrock

Solidification

Melting

Metamorphism

Sedimentaryrock

Heatand/or

pressure

MetamorphicrockSediments

Deposition

Weathering anderosion

Burialand

cementing

Rocks 21

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 4 Rocks


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Sedimentary rocks are classified accordingto grain size. Which of these is a measureof grain size?

F grams

G milliliters

H centimeters

J meters per second

Farina observed large crystals in a sampleof granite. The large crystals in the samplewere most likely formed by the

A compaction and cementation ofsediments

B weathering and erosion of igneous rock

C slow cooling and solidification ofmagma

D application of heat and pressure fromoverlying rock layers

32


Silt and clay settle to the ocean bottomfarther from the shore than rocks andpebbles because of their

F chemical composition

G spherical shape

H crystalline structure

J low density

Which statement accurately describesthe process of metamorphism?

A Metamorphism is the changing of onetype of rock into another as a result ofheat and pressure.

B Metamorphism occurs only in activevolcanoes.

C Erosion is the cause of allmetamorphism.

D Metamorphism is the change thatoccurs in species over time.

Which of the following instrumentswould be used to measure the volume ofa rock sample?

F

G

H

J

A geologist measured the density of asample of basalt. The density recordedwas most likely measured in

A grams

B grams per cubic centimeter

C pounds

D centimeters per pound

7

11 1210987654321

6

5

4

rocks

pebbles

sandsilt clay

22 Rocks

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 4 Rocks


1. All of the following are nonrenewableenergy sources EXCEPT .

a. coal

b. geothermal energy

c. natural gas

d. petroleum oil

2. Information about oil and coal being usedto heat homes would most likely be foundunder which heading in a table ofcontents?

f. Nuclear Energy

g. Renewable Resources

h. Inexhaustible Resources

j. Fossil Fuels

3. What type of energy production isoccurring in the picture?

a. hydroelectric energy

b. solar energy

c. geothermal energy

d. biomass energy

Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources 23

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 5 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources


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4. Which of these belongs with the group above?

f. nonrenewable resources

g. geothermal

h. nuclear

j. fossil fuel

SOLAR HYDROELECTRICWIND


6. According to this table, clay would mostlikely come from the mineral .

f. gypsum

g. feldspar

h. hematite

j. saltpeter

7. Which of the following is NOT a way tohelp conserve energy resources?

a. leave the windows slightly open inwinter

b. turn off the lights when leaving theroom

c. use solar power to heat your home

d. put extra insulation in the roof of yourhome

Some Mineral Resourcesand Their Uses

MineralHematiteGypsumSaltpeterFeldspar

UseIron rods

Plaster castsFertilizerPottery

24 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 5 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

5. If the weather was cloudy for two weeks, the town whose energy source would be mostaffected is .

a. Wheaton

b. Silver Spring

c. Glen Arm

d. Alexandria

Alexandria Wheaton Glen Arm Silver Spring


Conservationists are hoping to replaceoil with solar energy to heat downtownMillersville’s office buildings. Which ofthe following will determine whethersolar energy can be used for thatpurpose?

A the amount of oil that is used

B the kind of offices there are indowntown Millersville

C the number of cloudy days inMillersville

D the amount of oil reserves

This water heater conserves energybecause the insulating jacket

F provides a nonrenewable resource

G traps extra heat

H cools the water more quickly

J absorbs sunlight

Which of these would have the greatesteffect on the energy supplied by ahydroelectric power plant?

A sand in the water

B the color of the water above the dam

C the temperature of the water above thedam

D the amount of water above the dam

Which statement is accurate about thefarm shown above?

F The energy for the farm is beingprovided by the Sun.

G The energy for the farm is beingprovided by the wind.

H The energy for the farm is beingprovided by the lake.

J The energy for the farm is beingprovided by fossil fuels.

4

3

2

1

Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources 25

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 5 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources


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Some regions can be very cloudy andrainy for most of the year. Which of thefollowing would not be a good energyresource for those regions?

A hydroelectric energy

B oil

C solar energy

D nuclear energy

Which of the following is not aninexhaustible energy resource?

F fossil fuel

G solar energy

H wind energy

J geothermal energy

65

26 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 5 Earth’s Energy and Mineral Resources


Scientists predict that we will run out of coal in 250 years. We also are expected to run out of natural gas in 60 years. However, energy resources that use the Sun, wind, or water mostlikely will always be available. Explain how we can use these sources for our energy needs.

7


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1. The Hawaiian Islands are mountains thatformed over a plate tectonic hot spot.Based on their method of formation, whatkind of mountains are the HawaiianIslands?

a. fault-block mountains

b. folded mountains

c. upwarped mountains

d. volcanic mountains

2. What is the approximate latitude andlongitude of point C?

f. 40°N, 80°W

g. 35°N, 85°W

h. 38°N, 83°W

j. 83°N, 38°W

3. According to the map, which coast of theUnited States has no significant coastalplain?

a. Atlantic coast

b. Pacific coast

c. Gulf coast

d. West Texas coast

GreatPlains

Gulf CoastalPlain

AtlanticCoastal Plain

AppalachianMountains

AppalachianPlateau

ColoradoPlateau

PacificMountainRanges

Columbia PlateauRocky Mountains

InteriorPlains

120°W140°W 100°W 80°W 60°W

40 °N 40° N

20 °N 20° N

100°W 80°W120°W

United StatesC

PacificOcean

AtlanticOcean

Views of Earth 27

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 6 Views of Earth



4. When will the entire Earth be on the samecalendar date?

f. on March 21, the vernal equinox

g. on June 21, the summer solstice

h. when it’s midnight at the InternationalDate Line.

j. when it’s noon at the InternationalDate Line.

5. The diagram shows a model of a landscaperegion. Which of these maps bestrepresents the topography of this region?

a.

b.

c.

d.

IDLNew Date

Old Date

Old Day

New DayMidnight

Noon

28 Views of Earth

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 6 Views of Earth


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Structure A in the diagram above is aflat, raised area of land made up ofnearly horizontal rocks that have beenuplifted by forces within Earth. Thisstructure is called a

A plain

B plateau

C mountain

D volcano

Which of these locations would enter thenighttime side of Earth next?

F A

G B

H C

J D

The elevation of the highest contour lineshown on the topographic map above is

A 140 meters

B 150 meters

C 160 meters

D 180 meters

The Adirondack Mountains were formedwhen blocks of Earth’s crust were pushedup by forces inside Earth. What type ofmountains are the AdirondackMountains?

F folded mountains

G upwarped mountains

H fault-block mountains

J volcanic mountains

4

3

Ocean

14020

40

10

CapeScale (m)

0 1 2 3 4

Riv

er

100

2

Su

n's

Ray

s A B

C

D

1

A

Views of Earth 29



Chapter 6 Views of Earth


Which diagram represents foldedmountains?

A

B

C

D

Which of these statements is true?

F In a Mercator projection, lines oflongitude are curved as they would beon a globe.

G Mercator projections are used toproduce maps of small areas.

H A Mercator projection shows thechanges in elevation of Earth’s surface.

J In a Mercator projection, areas nearthe poles are distorted.

Lines of latitude and longitude are usedto form an imaginary grid system thatallows people to locate any place onEarth accurately. The distance north orsouth of the equator and east or west ofthe prime meridian is measured in

A degrees

B kilometers

C miles

D nautical miles

7

65

30 Views of Earth

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 6 Views of Earth


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1. All of these are examples of mechanicalweathering EXCEPT .

a. ice wedging

b. plant growth

c. burrowing animals

d. oxidation

2. Geologists in Petra, Jordan, are trying toprotect an ancient city carved in the stoneagainst the effects of weathering. Which ofthese questions should be answered first todetermine how the city can be protected?

f. How many tourists visit the site everyyear?

g. Into which kind of stone is the ancientcity carved?

h. What are the average high and lowtemperatures in the region?

j. Which type of soil exists in theregion?

3. What is the reason many farmers use themethod of terracing for growing crops?

a. to reduce the effects of chemicalweathering

b. to increase the amount of erosion

c. to increase the formation of gullies

d. to reduce the amount of erosion

4. Cracks and potholes in the road are causedmainly by .

f. oxidation

g. acid rain

h. ice wedging

j. plant roots

Weathering and Soil 31

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 7 Weathering and Soil

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer for each of the following questions.


a. Horizon

b. Soil profile

c. Litter

d. Ice wedging

OXIDATION MECHANICALWEATHERING

CHEMICALWEATHERING


6. Which of the following is a majorcharacteristic of litter?

f. decayed organic matter that has turnedinto a dark-colored material

g. different layers of soil where the toplayer is typically the darkest layer

h. organic matter that might eventuallydecompose

j. a mixture of rock, minerals, water,and decayed organic matter

7. Which of these is the main reason this landwill most likely experience serious erosionin the future?

a. the flowing stream

b. cattle grazing

c. the heat of the Sun

d. the small number of trees

8. All of these are examples of humanactivities that cause serious soil erosionEXCEPT .

f.

g.

h.

j.

32 Weathering and Soil

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 7 Weathering and Soil


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Over thousands of years, caves areformed by a natural acid that dissolvesrocks. This natural acid is called

A carbonic

B hydrochloric

C hydroperoxide

D stearic

Which of these farming methods doesnot help lessen soil erosion?

