1750-1900: The Age of 1750-1900: The Age of EuropeanEuropean

HegemonyHegemonyChapter 23 and 24: Chapter 23 and 24: Industrialization and Industrialization and

ImperialismImperialism

1750-1914 Introduction1750-1914 Introduction

Growing European imperialism Growing European imperialism dominated the worlddominated the world

““The West” came to mean North The West” came to mean North America as well as Western EuropeAmerica as well as Western Europe

Why 1750?Why 1750?

Beginning of Industrialization in Beginning of Industrialization in Western EuropeWestern Europe

Build up to the Seven Years War Build up to the Seven Years War 1756-1763 (The “first world war”)1756-1763 (The “first world war”)

The Expanding World The Expanding World EconomyEconomy

Western economic domination began Western economic domination began about 1750 and has continued to the about 1750 and has continued to the present day.present day.

There are three reasons for this There are three reasons for this economic success: (“The Three economic success: (“The Three Shuns”)Shuns”)

1. Industrialization1. Industrialization

European expansion was aided by European expansion was aided by the Industrial Revolution which the Industrial Revolution which began about 1750began about 1750

The Industrial Revolution began in The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread through Western Britain and spread through Western Europe and North AmericaEurope and North America

Access to large deposits of coal Access to large deposits of coal enabled the Europeans to enabled the Europeans to industrialize quicklyindustrialize quickly

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

1880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

1914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam ShipSteam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization

Massive population growthMassive population growth Urbanization accelerated in the WestUrbanization accelerated in the West Growth of the bourgeoisie who demanded Growth of the bourgeoisie who demanded

more political powermore political power Growth of nationalism in Europe and Growth of nationalism in Europe and

elsewhereelsewhere Lower class women and children found Lower class women and children found

factory work alongside menfactory work alongside men Middle and upper class women withdrew into Middle and upper class women withdrew into

the home (“a woman’s place is in the home”)the home (“a woman’s place is in the home”)

Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization

Literacy rates improvedLiteracy rates improved Mass marketing techniques (advertising)Mass marketing techniques (advertising) New ideologies (Marxism) and new forms New ideologies (Marxism) and new forms

of religions (fundamentalist Christianity) to of religions (fundamentalist Christianity) to deal with social pressuresdeal with social pressures

““De-Industrialization” occurred in Asia, De-Industrialization” occurred in Asia, Africa, and the AmericasAfrica, and the Americas

Decline and ending of slave and serf labor Decline and ending of slave and serf labor (Agricultural areas fell farther and farther (Agricultural areas fell farther and farther behind industrial regions)behind industrial regions)

2. Organization2. Organization

Western political, social, and economic Western political, social, and economic organization enabled domination of other organization enabled domination of other areasareas

Western nation states had well organized Western nation states had well organized governments and strong armies and governments and strong armies and naviesnavies

Most importantly: the West developed Most importantly: the West developed sophisticated financial institutions capable sophisticated financial institutions capable of raising funds for exploration and of raising funds for exploration and colonizationcolonization

The Stock ExchangeThe Stock Exchange

Made it possible to raise large sums Made it possible to raise large sums of capital for business and expansionof capital for business and expansion

Investment opportunities for many Investment opportunities for many people, not just kings and nobilitypeople, not just kings and nobility

The first stock exchanges developed The first stock exchanges developed in Holland (Amsterdam) and England in Holland (Amsterdam) and England (London)(London)

Joint Stock CompaniesJoint Stock Companies

Also known as corporationsAlso known as corporationsFormed with support from national Formed with support from national

governmentsgovernmentsAllowed investors to share in profits Allowed investors to share in profits

and earn dividends from industry and and earn dividends from industry and colonizationcolonization

Sometimes granted monopoly power Sometimes granted monopoly power over certain regions or productsover certain regions or products

The British East India Company The British East India Company 1600-18581600-1858

The most powerful and influential The most powerful and influential joint stock companyjoint stock company

Formed to organize trade with IndiaFormed to organize trade with IndiaBecame the dominant British Became the dominant British

/colonial trading company/colonial trading companyEventually took control of Mughal Eventually took control of Mughal

IndiaIndia Instigator of Boston Tea PartyInstigator of Boston Tea Party

Sir John Popham 1531-1607Sir John Popham 1531-1607

Littlecote HouseLittlecote House

3. Exploitation3. Exploitation

Economic and military power enabled Economic and military power enabled the West to dominate and exploit the West to dominate and exploit other regionsother regions

