“Manifest Destiny”“Manifest Destiny”

First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged. A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

1. Divine mission to “save” the savages.

2. Expand for the sake of prosperity.

1. Spread the goodness of Democracy.

2. Show how great we were and could be.

Manifest Destiny and the Coming of Crisis

“We are all Frontiersmen”

“The story of the settling of the American West, is the story of America.”

EXPLAIN

Enduring Understanding:

Sectional conflict led to bloodshed, tearing apart families, societal institutions, and the carefully-crafted union. 

“You’ve gotta be able to laugh at the Gadsden Purchase.”

D2

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

The Story of TexasThe Story of Texas-Texas was established as a buffer between French claims and Spanish claims.

- 1820’s Independent Mexico strengthens buffer between Indian raiders and Mexico, by granting Moses Austin land within Texas. Mexico encourages American settlement in the 20s and 30s.

-Stephen Austin’s colonists (many slaveholders) pledge to become Mexican and Catholics.

- Happiness was disrupted when new Centralist Mexican gov’t imposes new regulations on Texans: Outlaw slavery, restrict immigration, impose taxes.

- Texans revolt.

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

- Santa Anna sent to quell “American uprising” and retakes THE ALAMO.

- Sam Houston defeats Mexican forces and Santa Anna signs treaty granting Texas independence.

- Mexico refuses to recognize this. Texas asks to become a state. Congress says NO WAY, too many slave states already.

- Texas issue goes away until they start “courting” recognition from European powers.

- ENTER ELECTION of 1844.

Election of 1844

Background:1837 Texas applies for statehood. Congress

denies request. “Too many slave states.” Whigs lead this parade – “Let’s just develop the

land we have.”

Democrats - “We need more land.”

Election of 1844

Tyler (WHIG PRES.) presents annexation treaty. ANTI-Slavery protests drive him out.

Whigs want commitment to “NO NEW SLAVE STATES. Henry Clay (again) Non committal approach.

Campaign slogan “Who’s James K. Polk?”

Democrats want commitment to expansion.– Martin Van Buren (can’t get enough votes for nomination) –Non-committal.

- “dark horse” candidate chosen – James K. Polk. “I want Oregan AND Texas”

.

A “Mandate” for Expansion

Polk will become the “Manifest Destiny” President

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

1. GB and US both claimed Oregon by right of discovery. Agreed to “SHARE” and settle it later.

2. By 1840 “Oregon Fever” had struck.

This growth of Americans wanting to establish Oregon as their own caused tension between GB and US.

3.

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in1846, with a compromise setting the border at the 49th Parallel.

The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in1846, with a compromise setting the border at the 49th Parallel.

Prediction:

How is the Texas Revolution going to lead to the Mexican-American War?

Texas granted Statehood in 1845.

Origins:Origins:

Texas becomes a state and Mexico breaks relations with U.S.

U.S. supported Texas claim of all land north of Rio Grande which led to a border dispute.

Polk sends in Taylor to “defend” Texas. Mexico takes this as a threat to the rest of their Western holdings. “Manifest Destiny” poses a threat to them.

The Mexican War (1846-1848)

The Mexican War (1846-1848)

Polk attempts to buy Texas border, New Mexico and California for $30 million.

MEXICO says NO.

Polk sends Taylor to the Rio Grande, and fighting ensues.

“They attacked our men.” U.S. Declares War.

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto

“Old Rough and Ready”

“Old Rough and Ready”

War wages on and protests ensue:

The WHIGS protest this unnecessary war to “EXPAND SLAVERY.”

Thoreau goes to jail and then a pond.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. (Not just the state, the whole region.)

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000.

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. (Not just the state, the whole region.)

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000.

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

Results of the Mexican War

Results of the Mexican War

1. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.

2. Southwestern quadrant of U.S. opens up for more settlement. By 1849, Here comes the Gold Rush, Here come the Mormons.

3. Later would add Gadsden Purchase to help build a Southern Railroad to tie it all together.

1. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.

2. Southwestern quadrant of U.S. opens up for more settlement. By 1849, Here comes the Gold Rush, Here come the Mormons.

3. Later would add Gadsden Purchase to help build a Southern Railroad to tie it all together.

WilmotWilmot ProvisoProviso

Background:-During Mexican War, Northern Whigs opposed expansion on anti-slavery grounds.-Country was in support of the war, however.

-BUT, what should we do with the new land?