F no-till farming

G strip cropping

H forest harvesting

J terracing

As minerals in soil are dissolved by acids,they are carried from the A horizon tothe B horizon by the process of

A oxidation

B mechanical erosion

C leaching

D humus formation

The rate of chemical weathering is less inAntarctica than in the rain forests ofBrazil because of

F the high amount of air moisture

G the low temperatures

H the heavy winds

J the greater amount of organicmaterials in the soil

Josephine wants to determine in whichhorizon an unknown type of soil isfound. She finds out through testing that it is dark and contains a lot ofdecomposed organic matter. Shedetermines that this kind of soil is found in

A the B horizon

B the bedrock

C topsoil

D the C horizon

The World Heath Organizationannounced that the world’s population isincreasing at a very rapid rate. Thisincrease in the world population willmost likely also result in

F an increase in soil erosion anddestruction

G a decrease in the eruption ofvolcanoes

H an increase in soil buildup andconstruction

J a decrease in chemical erosion

6

5

4

3

2

1

Weathering and Soil 33

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 7 Weathering and Soil



Directions: Read Numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers in com-plete sentences.

Mechanical and chemical weathering are two different types of weathering. Discuss how theyare different from and similar to each other. How do the two work together?

7

34 Weathering and Soil

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 7 Weathering and Soil

There are three different types of soil horizons: Horizon A, Horizon B, and Horizon C.Discuss the characterisics of each horizon.

8


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1. All of these are major causes of erosionEXCEPT .

a. water

b. gravity

c. sunlight

d. wind

2. In a remote mountain town in California, amassive mudslide caused damage tohomes. There were many eyewitnesses tothe event. Which observation probablywould NOT have contributed to the causeof the mudslide?

f. There was record rainfall a few daysbefore the mudslide occurred.

g. There was very little vegetation on themountain.

h. High winds are common in the area.

j. The soil was very dry.

3. Which of these processes is mostresponsible for the formation of sanddunes?

a. water erosion

b. volcanism

c. wind erosion

d. glaciation

4. Which of these soils will be most likely toexperience the greatest amount of erosion?

f.

g.

h.

j.

Erosional Forces 35

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 8 Erosional Forces



5. Thousands of years ago in the UnitedStates, which of these was LEAST likelyto have occurred as a result of glaciation?

a. sand dune formation

b. plucking

c. till area formation

d. moraine formation

6. The greenhouse effect is slowly raising theaverage temperature of Earth’s atmosphere.This will seriously affect the environmentby .

f. increasing the number of earthquakes

g. increasing the melting of glaciers

h. decreasing the number of mudslides

j. decreasing the amount of winderosion


a. Mudflow

b. Continental Glacier

c. Sandstorm

d. Deflation

8. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about loess befound?

f. Erosion by Gravity

g. Ice Depositing Sediment

h. Erosion by Wind

j. Deposition by Wind

9. Which of these is characteristic of creep?

a. a single, large rock that slips down aslope

b. loose materials that slip down slopes

c. leaning vegetation

d. a deposit of sediments

10. Nick is on a field trip with his scienceclass. The teacher points to gouges that arein nearby bedrock. Nick knows that thesegouges have resulted from which of thefollowing?

f. plucking and scouring

g. moraine

h. sand storms and rain storms

j. mudflows

SLUMP CREEP ROCKSLIDE

36 Erosional Forces

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 8 Erosional Forces


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The house in diagram A has a greaterchance of being damaged by erosionthan does the house in diagram B. Whichof these would probably improve thesafety of the home in diagram A?

A decreasing the amount of vegetation

B increasing the steepness of the slope

C decreasing the moisture of the soil

D increasing the amount of vegetation

What can you definitely conclude aboutthe above sand dunes?

F Water erosion created them.

G The wind is moving them.

H The sand nearby is running out.

J They will remain for years.

Which of the following is not caused byglaciers?

A weathering of solid rock

B deposition of soil

C plucking of rocks

D dust storms

On which of the following mountainslopes would you expect the greatestamount of erosion to occur?

F

G

H

J

4

3

2

1

A B

Erosional Forces 37

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 8 Erosional Forces



Which statement provides the best description of erosion?

A It only is caused by water.

B It is a slow and gradual process.

C It only is caused by human activities.

D It occurs very quickly in forests.

5

38 Erosional Forces

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8 Erosional Forces

Directions: Read Numbers 6–7 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers in completesentences.

Continental and valley are the two different kinds of glaciers that exist on Earth’s surface.Discuss the differences and similarities between them.

There are many things that a farmer can do to help decrease soil erosion. Discuss some ofthese methods.

7

6


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1. Florida is an area that has a lot oflimestone and rainfall. These two factorscould contribute to loss of physicalproperty by .

a. increasing stalagmite formation

b. increasing geyser formation

c. increasing sink hole formation

d. increasing water saturation of the soil

2. The most likely cause of sinkholes in areaslike Florida and Kentucky is .

f. the water table being so close theEarth’s surface that water flows out

g. heated groundwater expandingunderground until it shoots up

h. groundwater dissolving limestone nearEarth’s surface

j. groundwater flowing into a well nearEarth’s surface


a. Wells

b. Mature

c. Erosion

d. Beach

4. All of these streams are examples of youngstreams EXCEPT .

f.

g.

h.

j.

RILL GULLY SHEET

Water Erosion and Deposition 39

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 9 Water Erosion and Deposition



5. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about a barrierisland be found?

a. Coastal Currents

b. Islands of Rock

c. Sinkholes in the United States

d. Protective Islands Formed by Sand

6. The picture shows four different types ofsoil on the side of a mountain. Variousdegrees of erosion take place for eachsection of soil. After a large rainfall, whichsoil would you expect to have the greatestamount of water erosion?

f. Q

g. R

h. S

j. T

7. In the pictured well system, the well thatwould work best is .

a. well A

b. well B

c. well C

d. well D

8. Michelene is on a class trip in YellowstoneNational Park. She sees this warning on asign. The warning means that there are —

f. areas of rock that are dissolved nearthe surface

g. hot springs that erupt periodically

h. rocks heated by magma

j. hot meandering streams

CAREFUL: Hot Geysers in Area

A B C D

Q

R

S T

40 Water Erosion and Deposition

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 9 Water Erosion and Deposition


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Water flowing down the side of a slopethat carries away plants and soil andcreates a groove called a channel is anexample of

A sheet erosion

B rill erosion

C gully erosion

D sedimentary erosion

The development of a mature stream is aprocess that takes many years. Which ofthe following criteria would define astream as mature?

F quick water speed and lots of erosion

G curved shape and quick water speed

H curved shape and slow water speed

J quick water flowing in a narrowchannel

Which of the following occurs whengroundwater and molten rock are closeto one another and to Earth’s surface?

A cave

B hot spring

C cold spring

D sink hole

Which of the following is not a result ofwater erosion and deposition?

F barrier island

G sandbar

H coral reef

J spit

Which of the following is true aboutbeaches?

A They are always composed of grains ofquartz.

B They are short-term land features.

C They are permanent land features.

D They are not susceptible to erosion.

5

4

3

2

1

Water Erosion and Deposition 41



Chapter 9 Water Erosion and Deposition


Directions: Read Number 6 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers in completesentences.

River formation is a process that takes many, many years. Discuss the different stages of riverdevelopment. How are they similar? How are they different?

Explain how groundwater can form caves and sinkholes.7

6

42 Water Erosion and Deposition

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 9 Water Erosion and Deposition


1. Scientists studying plate tectonicscompiled the chart above showing thedistance that the North American continentmoves from year to year. Based on thisinformation, how far will the continenthave moved from the first measurement inthe year 2001?

a. 10.4 cm

b. 15.6 cm

c. 20.8 cm

d. 26.0 cm

2. Which of the following is NOT evidenceused to support the theory that Earth’scontinents were once connected?

f. The continents can support animallife.

g. Similar geological features are foundon widely separated continents.

h. The coastlines of some continents fittogether like puzzle pieces.

j. Similar fossils are found on widelyseparated continents.

3. Which process is taking place in thepicture above?

a. soil erosion

b. river flooding

c. iceberg creation

d. mountain building

4. The Mariana Islands in the Pacific Oceanwere formed by volcanic action. Which ofthe following is most likely true?

f. There are glaciers near the MarianaIslands.

g. Tectonic plates collide near theMariana Islands.

h. The Mariana Islands are larger thanmost islands.

j. The Mariana Islands are uninhabited.

YearDistance Moved from

First Measurement

1998 5.2

1999 10.4

2000 15.6

2001 ?

