1840-1860: expansion leads to war. “ manifest destiny ” first coined by newspaper editor, john...
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1840-1860: Expansion leads to war
““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment development of the great experiment ofof liberty and federaltive development liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion ofthe full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." its principle and destiny of growth."
".... the right of our manifest destiny ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment development of the great experiment ofof liberty and federaltive development liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion ofthe full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of A myth of the West as a land of romanceromance and and adventureadventure emerged. emerged. A myth of the West as a land of A myth of the West as a land of romanceromance and and adventureadventure emerged. emerged.
““American Progress” – American Progress” – John GastJohn Gast
““American Progress” – American Progress” – John GastJohn Gast
Trails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails Westward
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert BierstadtBierstadt
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert BierstadtBierstadt
The Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner Party
April, 1846 – April, 1847
April, 1846 – April, 1847
The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty
The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty
James Reed & Wife
James Reed & Wife
Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen
Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen
Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
CANNIBALISM ! !
CANNIBALISM ! !
Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West
Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West
Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.
Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-By the mid-
1840s,1840s,“Oregon “Oregon Fever” wasFever” wasspurred on spurred on by theby thepromise of promise of free landfree land.
By the mid-By the mid-1840s,1840s,“Oregon “Oregon Fever” wasFever” wasspurred on spurred on by theby thepromise of promise of free landfree land.
The joint The joint British-U. S.British-U. S.occupation occupation ended inended in1846.1846.
The joint The joint British-U. S.British-U. S.occupation occupation ended inended in1846.1846.
James K. Polk
• Democrat• “Dark Horse” candidate
of 1846• Seen as Jackson, Jr.• Campaigns on American
expansion– Oregon
– Texas/Mexico
TN governor Polk up against:
• Democrats:– John Buchanan, senior senator, Pennsylvania– Lewis Cass, Senator Michigan– Martin Van Buren, former President– John C. Calhoun, former VP, South Carolina
• Then has to beat the Whigs’ best man
Mexican history, briefly
• Exploration mission settlements
• Wins independence from Spain
• 1820s-1830s - with poor economy, Mexico opens trade with US
• Invite US settlement, empresarios organize Texas
“GO TO TEXAS!”
• JQA & Jackson offer to buy Texas
• 1830: over 50K in Texas, Mexico seals the border
• Austin arrested• Texas Revolution
begins
Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836
Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)
Steven Austin(1793-1836)
Steven Austin(1793-1836)
The Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas
Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
The AlamoThe AlamoThe AlamoThe Alamo
Davy Crockett’s Last Davy Crockett’s Last StandStand
Davy Crockett’s Last Davy Crockett’s Last StandStand
The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo
The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo
General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
The Lone Star Republic
• Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna
• Texas wins independence
• These are Americans. They like having their own country, but desire ANNEXATION
•
• Annexation pushed through by Democrats – John Tyler and James K. Polk
• Slavery extended – Northern populous furious
• Mexicans furious – national honor stained.
• War looms in December 1846
Polk’s aims
• Texas• The Mexican southwest
– California
– New Mexico
– The rest of the SW
• Oregon Territory shared with Great Britain
Polk’s plan
• Send John Slidell to offer Mexico $$$
• Mexicans refuse to meet Slidell
• Polk forces the issue
Border Dispute
American blood is shed
• Polk sends Zachary Taylor to Rio Grande
• 70-man patrol attacked, 16 US soldiers die
• May 11, 1846 Polk says:“Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory
and shed American blood upon American soil.”
– Congress declares war by a large margin
Conflicting Attitudes
Northern populous upset• Polk wants LAND• “War for slavery”• Mexico is the “forbidden
fruit!”• “Mexico will poison us!”
South overwhelmingly supports
• Americans killed• Opportunity to gain land –
southern land
The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic
John C. FrémontJohn C.
Frémont
California Revolts:June 14, 1845
California Revolts:June 14, 1845
War
• Stephen Kearny marches from Kansas to Santa Fe (800 miles) – “the long marcher”
• Zachary Taylor marches unimpeded around Mexico winning battles – gains POLITICAL FAME
• Winfield Scott given command with orders to win the war
• War ends September 1847
Taylor - Old Rough and Ready
Scott- Old Fuss and Feathers
Mexican War as a training ground
Political Storm Brews
• Democrats – pro-expansion
• Whigs – internal development (no expansion)– “No Territory” slogan
THE WILMOT PROVISO – 1846 David Wilmot (PA) – “slavery will not exist an any territory gained from Mexico”
Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848
Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).
Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo & the Gadsden
Purchase
Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican WarWar
Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican WarWar
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (11,000 of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.
4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.
5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (11,000 of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.
4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.
5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.
California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849
California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849
49er’s49er’s