WilmotWilmot ProvisoProviso

David Wilmot (D-Pa)-Suggests that Congress vote to ban slavery in all territories taken from Mexico. “Leave it where it is, but don’t let it go anywhere else.”

Reaction: Whigs Democrats (North/South) (North / South)

Southerners against it Northerners - for it (Whigs/Dems.) (Whigs/Dems.)

Many historians feel that the Wilmot Proviso was the first “shot” of the Civil War. Create a political cartoon that represents how this might have been.

THINK ABOUT: Characters, Perspective, Impact, Point to be made.

Free Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! Protect interest of whites.

“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.

Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.

Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories! Protect interest of whites.

The 1848 Presidential Election Results

The 1848 Presidential Election Results

√

Significance: -Biggest issue of the election, “What to do about slavery in the new territories.”

-Taylor – “mmmmmmmmmmuuuuuuuuuuummmmm’s”

-Cass- “What he said”

“Could someone come up with a plan of what to do with this issue, PLEASE?

America at Mid-Century- Grown from 16 to 31 states.

- 23 million people (4 million slaves) (2 million new immigrants)

- More than half of population lived west of Appalachians.

- Southern cotton (principle export, but smaller role in domestic economy.) Northern industry and Western Agriculture was pulling us into a major economic player.

- North- “Just how valuable is the South to us?”- South- “Do they not think we are still valuable to them?”

Compromise of 1850BACKGROUND:-Whigs and Democrats unable to solve the issue of the New Territories.

-Sectional interests were tearing apart National political parties, rendering them helpless to do much.

-However, the issue raised by the Wilmot Proviso could not go away.

-Taylor would have stood strong and forced Southerners to work it out…but he died.

-FillMORE, who followed him, did much LESS.

-So…to Congress it goes.

The Grand TriumvirateThe Grand TriumvirateJohn Calhoun – SOUTHERN VIEW- We can still leave the country if this doesn’t go well for us.

-Congress has no constitutional right to prohibit slavery in the territories.

-Southerners had right to “property” no matter where they took “it.”

-Anything BUT full access to the territories was unconstitutional and unacceptable.

Daniel Webster – Northern view-Peaceable secession is not possible.

-Abolitionists must compromise to preserve the Union.

Not a Massachusetts man, Not a Northern man, AN AMERICAN

But, fear of the growing “SLAVE POWER” was difficult to overcome.- Conspiracy of Southern elite to control the Federal gov’t.

Henry Clay – The West and all moderate minded people.

-Both sides need to work for a compromise.

-I have organized a plan I think will work.

The View from the NorthThe View from the North

We are not opposed to expansion, just expansion for slavery’s extension sake.

-Small slave owning class dominated the South, living off of slave labor. Hurting white Americans.

-Slavery is immoral.

-Slavery is weighing the nation down, by contradicting basic economic and political principles. Economically backward.

-William Seward (NY) it worked against the “intelligence, vigor, and energy” that our country was based on.

The View from the SouthThe View from the South

Southern cotton is the driving force of American economic growth.

We don’t need your education, your railroads, your cities, your immigrant labor.

Slavery is a blessing to an inferior race.

Northerners are hypocritical with their “wage slaves.”

The Compromise1. California is ready, it will be FREE. Other Mexican

territories, let the people their decide. (Popular Sovereignty)

2. Texas will give up land to New Mexican territory. (Slave or Free TBD later)

3. Slave trade in District of Columbia was ended, but a stronger Fugitive Slave Law will be enforced.

Be careful what you wish for? A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law was something Southerners had wanted for awhile, how did it end up hurting their cause?

ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND

Denounced by Abolitionists

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s

Cabin is published

Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law

Underground Railroad becomes more active

RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTSRESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS“An immoral law makes it a man’s duty to break it, at every hazard. For

virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive

Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A man’s right to liberty is as

inalienable as his right to life……” Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

“3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the

dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we

cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William William

Lloyd GarrisonLloyd Garrison

Fugitive Slave Law

SOUTHERNERS SOUTHERNERS RESPONDRESPOND

Southerners Southerners threatened secession threatened secession

and warand warBelieved it should be Believed it should be enforced because the enforced because the Constitution protects Constitution protects property and Federal property and Federal law is over State law.law is over State law.

55thth Amendment AmendmentSupremacy ClauseSupremacy Clause

Explain why the Compromise of 1850 was only a temporary solution to a much bigger problem?