Movement of the North AmericanContinent: 1998–2001

Plate Tectonics 43

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 10 Plate Tectonics


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5. Dale collected a rock at several differentdistances from a fault line. In order to besure that these rocks are the best examplesof the types of rocks found at eachdistance, Dale should .

a. choose the largest rocks from eachplace

b. make sure all of the rocks havedifferent shapes

c. collect many rocks from each area

d. find only rocks of one color

6. The most likely cause of earthquakeactivity on the West Coast of the UnitedStates is .

f. landslides from coastal mountains

g. the slipping of tectonic plates

h. tidal effects from the Pacific Ocean

j. seasonal temperature changes

7. Under which of the following headings ina table of contents would the mostinformation about Pangaea be found?

a. How to Clean and Prepare FossilSamples

b. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift

c. The Movement of Glaciers

d. All You Need to Know About theAsthenosphere

8. Which of the following is LEAST likely toresult from seafloor spreading?

f. magma flowing upward toward cracks

g. creation of mid-ocean ridges

h. a reversal in the magnetic fields of thenorth and south poles

j. magma cooling and forming solid,new seafloor

9. Which kind of scientist would most likelyuse a graph titled “Magnitude of someEarthquakes”?

a. biochemist

b. geologist

c. toxicologist

d. physicist

44 Plate Tectonics

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 10 Plate Tectonics


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When tectonic plates collide, moltenrock from beneath the crust of the earthis sometimes forced up through thesurface. When this occurs, it is called

A a mountain

B an earthquake

C a rift

D a volcano

Which of the following is not caused byplate tectonics?

F earthquakes

G volcanoes

H mountain building

J tidal cycles

A scientist measured the distance movedby a tectonic plate over the course of ayear. The distance would best berecorded in what units?

A kilometers

B centimeters

C liters

D miles

Why is it hazardous to build a house ona fault line?

F The house will be too costly tomaintain.

G The house may be destroyed by anearthquake.

H The house will be difficult to heat.

J The house will be too small.

The gradual movement of the continentsacross the surface of Earth is bestexplained by which of the following?

A gravitational attraction

B plate tectonics

C solar radiation

D the greenhouse effect

5

4

3

2

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Plate Tectonics 45

Name: Date: Class:


Standardized Test PracticeChapter 10 Plate Tectonics


Some mountains are formed by thecollision of two tectonic plates. Which ofthe diagrams below shows a situationthat would result in the formation ofsuch mountains?

F

G

H

J

Which of the following diagramsrepresents a fault line?

A

B

C

D

76

Standardized Test Practice Chapter 10 Plate Tectonics


Similar fossils and rock formations have been found in western Africa and eastern SouthAmerica. Explain how this information can be used to support the theory of plate tectonics.

8

46 Plate Tectonics

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Name: Date: Class:


1. The San Andreas Fault cuts throughCalifornia. This fault could affect humanhealth most by .

a. decreasing the oxygen levels in theatmosphere

b. decreasing the amount of erosion

c. increasing the number of earthquakes

d. increasing the number of rainstorms

2. Which rope is moving most like seismicwaves?

f.

g.

h.

j.

3. Earthquakes create all of these types ofwaves EXCEPT .

a. tertiary

b. secondary

c. primary

d. surface

4. When tectonic plates move, they place alot of stress on rocks, sometimes causingthem to break. Why are earthquakes causedby rocks breaking?

f. the tectonic plates keep moving

g. the ground sinks in between tectonicplates

h. the tectonic plates create strongsurface waves

j. the breaking rocks produce vibrations

Earthquakes 47

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 11 Earthquakes



5. Which has been the greatest benefit ofstudying and measuring seismic waves?

a. prevention of all earthquakesworldwide

b. prediction of earthquakes

c. mapping of Earth’s internal structure

d. understanding tsunamis

6. If a major earthquake occurred in apopulated inland area far from the shore,which of these would be LEAST likely toresult?

f. damage to buildings and structures

g. tsunamis

h. loss of human lives

j. landslides

7. Buildings in areas where earthquakeshappen frequently need to be seismicallysafe. Which of the following describes howa building in these areas should be built?

a. Buildings should be built so they willstand rigidly and not be able to sway.

b. Buildings should have rubbermoorings so they will sway instead ofcollapsing.

c. Buildings should be built withoutreinforcing rods.

d. Buildings should be built only onepicenters.

8. When enough force is applied to rocks,they may break apart. The surface of thesebroken rocks is called a .

f. tsunami

g. earthquake

h. seismic wave

j. fault

9. In this cross-section of Earth’s internalstructure, the seismic wave represented is a .

a. primary wave

b. secondary wave

c. surface wave

d. Richter wave

Innercore

Outerliquid core Seismic wave

48 Earthquakes

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 11 Earthquakes


Which is not an example of a type offault?

A strike-slip

B reverse

C vertical

D normal

What is true about surface waves?

F They cause the majority of thedestruction associated withearthquakes.

G They are the fastest moving wavesassociated with earthquakes.

H They do not pass through liquid.

J They do not slow down when enteringa denser layer of Earth.

Four recent earthquakes in Californiawere recorded with this seismograph.Which of these earthquakes do you thinkmost likely caused the largest change tothe landscape?

A S

B T

C U

D V

The Northridge, California, earthquakein 1994 caused this building to sink andthen collapse. Which process wasresponsible for weakening the soilunderneath the building?

F sedimentation

G weathering

H liquefaction

J seismosis

Which is an accurate statement aboutthis fault?

A Tension forces pull the rocks apart.

B It is the result of compressive forces.

C It is the result of shear force.

D It probably will not cause anearthquake.

5

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T

U

V

2

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Earthquakes 49



Chapter 11 Earthquakes


Which best describes earthquake activity?

F Earthquakes are rare events.

G The majority of earthquakes are destructive.

H Earthquakes occur every day all over the world.

J Earthquakes only can occur once at a single fault.

6

50 Earthquakes

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 11 Earthquakes

Directions: Read Numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Seismologists locate an earthquake’s epicenter based on the different speeds of seismic waves.Discuss in detail how they are able to locate an earthquake’s epicenter.

Discuss the similarities and differences between the three different kinds of faults.8

San Andreas Fault Line

7


1. A volcanic eruption is a dramatic andpowerful event. A volcanic eruption canpositively affect the environmentby .

a. increasing the number of islands

b. increasing the amount of acid rain

c. decreasing plant and animal life

d. decreasing the number of inhabitedvillages

2. The most likely cause of volcanic activityon the island of Iceland is .

f. the strength of the Atlantic Ocean’scurrents

g. the pulling apart of the tectonic plates

h. the colliding of the tectonic plates

j. a hot spot under a tectonic plate

3. All of the following are kinds of volcanoesEXCEPT .

a. cinder cone

b. shield

c. composite

d. magmatic

4. Silica often becomes trapped in magma.What kind of eruption do you thinkMagma B will most likely cause?

f. basaltic

g. quietly flowing

h. non-explosive

j. explosive and violent

Magma A Magma B

SilicaMolecules

North AmericanPlate Eurasian Plate

Iceland

Atlantic OceanMid

-Atla

ntic Ridge

Volcanoes 51

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 12 Volcanoes



5. The most likely cause of the slowmovement of magma toward Earth’ssurface is that .

a. magma is more dense than the rockaround it

b. magma is less dense than the rockaround it

c. magma is hotter than the rock aroundit

d. magma is cooler than the rock aroundit

6. The Hawaiian Islands were formed byvolcanic activity. A reasonable hypothesisbased on this information is that in thedistant future .

f. the islands will sink

g. the islands will become smaller

h. there will be no more volcanic activity

j. there will be more islands

7. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about tephrasbe found?

a. Shield Volcanoes

b. Cinder-Cone Volcanoes

c. Batholiths

d. Calderas

8. Which of these best describes a shieldvolcano?

f. a small crack or fissure eruptingvolcanic material

g. a very small cone of volcanic material

h. a broad volcano with gently slopingsides

j. a volcano with steeply sloping sides

9. Volcanoes form because of _________.

a. tidal waves in the ocean

b. the movement of tectonic plates

c. the spewing of volcanic ash into theenvironment

d. deposition of large rocks

Hawaii

Oahu

Maui

Kauai

Kaula

Niihau

Molokai

LanaiKahoolawe

52 Volcanoes

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 12 Volcanoes


Magma is pushed upwards from the coreof Earth and flows through openingscalled

A craters

B volcanic holes

C vents

D hot spot

The eruption of the Soufriere Hillsvolcano on the island of Montserrat wasextremely explosive and violent. Whattwo materials in the magma mostcontributed to this explosive eruption?

F water vapor and calcium

G silica and trapped gases

H sulfur and igneous rock

J silica and basalt

What is true about basaltic magma?

A It is silica-rich.

B It causes explosive eruptions.

C It is not silica-rich.

D It is very thick.

Which of the following is most likely nota result of volcanic activity?

F batholith

G horizontal sills

H vertical dike

J water erosion on beach

Which statement about lava flows isaccurate?

A They always move rapidly.

B They destroy everything in their paths.

C They cool down and change intomagma.

D They are not very damaging to theenvironment.

Which of the following type of volcanoforms when lava cools in the air,hardening into a material called tephra?

F shield

G cinder cone

H component

J composite

6

5

4

3

2

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Volcanoes 53



Chapter 12 Volcanoes


Which of the following is not a type of lava?

A basaltic

B andesitic

C granitic

D composite

7

54 Volcanoes

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 12 Volcanoes

Directions: Read Numbers 8–9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers in complete sentences.

There are three basic types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, andcomposite volcanoes. Discuss how each is formed. How are their lava eruptions different?How is the composition of their lava different?

The Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean were created by a volcanic hot spot. Discuss howhot spot volcanoes are different from volcanoes that are formed as a result of the movementof Earth’s plates, such as those in the Antilles.

9

8


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1. The chart above shows the ages of some fossils found at a particular archeological site. Which of the following graphs best represents these data?

Fossil Age (years)

Q 10,000

R 20,000

S 15,000

T 5,000

U 10,000

Ages of Fossils Found at Site X

Clues to Earth’s Past 55

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 13 Clues to Earth’s Past


a.

b.

c.

d.

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Fossil

Age

Ages of FossilsFound at Site X

Q R S T U

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Fossil

Age


Q R S T U

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Fossil

Age


Q R S T U

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Fossil

Age


Q R S T U


3. These data show how much of aradioactive sample is left after each half-life. The sample’s half-life is 5 minutes. Ifeverything remains the same, what fractionof the radioactive isotope will be left after15 minutes?

a. 0

b.

c.

d.

4. The most likely cause of the angularunconformity in the picture is .

f. weathering

g. radioactive decay

h. erosion

j. earthquake

5. What is the purpose of using carbon-14methods on samples from archeologicalsites?

a. to preserve them

b. to determine their age

c. to dig them out of the ground

d. to clean them

13

18

116

After Amount Left

0 All

5 minutes

10 minutes

15 minutes ?

1214

56 Clues to Earth’s Past

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 13 Clues to Earth’s Past

2. Which is the order, from first to last, of the formation of a fossil?

f. R, T, Q, S

g. Q, R, S, T

h. Q, S, T, R

j. S, Q, R, T

Q R S T


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Which of the following would not becalled an original remains fossil?

A a plant fossil caught in a tar pit

B a fly caught in amber

C a dinosaur tooth

D a frozen woolly mammoth

Which of these pictures is an example ofa trace fossil?

F

G

H

J

Sediments increase the chance that adead organism will turn into a fossil by

A keeping it afloat

B helping it be decomposed by bacteria

C protecting it from being decomposed

D giving it fertilizer

Which diagram represents alpha decay?

F

G

H

J238U 234Th +

4He92 90 2

O2 + C6H12O6 H2O + CO2

2H2O 2H2 + O2

234Th 234Pa + 0e90 91 -1

4

3

2

1

Clues to Earth’s Past 57



Chapter 13 Clues to Earth’s Past


An archeologist uses dating methods todetermine the age of a fossil. The age shewrites in her chart was most likelymeasured in

A years

B light-years

C minutes

D days

Which of these sentences gives the bestdefinition of half-life?

F Half-life is the amount of time it takesfor an animal to reach middle age.

G Half-life is the amount of time it takesfor half of a sample of atoms to decay.

H After two half-lives, all of the atoms ina sample are gone.

J Half-life is when a chemical reaction ishalf over.

65

58 Clues to Earth’s Past

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 13 Clues to Earth’s Past


Max and Gladys are digging at an archeological site. As they dig down through differentlayers of sediment, they find all kinds of fossils. Explain how they can figure out which fossilsare older and which are younger, using the term “superposition” in your answer. Draw adiagram as part of your explanation.

7


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2. In a table of contents, under which headingwould you find the most information aboutdinosaurs?

f. Proterozoic Era

g. Paleozoic Era

h. Mesozoic Era

j. Cenozoic Era

3. What characteristic will help the deer besuccessful in this habitat?

a. their stripes

b. their long necks

c. their dark color

d. their small tails

Geologic Time 59

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 14 Geologic Time


1. Which of the following lists the the contintents’ positions from earliest to latest?

a. A, B, C, D

b. D, C, B, A

c. C, A, B, D

d. B, D, C, A

A B C D


4. The plants in Group A are different from the plants in Group B because only the plants inGroup B have .

f. flowers

g. pine cones

h. branches

j. roots

Pine tree

Ginkgo tree

Redwood

Apple tree Tulip

Dandelion

Group A Group B

60 Geologic Time

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 14 Geologic Time

5. In general, having scaly skin benefitsreptiles most by .

a. allowing them to swim easily

b. keeping them from losing water

c. helping them to fly to high treebranches

d. keeping them warm during coolerseasons

6. Which of these processes most contributedto the formation of the Himalayas?

f. collision of continents

g. melting of glaciers

h. erosion by wind and water

j. landslides from monsoons

HIMALAYAS

India

ASIA

Motion of Tectonic Plate

Motion of Tectonic Plate


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Which of these is a warm-bloodedanimal?

A snake

B tropical fish

C bird

D earthworm

Which sentence gives the bestdescription of natural selection?

F Natural selection is how animalschoose the habitat they will live in.

G Natural selection is when humansmake national parks.

H Natural selection is when animals thatare better suited to an environmentsurvive more successfully.

J Natural selection is how animalschange their behavior and theirphysical appearance in order to getmore food.

About 66 million years ago, somethinghappened on Earth that killed off manyspecies of plants and animals. Thisphenomenon is called

A continental drift

B mass extinction

C an eon

D photosynthesis

Several billion years ago, cyanobacteriabegan photosynthesizing. What did thisadd to Earth’s atmosphere?

F water

G carbon dioxide

H sunlight

J oxygen

Which of the following is not ageological time period?

A Pangaea Era

B Cenozoic Era

C Mesozoic Era

D Paleozoic Era

5

4

3

2

1

Geologic Time 61



Chapter 14 Geologic Time


62 Geologic Time

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 14 Geologic Time


Monarch butterflies are unpleasant tasting to animals like frogs. Another species of butterflyevolved with wings that look similar to the monarch butterfly’s wings. Explain how this willaffect the survival of the new butterfly.

Over the course of Earth’s history, many different organisms have existed, such ascyanobacteria, trilobites, and dinosaurs. Pick one organism, note the era(s) in which itexisted, and describe its main characteristics.

7

6


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1. Earth’s atmosphere changed over time andeventually was able to support plant life.Which of these is the most likely cause ofthe change?

a. Increased volcanic activity produced a lot of nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas.

b. Gases from outer space enteredEarth’s atmosphere.

c. Sunlight caused oxygen gas to form in the atmosphere.

d. The ozone layer formed, protectingplants from ultraviolet radiation.

2. In which one of Earth’s systems are thesepictures taking place?

f. mesosphere

g. stratosphere

h. hydrosphere

j. thermosphere

3. What type of energy transfer occurs whenthe heat in the sand transfers to theperson’s feet?

a. convection

b. conduction

c. radiation

d. kinetic

4. Which of these characteristics would bethe most important in a sunscreen?

f. the brand name

g. the types of moisturizing ingredientsfor the skin

h. the amount of protection fromultraviolet radiation

j. the quality of the perfumes added

Atmosphere 63

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 15 Atmosphere



5. In the thermosphere, there is a layer called the ionosphere that can help radiowaves travel. The ionosphere is made up of .

a. electrically charged particles

b. prevailing easterlies

c. ultraviolet radiation from the sun

d. carbon dioxide gas from cars

6. Which type of wind generally moves fromthe southwest to the northeast in thenorthern hemisphere?

f. polar easterlies

g. jet stream

h. sea breeze

j. prevailing westerlies

7. Which of the following is NOT acharacteristic of the troposphere?

a. Contains a high level of water vapor

b. Contains a high level of atmosphericgases

c. Contains a high level of ozone

d. Extends from the surface of Earth upto about 10 kilometers

8. Which of the following causes cold air tomove from the land to the water?

f. sea breeze

g. Coriolis effect

h. land breeze

j. trade winds

ThermosphereMesosphere

Stratosphere

Troposphere

64 Atmosphere

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 15 Atmosphere

9. Which of these can be associated with the group above?

a. ozone

b. ultraviolet

c. heat

d. thermosphere

RADIATION CONVECTION CONDUCTION


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Plants and animals thrived on Earthafter the ozone layer was formed. Itprotects the Earth from

A� solar radiation

B meteor showers

C acid rain

D volcanic gas

Seth’s teacher explained that thehydrosphere consists of all the water onEarth’s surface. Which of the following isa part of the hydrosphere?

F� snow

G wind

H sunlight

J soil

Jet streams enable pilots to reach theirdestinations faster. Which of these mustbe true in order for this to happen?

A There can be no clouds or rain in thejet stream.

B� The wind and plane have to bemoving in the same direction.

C The plane has to be flying at altitudeslower than the clouds.

D The plane has to be flying in a windyseason.

Some people need special products toprevent them from getting sunburned.These products can do this by

F changing the skin into a darker color

G absorbing sunlight into the skin

H reflecting sunshine from the skin like amirror

J� preventing harmful UV rays fromentering the skin

4

3

2

1

Ozone Layer

Sun Rays

Atmosphere 65



Chapter 15 Atmosphere


Heat can be transferred in several ways.This table describes three types of heattransfer. Which of the following is anexample of conduction?

A sun shining on a metal chair

B fire heating a room

C� a metal pan burning a hand

D hair dryer blowing hair

Car exhaust combines with the air toform brown haze. A decrease in thenumber of people driving would resultin

F an increase in the amount of pollution

G a decrease in the amount of clean air

H an increase in the amount of traffic

J� a decrease in the amount of brownhaze

The troposphere is the layer of theatmosphere closest to Earth’s surface.Which of these would you expect to findin the troposphere?