•Build a transcontinental RR Build a transcontinental RR connecting California to the connecting California to the East Coast either in the East Coast either in the South or NorthSouth or North

•Stephen Douglas wanted Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North the railroad built in the North but had to convince the but had to convince the South.South.

Kan. & Neb Act

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act Douglass proposes a plan where Douglass proposes a plan where

Settlers would have choice whether or Settlers would have choice whether or not to adopt legal slaverynot to adopt legal slavery

Appealing to South—would allow Appealing to South—would allow slavery legally above 36slavery legally above 36oo30’30’– Had been closed by Missouri CompromiseHad been closed by Missouri Compromise

Passed and signed by President Pierce Passed and signed by President Pierce in 1854in 1854

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act In effect, it nullifies the Missouri In effect, it nullifies the Missouri

CompromiseCompromise Creates more sectional tensions in Creates more sectional tensions in

CongressCongress A new party is formed among A new party is formed among

Northerners and Westerners who do Northerners and Westerners who do not want slavery spread any furthernot want slavery spread any further

REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

Map Bleeding Kan

Attacks by free-states

Attacks by pro-slavery states

(Led by John Brown)

•Kansas/Nebraska Act Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of led to several acts of

violence between pro-violence between pro-slavery settlers and slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers.anti-slavery settlers.

•First violent outbreaks First violent outbreaks between north/south.between north/south.

•First battles of the Civil First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in War begin in Kansas in

1856.1856.

•Over 200 killedOver 200 killed

Bleeding Kan

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in

Bleeding Kansas.

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in

Bleeding Kansas.

(Benjamin) Franklin Pierce becomes President – What can you say about his Presidency?

-Whigs will never run again.

-The Ostend Manifesto blows up in his face.

How did the Ostend Manifesto reinforce the belief in “slave power?”

REPUBLICAN PARTYREPUBLICAN PARTY

Formed to stop Formed to stop the expansion of the expansion of slaveryslavery

National Republican National Republican which become the Whigs.which become the Whigs.

Free Soil Party Free Soil Party against the against the expansion of expansion of slaveryslavery

Democrats Democrats opposed the opposed the expansion of expansion of slaveryslavery

AbolitionistsAbolitionists

Chart/Rep. Party

Know Nothing PartyKnow Nothing Party

against immigrationagainst immigration

•Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states.•His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave.•He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time.•Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue

•Can a slave sue for his freedom?•Is a slave property?•Is slavery legal?

Picture/Dred Scott

Chart/Effect of Scott

•Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott

decision

•North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law

•Free states pass personal liberty laws.

•Republicans claim the decision is not binding

•Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in

the Union.

•Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property.

•They are not citizens and have no legal right under the

Constitution.•Supreme Court

legalized slavery by saying that

•Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new

territory•Missouri

Compromise and all other compromises

were unconstitutional

Reading/Scott decision

““They had (slaves) for more than a century before They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at man was bound to respect. This opinion was at

that time fixed and universal in the civilized that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race.”portion of the white race.”

Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott

referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted.

•Violent abolitionist

•Involved in the Bleeding Kansas

•Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas

•Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.

Picture/J.Brown

•Attacked a U.S. Ammunition

depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in Oct.

of 1859 to capture

weapons and begin his slave

revolt.

Picture/J.Brown

•Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee

•Put on trial for treason. Picture/J.Brown

•He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.

•His last words were to this effect: “I “I believe that the issue of slavery will believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the never be solved unless through the

shedding of blood.”shedding of blood.”

•Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause.

•Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with

this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to

end slavery.

•South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country.

Picture/J.Brown Hanging

Reading/Tubman on Brown

Election of 1860

Country is Country is polarized polarized

(divided) over (divided) over the issue of the issue of

slavery.slavery.

Once Lincoln is elected as president,

South Carolina will secede from

the U.S. along with several

other Southern States.

They will They will form the form the

Confederate Confederate States of States of

America---CSAAmerica---CSA

•303 total electoral votes and

152 to win.

““Mission: Avoid the Civil War”Mission: Avoid the Civil War”Your mission is to go back in time and attempt to keep the Civil War from occurring.

Task: 1.Choose one significant event that, if the event did not occur or would have been altered, the Civil War could have been avoided.2.You must explain HOW this event could have been avoided or altered.3.You must explain WHAT chain reaction would have been set off by this “change in history” and how this could have avoided the war.4.Ideally, your adjustment of history, also will have altered at least two other historical events.

PRODUCT: A “Revised” summary of the events that led up to a war, that was narrowly avoided.