A a shooting star

B extremely high temperatures

C� clouds and rain

D the ionosphere

7

6

5

Type of Transfer

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

How It Transfers

With rays or waves

Contact of material

Flow of material

Heat Transfer

66 Atmosphere

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 15 Atmosphere

Directions: Read Number 8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in complete sentences.

Some areas of Earth receive much more wind than other areas. Early traders used sailboats totravel across the ocean. Explain why it was necessary for them to learn which areas had windand which areas didn’t.

8


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1. What is the correct sequence for the formation of a cold front?

a. W, Y, X, Z

b.� Y, W, X, Z

c. Y, Z, X, W

d. Z, X, W, Y

W X

Y Z

Coldair

Warmair

Coldair

Warmair

Coldair

Warmair

Weather 67

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 16 Weather


2. Which of these facts best explains whywarmer air causes an increase in humidityand cooler air causes a decrease inhumidity?

f. Sunlight evaporates moisture.

g. Saturated air cannot hold any moremoisture.

h.� Cool air causes water molecules tojoin and condense.

j. The dew point changes with theamount of moisture in the air.

3. Which of the lines above correctlyrepresents the relationship of temperatureto atmospheric pressure?

a. 1

b.� 2

c. 3

d. 4

Temperature of Air (°C)

Atm

osp

her

ic p

ress

ure

10 20 30 40

Line 1

Line 4

Line 3

Line 2


4. The pictures show different types ofclouds. Which of these shows cumulusclouds?

f.� A

g. B

h. C

j. D

5. Severe weather can be very dangerous.What does it mean when the NationalWeather Service issues a tornado warning?

a. There is a small chance of a tornadoforming.

b. A tornado is in a nearby area, but it isnot severe enough to cause damage.

c. A tornado might occur the next day.

d.� A tornado has been sighted andimmediate action should be taken.

6. According to the chart, which month hadthe LEAST precipitation?

f. March

g. May

h. June

j.� August

March

April

May

June

July

August

10.63

Month Precipitation (cm)

11.47

14.68

9.32

5.87

4.99

Precipitation Amounts

A

B

C

D

68 Weather

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Which of these statements is correct?

A Thunder is electricity.

B Thunder comes before lightning.

C� Lightning causes thunder.

D Air molecules change into lightning.

With which of these would you expect tofind very high winds?

F rain

G�hurricane

H snow

J flood

Humidity is the amount of moisture inthe air. What would cause the humidityto decrease?

A thunderstorms

B snow

C rain

D�drought

The picture above shows a device thathelps determine the

F amount of rain

G wind speed

H� direction of wind

J weather

4

3

2

1

Air moleculesexpand quicklyAir heatsLightning occurs

Lightningstops

Air coolsSound wavesare produced

Air moleculescontract quickly

Thunder and Lightning Chain of Events

Weather 69

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 16 Weather



Which sentence below might explainhow lightning occurs?

A� Oppositely charged air moleculesattract and make light from electricity.

B High winds make air move so fast thatit turns into light.

C Light from the sun reflects from therain in quick bursts down to Earth’ssurface.

D Lightning comes from any type ofstorm.

Meteorologists use satellites to

F� predict the weather

G diminish tornadoes

H change the weather

J determine vacation plans

Which of the following is not an exampleof severe weather?

A blizzard

B� rain

C flood

D hurricane

A meteorologist has located a storm onradar. She would most likely usetechnology to determine

F� where the storm is headed

G where the storm started

H when the storm started

J what areas have no storms

8

7

6

5

70 Weather

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 16 Weather


Design an experiment to collect data about how rain affects air temperature.9


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1. Walruses live in polar climates. If thetemperature of the climate changed andbecame warmer, which adaptation wouldNOT be appropriate for the new climate?

a. tusks

b. fins

c.� extra fat

d. smooth skin

2. During El Niño, wind and precipitationpatterns are affected around the world.Which of the following changes can occuras a result?

f. floods in Australia and Africa

g.� storms in California

h. droughts in the southern United States

j. decrease in ocean temperatures

3. The most likely cause of an increase inEarth’s temperature is .

a.� an increase in the amount ofgreenhouse gases

b. an increase in the amount of energyfrom the sun

c. a decrease in the atmospheric gases

d. a hole in the ozone layer

4. Which area in the picture would contributemost to a temperature increase in the city?

f. grassy area

g. building

h. light posts

j.� parking lot

Heat Absorbed

Climate 71

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 17 Climate



5. Information about global warming wouldmost likely be found under which headingin a table of contents?

a. Solar Energy

b. Seasonal Temperature Changes

c. Greenhouse Effect

d.� Wind Patterns

6. In general, the behavorial adaptation thatprovides animals the most benefit in thewinter is .

f. thick fur

g. sharp teeth

h. sweating

j.� hibernation

7. Which of these would form on the side ofthe mountain not facing the wind?

a. lake

b. glacier

c. forest

d. desert

Wind

72 Climate

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 17 Climate

8. Which of the following human activities would most affect the cycle shown above?

f. burning fossil fuels

g. deforestation

h. pollution

j. farming

Carbon dioxidein the air

Trees take incarbon dioxide

Amount ofcarbon dioxide

decreases


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Over time, animals adapt to theirenvironments. Which animal hasadapted to life in the hot tropical zone?

A� snake

B moose

C penguin

D snowy owl

Jerry’s teacher gave him a rain gauge. Hewas able to use it to find out

F how many clouds were in the area

G how much rain had fallen

H the average temperature

J the level of rain pollution

We can help reduce the amount ofenergy used by changing simple things inour lives. Which of these would help saveenergy?

A� watch less television

B keep lights on at night

C drive instead of walk

D drink more water

Which statement about trees is true?

F They release carbon dioxide into theatmosphere.

G They use sunlight to clean the air.

H They do not play a role in the carbondioxide cycle.

J They help reduce the amount ofcarbon dioxide in the air.

Areas closer to the equator receive themost direct sunlight. Therefore, areas farfrom the equator probably

A receive a lot of rain

B often have storms and tornadoes

C are not as warm

D are more sunny

5

4

CO2CO2

CO2CO2

3

2

1

Climate 73

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 17 Climate



Scientists have found rock layers thatshow there was once ice covering theland. Which of the following canscientists learn from this process?

F how many animals lived

G if there were people around

H� the climate of the area at that time

J what the climate will be in the future

Some animals must undergo a time ofgreatly reduced activity in the winter inorder to survive. They might do thisbecause

A it makes them grow bigger

B they have nothing to do

C they are tired

D there is not enough food

The picture shows how a greenhousetraps energy from the Sun. If Earth’satmosphere acted similarly, what wouldhappen to our climate?

F many more plants would grow

G an ice age would occur

H it might get warmer

J nothing would change

8

Sun Rays Sun Rays

7

6

74 Climate

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 17 Climate


Trees are important because they remove carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen.They are also home to many types of living things. Humans have cut down many forests.What positive and negative effects could this have?

9


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1. The most likely cause of the Gulf Streamin the Atlantic Ocean is the motion causedby .

a. wind only

b. gravitational effects of the Moon

c. wind and Earth’s rotation

d. different densities of water in theAtlantic Ocean

2. Which of these contributes most tocreating low tides?

f. water density

g. gravity

h. weak winds

j. water evaporation

3. A person is rowing a boat in the ocean onekm off the nearest shoreline. There aremany waves in the ocean that day. If allother factors are equal, the distance thateach wave moves the rowboat .

a. depends on the wavelength

b. depends on the density of currentspeeds

c. is equal to the strength of the tide

d. would be only up and down but notforward

4. According to the diagram, which statementbest describes what happens to ocean waterwhen it is cooled?

f. It moves faster than warmer water.

g. It is more dense than warmer water.

h. It will rise above warmer water.

j. It is less dense than warmer water.

Ocean Water at20°C

Ocean Water at1°C

Gulf Stre

am

AtlanticOcean

USA

UK

Ocean Motion 75

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 18 Ocean Motion



5. The diagram shows a cross-section of theAtlantic Ocean. Which level most likelyhas the coldest water?

a. Q

b. R

c. S

d. T

6. During spring tides, high tides are higherthan normal and low tides are lower thannormal. What is the most likely cause ofspring tides?

f. the Sun, Earth, and Moon forming aright angle

g. an increase in wind speed

h. the Sun, Earth, and Moon line up

j. an increase in the ocean’s salinity

7. The graph above shows the average oceansalinity over an 80-year period. Areasonable conclusion based on these datais that over time .

a. the average ocean salinity hasincreased

b. the average ocean salinity hasremained constant

c. the average ocean salinity hasdecreased

d. the average ocean salinity hasremained in a state of unbalance

8. What has been the greatest benefit ofdesalination?

f. increased production of salt

g. increased ocean water density

h. greater amount of mineral resources

j. greater amount of drinking water

1009080706050403020100

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

Ocean Salinity

Sal

init

y (p

pt)

Year

200 meters T

200 meters S

200 meters R

200 meters Q

76 Ocean Motion

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 18 Ocean Motion


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Which statement provides the bestdescription of density currents?

A They move faster than surfacecurrents.

B They occur only in the Pacific Ocean.

C They move very slowly.

D They are primarily formed inAntarctica.

Which of the following is true about theGulf Stream?

F It moves in an eastward direction.

G It is 1000 kilometers wide.

H It moves in a westward direction

J It is located in the Gulf of Mexico.

In what area of the world would youexpect the difference between high andlow tides to be hardly noticeable?

A the Atlantic coast of the United States

B near the equator

C Antarctica

D the South Pole

Approximately what percentage ofEarth’s surface is covered by water?

F 33 percent

G 50 percent

H 70 percent

J 90 percent

Which statement provides the bestdescription of why a wave breaks?

A The bottom of the wave moves fasterthan the top.

B Wind speed pushes the top of thewave over.

C The bottom of the wave moves slowerthan the top.

D The top of the wave has a greaterconcentration of salt than the bottom.

5

4

3

2

1

Ocean Motion 77

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 18 Ocean Motion




Scientists aren’t exactly sure how Earth’s oceans were formed. Discuss one of the mainscientific hypotheses about how Earth’s oceans were formed billions of years ago.

Water in the ocean is constantly in motion. Discuss the similarities and differences betweenvarious types of ocean currents.

7

6

78 Ocean Motion

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 18 Ocean Motion


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1. Sewage is a type of water pollution thatcauses algae to reproduce at a rapid rate.Huge numbers of bacteria then reproduceand decompose the algae. When the algaedie, animals such as fish also die in largenumbers. Which of these is the most likelycause of the fish dying as the bacteriadecompose the algae?

a. The algae block the fish’s gills.

b. The bacteria is poisonous to the fish.

c. Sunlight is not able to penetrate thealgae.

d. The bacteria uses up most of theoxygen.

2. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about thedeposits that fill in the valleys in theseafloor be found?

f. Continental Slope

g. Abyssal Plains

h. Trenches

j. Benthos

3. All of these are examples of zooplanktonEXCEPT ________.

a. eggs

b. jellyfish

c. crabs

d. diatoms

4. Along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, new oceanfloor is formed at a rate of approximately2.5 cm per year. The most likely cause ofthe creation of this new ocean floor is the________.

f. deposition of sediment in the ocean

g. movement of lava through cracks inEarth’s crust

h. erosion of the continental shelf

j. movement of lava into the ocean fromland volcanoes

Mid

-Ata

lntic

Rid

ge

Oceanography 79

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 19 Oceanography



5. All of these are examples of ocean marginhabitats EXCEPT ________.

a.

b.

c.

d.

6. Which of these is necessary for the processof photosynthesis in ocean plants?

f. water, oxygen, and light energy

g. carbon dioxide, magnesium, and lightenergy

h. water, carbon dioxide, and lightenergy

j. water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

7. What is the purpose of building fixedplatforms in the ocean?

a. to mine for phosphorite and limestone

b. to search for fresh drinking water

c. to perform scientific experimentsbelow the sea bed

d. to pump oil from under the sea bed

80 Oceanography

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More fish develop into adults inestuaries than in oceans because

A the water has more salt in it

B there are fewer predators and morefood

C the water temperature is warmer

D there are more predators and morefood

Which statement provides the bestdescription of a marine food chain?

F All marine animals only consumeplants.

G It is less complex than land foodchains.

H Energy is transferred from organismto organism

J Organisms that performphotosynthesis are called consumers.

What role do marine plants play in anocean food chain?

A consumer

B producer

C decomposer

D composer

In which of these areas of an oceanwould you expect to find the greatestamount of nutrients and marineorganisms?

F a beach

G the ocean bottom

H the continental shelf

J mid-ocean

4

3

2

1

Oceanography 81

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 19 Oceanography



Which of the following is not an exampleof pollution?

A herbicides

B benthos

C sewage

D silt

Which of the following is not an exampleof a nekton?

F blue whale

G jellyfish

H tiger shark

J swordfish

65

82 Oceanography

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 19 Oceanography

Directions:Read Numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers in complete sentences.

Just like landforms, the ocean basin is constantly changing. Discuss some of the ways that theocean basin changes over time.

Most of the water in our oceans is polluted in some way. Discuss the various ways in whichhuman activities pollute our oceans. Include some of the ways people can help controlpollution.

8

7


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1. According to the diagram, which statementbest describes population growth in theUnited States?

a. After an all-time high in the mid-1960s, the United Statespopulation has continued to drop.

b. The population of the United States isexpected to drop in the future, in spiteof recent rises.

c. The population of the United Stateshas risen since the 1960s and isexpected to continue to do so.

d. In spite of a drop from the years 1965to 1990, the United States populationis expected to rise in the future.

2. Government regulation has forcedautomobile manufacturers to produce carsthat get better gas mileage than thoseproduced in the past. Which has been thegreatest benefit of this improved gasmileage?

f. developing recycling programs

g. improving traffic safety

h. raising new car prices

j. conserving energy resources

3. Juan’s class wanted to begin a schoolrecycling program by collecting the glassbottles and aluminum cans used by studentsduring lunchtime. Since drink containersmust be sorted before recycling, which set ofbins below would be most helpful?

a.

b.

c.

d.Plastic Paper

DrinkContainers

DrinkContainers

Paper DrinkContainers

Aluminum Glass1965 1990 2025

Average Number of People per SquareKilometer of Land

Our Impact on Land 83

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 20 Our Impact on Land



4. In which of the following book chapterswould you be most likely to findinformation about composting?

f. Benefits of Recycling

g. Human Population Growth

h. Common Water Pollutants

j. Yard Wastes and Decomposition

5. Which of the following methods of insectpest control would have the LEASTharmful effect on the environment?

a. pulling out all the plants that theinsect pests feed on

b. spraying pesticides over all the plants

c. setting traps that contain concentratedinsecticide

d. releasing insects that prey on theinsect pests

6. Which of the following should be includedin the box above?

f. paper

g. plants

h. pesticides

j. pollutants

7. Which of the following shows a group ofitems suitable for composting?

a.

b.

c.

d.

PLASTIC GLASS ALUMINUM

84 Our Impact on Land

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Which of the following natural resourcesis renewable?

A coal

B natural gas

C oil

D water

The diagram above shows the shrinkingranges and estimated population of fivedifferent species of tiger. In the region ofthe world shown on the map, the dangerof extinction would be greatest for the

F Indo-Chinese tiger

G Siberian tiger

H South China tiger

J Sumatran tiger

In the past, many buildings wereinsulated with asbestos because it wasfireproof. Today, asbestos is beingremoved from buildings at greatexpense. Which of these is the mostimportant reason for removing asbestos?

A Asbestos has been identified as acancer-causing agent.

B Other materials are better insulatorsand less costly than asbestos.

C Asbestos is now valuable as acomponent of microchip circuits.

D Exposed asbestos is an eyesore.

Which of the following is not afossil fuel?

F oil

G coal

H natural gas

J uranium

Pesticides sprayed on farmlands can getinto rivers and streams as part of therunoff that follows a heavy rain. Theconcentration of these chemicals isusually measured in

A percent

B parts per million

C milligrams

D milliliters

5

4

3

2

The Tiger's Shrinking Range

Range in 1900 Range in 1994

Siberian Tiger(150-200)

South China Tiger(30-80)

Indo-Chinese Tiger(1,000-1,700)Bengal Tiger

(3,350-4,700)

Sumatran Tiger(650)

Russia

Mongolia

China

India

Key

1

Our Impact on Land 85



Chapter 20 Our Impact on Land



In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt was advised that the deer population in a nationalforest was too low. To create more favorable conditions for the deer, he lifted a ban on thehunting of wolves, coyotes, and mountain lions, all of which prey on deer. The graph aboveshows how the deer population changed after hunting began. Between 1923 and 1925, nearly50 percent of the deer population starved to death. Explain why this happened.

7

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0

Huntingof Predators

Begun

Year

Nu

mb

er o

f D

eer

Nearly 50% of DeerStarved in 2 Years

1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1923 1925 1930 1935 1940

The biggest problem with using plastic garbage bags is that they

F are expensive compared to paper bags

G often break when they are overfilled

H do not decompose when they are thrown away in a landfill

J produce toxic gases when they are burned by waste departments

6

86 Our Impact on Land

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2. Students at a local high school voted to use reusable forks, knives, and spoons in their schoolcafeteria in place of throwaway plastic forks, knives, and spoons. What will most likely be thegreatest benefit of this change?

f. The school will use more hot water.

g. Less trash will be sent to the landfill.

h. The cafeteria will need to hire more workers.

j. Less time will be needed to clean up after lunch.

Our Impact on Water and Air 87

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 21 Our Impact on Water and Air


1. According to the Air Quality Index, air with an AQI Value of 250 would have a rating of .

a. moderate

b. unhealthy

c. very unhealthy

d. hazardous

AQI Health Catagories Cautionary Statements for 8-Hour OzoneIndex Values

0 to 50 Good None

51 to 100 Moderate Sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion.

101 to 150 Unhealthy for Active children and adults and people with Sensitive Groups respiratory disease, such as asthma, should

limit prolonged outdoor exertion.

151 to 200 Unhealthy Active children and adults and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. Everyone else, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion.

201 to 300 Very Unhealthy Active children and adults and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. Everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor exertion.

Air Quality Index

Health Categories


3. The chart shows the amount of five pollutants emitted by automobiles every year. Which ofthese graphs best represents these data?

a. c.

b. d.

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Hydro

carb

ons

Carbo

n m

onox

ide

Nitrog

en ox

ides

Sulfur

oxide

Other

par

ticles

Mill

ion

s o

f To

ns

Per

Year

Pollutant

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Hydro

carb

ons

Carbo

n m

onox

ide

Nitrog

en ox

ides

Sulfur

oxide

Other

par

ticles

Mill

ion

s o

f To

ns

Per

Year

Pollutant

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Hydro

carb

ons

Carbo

n m

onox

ide

Nitrog

en ox

ides

Sulfur

oxide

Other

par

ticles

Mill

ion

s o

f To

ns

Per

Year

Pollutant

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Hydro

carb

ons

Carbo

n m

onox

ide

Nitrog

en ox

ides

Sulfur

oxide

Other

par

ticles

Mill

ion

s o

f To

ns

Per

Year

Pollutant

Pollutants Emitted by Automobiles

Pollutant

Hydrocarbons

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen oxides

Sulfur oxides

Other particles

Millions of Tons Per Year

18

65

8

1

2

88 Our Impact on Water and Air

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 21 Our Impact on Water and Air


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Nuclear wastes are often buried underthe ground in metal drums. The biggestproblem with this practice is that thenuclear wastes may

A leak into the ground and entergroundwater that supplies drinkingwater

B increase the rate of chemicalweathering in the soil surrounding thedrums

C change local weather conditions

D react with surrounding chemicals andexplode

Oil is an example of an energy sourcethat formed from the remains of deadplants and animals hundreds of millionsof years ago. These energy sources arecalled

F nuclear fuels

G renewable resources

H fossil fuels

J alternative energy sources

The human nasal cavity is lined withmucus and small hairs. This helpshumans by

A filtering out harmful particles frominhaled air

B absorbing oxygen from the air into theblood

C removing carbon dioxide from theblood

D cooling off air inhaled in hot weather

Harmful gases produced by the burningof fossil fuels combine with moisture inthe air to form acid rain. Which of thesetactics would most reduce the formationof acid rain?

F improve weather forecasting

G introduce new fish into lakes andstreams

H decrease the amount of moisture inthe air

J filter out harmful gases before theyenter the air

Which of the following is not an exampleof biological control of environmentalproblems?

A the use of bacteria to infect anddestroy the gypsy moth in itscaterpillar stage

B the spraying of pesticides over crops inorder to destroy insect pests

C the introduction of ladybugs to preyon aphids that are eating crops

D the use of microorganisms thatproduce enzymes capable of digestingoil spills

5

4

Acid Rain

Prevailing WindsWest East

Emissionscontaingsulfur oxidesand nitrogenoxides

3

2

1

Our Impact on Water and Air 89



Chapter 21 Our Impact on Water and Air


Which of these pollutants is responsiblefor the depletion of the ozone layer inEarth’s atmosphere?

F sulfur dioxide from the burning offossil fuels

G carbon monoxide from automobileexhaust

H chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from airconditioners and refrigerators

J photochemical smog from thereaction of nitrogen oxides withsunlight

Which statement provides the bestdescription of point-source pollution?

A Pollution that enters a body of waterover a large area.

B Pollution from a source that cannot beidentified.

C Pollution that enters water from acidrain.

D Pollution that enters water from aspecific location.

76

90 Our Impact on Water and Air

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 21 Our Impact on Water and Air


Explain the steps you should take to dispose of wastes safely.

Explain how acid rain forms. List the effects of acid rain on buildings, wildlife, and plant life.9

8


1. According to the chart, the space probe most likely to have collected pictures about Uranuswould be .

a. Voyager 1

b.� Voyager 2

c. Galileo

d. Mars Observer

2. According to the chart, a spacecraft that is designed to take pictures of planets for scientistsback on Earth is .

f. a space station

g. a satellite

h.� a probe

j. a space shuttle

TypeSpaceStation

Satellite

Types of Spacecraft

Probe

SpaceShuttle

Example

Skylab 1

Sputnik 1

Pathfinder

Columbia

A spacecraft with supplies and areas for humans staying a long time in space.An object that revolves aroundanother object.An instrument that sends information from space back to Earth.A spacecraft that can carry people and objects into and back from space.

Description

Date

1977

1977

Some Space Probe Missions

1989

1992

Mission

Voyager 1

Voyager 2

Galileo

Mars Observer

To fly past Jupiter and Saturn

To fly past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,and NeptuneTo transmit information about Jupiterand its moons back to Earth

To collect information about Mars (mission failed)

Purpose

Exploring Space 91

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3. The instruments in Group A are different from the instruments in Group B because only theinstruments in Group A are .

a. objects that produce visible light

b. objects that can be found in school classrooms

c. tools for observing visible light coming from a distance

d. tools for measuring the temperature of very hot objects

Group A Group B

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test

92 Exploring Space

Chapter 22 Exploring Space

4. A reflecting telescope uses a mirror. Whichof the following is a reflecting telescope?

f.

g.

h.

j.

5. Which of the following has been thegreatest benefit of using the space shuttle?

a. transporting astronauts and materials toand from space

b. exploring the surfaces of Mars andJupiter

c. disposing of the space shuttle after onemission

d. using solar energy to power spaceships

6. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about theApollo 11 space mission be found?

f. The Space Shuttle

g. Telescopes: Looking up into Space

h. The Race to the Moon

j. Satellites


The weights of astronauts are much lesswhen they walk on the Moon than whenthey walk on Earth. This is because of

A the depth of the Moon’s craters

B the light coming from the Sun

C� the strength of the Moon’s gravity

D the solar winds

Some kinds of telescopes contain lenses.The lens of a telescope

F� magnifies and focuses the light

G reflects the light back out to space

H turns the telescope off and on

J moves the telescope up and down

While walking on the Moon, theastronauts’ space suits keep them alive by

A�keeping them at the right pressure and temperature

B giving them food to eat

C providing pockets for carrying Moon rocks

D preventing them from tripping

In the picture of the International SpaceStation, the most likely place to put solarpanels to generate electricity would be

F A

G B

H�C

J D

Space probes have been used byscientists for many years. Space probescan be used to

A carry astronauts to the space station

B� fly to distant planets to take pictures

C carry astronauts working onexperiments

D house teams working in space formonths

5

4

AB

C

D

3

2

1



Exploring Space 93

Chapter 22 Exploring SpaceC

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Which of the following pieces ofequipment would be the most usefulwhen looking at other planets?

F

G

H

J�

Which of the following is considered atype of electromagnetic radiation?

A� light

B water

C wind

D ozone

76

94 Exploring Space

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 22 Exploring Space


In the past, the United States and the former Soviet Union competed and cooperated to reach the goals of their space programs. Explain how the race to reach the Moon and the creation of the new International Space Station support this statement.

8


1. The gradual change in the length of yourshadow over the course of the day iscaused by .

a. the revolution of Earth around the Sun

b.� the rotation of Earth on its axis

c. the revolution of the Moon aroundEarth

d. the rotation of the Moon on its axis

2. The effect of the Sun is strongest when theSun is directly overhead. At which of thetimes listed below would a person whosunburns easily be best advised to stayindoors?

f. 8 A.M.

g.� 12 noon

h. 4 P.M.

j. 8 P.M.

3. The gravitational pull of the Moon has a greater effect than the pull of the Sun on the tidal changes in Earth’s oceans. The most likely reason for this is .

a. the Sun is closer to Earth

b.� the Moon is closer to Earth

c. the Sun is larger than the Moon

d. Earth is larger than the Moon

4. Which of the following occurs when Earthis positioned directly between the Sun andthe Moon, making the Moon invisible toobservers on Earth?

f.� a lunar eclipse

g. a solar eclipse

h. a full Moon

j. a waxing Moon

5. The fact that Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5° isresponsible for .

a. the change between day and night

b.� the changing of the seasons

c. solar eclipses

d. lunar eclipses

6. Which of these sources would be the mosthelpful to determine which telescope givesthe best view of the stars?

f. the prices of the telescopes

g.� the data from an objective test

h. advertisements for the telescopes

j. the colors of the telescopes

The Sun-Earth-Moon System 95

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7. In a study of the Sun’s location duringsolstices, which question would be themost important to answer?

a.� What is the Sun’s distance north orsouth of the equator?

b. How many scientists have studiedsolstices?

c. Is the termperature at the equatoraffected by the Sun’s location?

d. How many hours of sunlight are thereon the summer solstice?

8. An ellipse is an elongated, closed curve.According to this information, which ofthe following orbits is an ellipse?

f.

g.

h.�

j.

9. Which of the following occurs when theSun is directly above Earth’s equator?

a.� equinox

b. solstice

c. new moon

d. eclipse

10. Which of the following best describes animpact basin?

f. the white glow around the edges ofthe Moon

g. a round, three-dimensional object

h. the hollow left behind by an objectstriking the Moon

j. an elongated, closed curve

11. Early data from the Lunar Prospectorindicated the presence of hydrogen incrater rocks at the Moon’s poles.According to this data, what is the mostlikely theory that could be made?

a. The Moon’s core is 600 kilometers indiameter.

b. Ice may exist in the floors of craters atthe Moon’s poles.

c. Ice may exist in the floors of cratersonly at the Moon’s north pole.

d. Water may exist 600 kilometers underthe Moon’s surface.

96 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 23 The Sun-Earth-Moon System


The largest crater on the Moon is 12kilometers deep and 2,500 kilometers indiameter. If craters are caused by largeobjects striking the lunar surface, thecrater was probably caused by a

A pebble

B planet

C galaxy

D�meteorite

Which of the following diagrams depictsa lunar eclipse?

F

G

�

H

J

Which of the diagrams below depicts an equinox?

A�

B

C

D

The diameter of Earth would best bemeasured using what units?

F centimeters

G�kilometers

H kilograms

J inches

4

Washington, D.C.

Equator

Washington, D.C.

Equator

Washington, D.C.

Equator

Washington, D.C.

Equator

3

2

1

The Sun-Earth-Moon System 97

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 23 The Sun-Earth-Moon System


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Renah is painting her house. What colorshould she paint it so that it will reflectthe most light from the Sun?

A� white

B orange

C green

D black

The Moon is visible to us because the Moon

F� reflects light from the Sun

G reflects light from Earth

H produces light through fusion

J produces light through combustion

65

98 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 23 The Sun-Earth-Moon System


For thousands of years, people were convinced that Earth was flat. Eventually, they sawenough evidence that they were convinced that Earth was shaped like a sphere. Give anexample of evidence that Earth is a sphere.

Use what you know about the positions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun to explain why wesee different phases of the Moon.

8

7


1. According to this information, whichplanet is more than 200 million kilometersfrom the Sun?

a. Mercury

b. Venus

c. Earth

d.� Mars

2. What has been the greatest benefit ofsending probes out into the solar system?

f.� providing detailed information aboutthe other planets

g. improving the quality ofcommunication systems on Earth

h. explaining the factors that causechanges in the weather

j. finding new materials for use inindustry

3. Lisa wanted to observe the planet Jupiterwith a telescope. Under which of thefollowing conditions would she best beable to do this?

a. a day with a clear sky

b.� a night with a clear sky

c. a rainy day

d. a rainy night

4. George’s parents warned him not to staredirectly at the Sun during a solar eclipse.Why did they give him that warning?

f. The Sun is always hidden behindclouds during an eclipse.

g.� Staring at the Sun during an eclipsedamages the eyes.

h. Eclipses happen often, and Georgewill be able to see another.

j. The Moon blocks the view of the Sunduring an eclipse.

Planet

Characteristics of Some PlanetsDistance from the Sun(millions of kilometers)

Mercury 58 4,880

Venus 108 12,104

Earth 149 12,756Mars 228 6,787

Diameter (km)

The Solar System 99

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5. Approximately how far apart are Venusand Earth in the picture above?

a.� 30 million kilometers

b. 40 million kilometers

c. 50 million kilometers

d. 60 million kilometers

6. Which of the following belongs in thegroup above?

f. The Milky Way

g. Titan

h. Sirius

j.� Mercury

7. According to the chart, when the northernhemisphere of Earth is tilted away from theSun, the season will be .

a. spring

b. summer

c. fall

d.� winter

8. A science class has studied thecharacteristics of different asteroids. Whichof the following is the best explanation foran asteroid with many craters?

f. Craters are revealed when anasteroid’s crust burns up in theatmosphere.

g. Craters were made when the asteroidwas collected by scientists.

h.� The asteroid has had many collisionsover a long period of time.

j. The asteroid is composed of veryfragile materials.

Earth’s Tilt Toward Sun Away from Sun Toward Sun

Summer Fall Winter Spring SummerSeason

VENUS MARS NEPTUNE

10 million kilometersEarth Venus

100 The Solar System

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 24 The Solar System


A scientist is attempting to classify alarge object in space. The scientist hasdetermined that the object is in orbitaround the planet Jupiter. The object ismost likely a

A planet

B star

C�moon

D meteor

Which of the following would bemeasured using kilometers?

F� the diameter of Mars

G the weight of Mars

H the density of Mars

J the age of Mars

People who see meteors burning up inEarth’s atmosphere often confuse themwith stars. The objects that people referto as shooting stars are actually meteors.People probably confuse meteors withstars because meteors

A� appear as tiny, bright lights in the sky

B are as large as stars

C are pieces that break off from comets

D travel at very high speeds

Which of the diagrams below shows thethree planets in the correct order of theirdistance from the Sun?

F

G

H�

J

Earth

Venus

Mercury

Earth

Venus

Mercury

Earth Venus

Mercury

Earth

VenusMercury

4

3

2

1

The Solar System 101

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 24 The Solar System


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The planet Mars has seasons similar tothose on Earth. The most likely reasonfor this is

A Mars is the same distance from theSun as the Earth

B� Mars is tilted on its axis in the sameway as Earth

C Mars is traveling at the same speed asEarth

D Mars is the same size as Earth

Using sunblock at the beach protectsyour skin by

F keeping your body dry

G providing important nutrients

H� stopping solar radiation from affectingyour skin

J making the surface of your skinsmoother and moister

65

102 The Solar System

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 24 The Solar System


Scientists are studying the structure and composition of asteroids. Explain how studyingasteroids can help scientists better understand how Earth was formed.

A year is defined as the time it takes for a planet to make one revolution around the Sun. Usewhat you know about the positions of the planets to explain why a year on Mars is nearlytwice as long as a year on Earth.

8

7


1. The graph shows the relationship betweentemperature and brightness for MainSequence stars. What is a reasonablehypothesis that can be drawn from thesedata?

a. Hotter stars will have moresurrounding planets than cooler stars.

b. Hotter stars last longer than coolerstars.

c.� Cooler stars will be less bright thanhotter stars.

d. Cooler stars are denser than hotterstars.

2. The Sun and the star Alpha Centauri shinewith about the same brightness, yet the Sunappears to us to be several hundred timesbrighter than Alpha Centauri. Which ofthese is the most likely explanation for this?

f. Alpha Centauri is a larger star thanthe Sun.

g. The Sun generates energy through theprocess of fusion.

h.� The Sun is much closer to Earth thanAlpha Centauri.

j. Light from Alpha Centauri is blockedby the Moon.

3. According to the table, a height of 1,800kilometers above the surface of the Sunwill be part of which section of the Sun’satmosphere?

a. photosphere

b.� chromosphere

c. transition zone

d. corona

Layers of the Sun’s Atmosphere

Height

Surface to 100 km Photosphere

2,000 km to 10,000 km Transition Zone

100 km to 2,000 km Chromosphere

Above 10,000 km Corona

Name

Incr

easi

ng

Tem

per

atu

re

Increasing Brightness

Main Sequence Stars

Stars and Galaxies 103

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4. Which of the following belongs with thegroup above?

f. asteroid

g. planet

h.� supernova

j. galaxy

5. Scientists have identified different types ofgalaxies. Which question would be theLEAST important to ask when identifyinga galaxy’s type?

a. Does the galaxy have spiral arms?

b. How large is the galaxy?

c. What is the shape of the galaxy?

d.� Does the galaxy orbit the Milky Way?

6. The chart shows the distances from Earthto three of the brightest stars visible in thenight sky. Which of the graphs below bestrepresents these data?

f.�

g.

h.

j.

181614121086420

Altair Procyon Sirius

181614121086420


181614121086420


181614121086420


The Brightest Stars

Star Distance (light-years)

Altair 16

Procyon 11

Sirius 9

WHITEDWARF

SUPERGIANTNEUTRON

STAR

104 Stars and Galaxies

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 25 Stars and Galaxies


In the core of a star, the temperature canreach heights unknown on Earth. Theprocess by which stars generate energy iscalled

A photosynthesis

B� fusion

C condensation

D radiation

An astronomer measured the distancebetween two stars. The distance theastronomer recorded was probablymeasured in

F� light-years

G centimeters

H tons

J inches

Dan viewed two light bulbs of equalpower. Bulb A appeared dimmer thanBulb B. A possible explanation for this is that

A Bulb B is farther away from Dan thanBulb A

B� Bulb A is farther away from Dan thanBulb B

C Bulb A and Bulb B are next to eachother

D Bulb A and Bulb B are connected tothe same battery

The Milky Way galaxy is visible fromEarth most clearly when no other light is present. Which of the following is the best situation for viewing theMilky Way galaxy?

F in a large city at night

G in a large city during the day

H� in a rural area at night

J in a rural area during the day

Which of the following objects is closestto Earth?

A� the Moon

B the Sun

C the planet Mars

D the planet Jupiter

Which of the following inventions hadthe greatest effect on the study ofastronomy?

F microscopes

G automobiles

H antibiotics

J� telescopes

6

5

4

3

2

1

Stars and Galaxies 105

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An object that allows absolutely no lightto escape would appear to be what color?

A� black

B yellow

C blue

D white

In which of these would you expect tofind a large number of stars?

F the solar system

G the rings of Saturn

H the asteroid belt

J� the Milky Way galaxy

87

106 Stars and Galaxies

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice Chapter 25 Stars and Galaxies


Two stars are shining with equal power, but to an observer on Earth, one star seems to beshining brighter than the other. What is a possible explanation for this?

According to the Doppler effect, when an object is moving away from an observer, the lightfrom that object will undergo a red shift. Explain how this effect could be used to show thatthe universe is expanding.

10

9