India, Africa, Latin America, much of India, Africa, Latin America, much of Asia and Oceania came under Asia and Oceania came under Western exploitation during the Western exploitation during the 1750-1914 period1750-1914 period

MercantilismMercantilism

Dominant form of capitalism in early Dominant form of capitalism in early 1750-1914 period1750-1914 period

Mercantilism assumed that trade and Mercantilism assumed that trade and war were always linkedwar were always linked

Colonies were essential to provide Colonies were essential to provide raw materials and markets for raw materials and markets for finished goodsfinished goods

Major World Trading Regions in Major World Trading Regions in 17501750

North Atlantic: fish and furs, lumberNorth Atlantic: fish and furs, lumber Fur trade required cooperation between Fur trade required cooperation between

Europeans and indigenous peoplesEuropeans and indigenous peoples South Atlantic: slaves, sugar, silverSouth Atlantic: slaves, sugar, silver Slave trade required cooperation between Slave trade required cooperation between

Europeans and indigenous peoplesEuropeans and indigenous peoples Indian Ocean: silver, textiles, Chinese Indian Ocean: silver, textiles, Chinese

products.products. Most Indian Ocean trade required cooperation Most Indian Ocean trade required cooperation

between Europeans and indigenous peoplesbetween Europeans and indigenous peoples

Division of the World: 1800Division of the World: 1800 The Core: Western Europe, Northern US. The Core: Western Europe, Northern US.

Industrialized, free labor, strong nations, Industrialized, free labor, strong nations, large bourgeoisieslarge bourgeoisies

The Semi-Periphery: Russia, Eastern and The Semi-Periphery: Russia, Eastern and Southern Europe. Agriculture, serfdom, Southern Europe. Agriculture, serfdom, weak nations and small bourgeoisiesweak nations and small bourgeoisies

The Periphery: Southern US and Latin The Periphery: Southern US and Latin America, India. Agriculture, slavery, colonial America, India. Agriculture, slavery, colonial or semi-colonial states, non-existent or semi-colonial states, non-existent bourgeoisiebourgeoisie

During the nineteenth century much of During the nineteenth century much of Asia, Africa, and China would be forced into Asia, Africa, and China would be forced into the Peripherythe Periphery

The West 1750-1914: The West 1750-1914: Industrialization and ExpansionIndustrialization and Expansion

Enlightenment values Enlightenment values encouraged scientific encouraged scientific inquiry, calls for inquiry, calls for political reform and political reform and individual liberties, and individual liberties, and other social changesother social changes

In 1776 Adam Smith In 1776 Adam Smith published “The Wealth published “The Wealth of Nations”, which of Nations”, which advocated laissez-faire advocated laissez-faire capitalism over capitalism over mercantilismmercantilism

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

Many Americans were influenced by Many Americans were influenced by Enlightenment ideasEnlightenment ideas

John Locke’s arguments for John Locke’s arguments for government by the consent of the government by the consent of the governed also had influencegoverned also had influence

British mercantile policies angered British mercantile policies angered American colonistsAmerican colonists

British attempts to directly control British attempts to directly control the colonies also stirred up angerthe colonies also stirred up anger

The American “Philosophes”

John AdamsJohn Adams(1745-(1745-1826)1826)

Ben FranklinBen Franklin(1706-1790)(1706-1790)

ThomasThomasJeffersonJefferson(1743-(1743-1826)1826)

……...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of ...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...happiness…………...

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Socio-Economic Data, 1789Socio-Economic Data, 1789

Storming the Bastille,Storming the Bastille,July 14, 1789July 14, 1789

March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizenthe Citizen

August August 26, 26, 17891789

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791& the National Assembly. 1791

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

WarWarWarWar

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The Storming of the The Storming of the Tuilieres:Tuilieres:

August 9-10, 1792August 9-10, 1792

Committee for Public SafetyCommittee for Public Safety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers

An army based on merit, not birth!An army based on merit, not birth!

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)(January 21, 1793)

“Bonaparte,” 1798

Jacques Louis David

FIRST CONSUL

“Bonaparte,” 1798

Jacques Louis David

FIRST CONSUL

“Napoleon on His Imperial

Throne”

1806

By Jean AugusteDominique

Ingres

“Napoleon on His Imperial

Throne”

1806

By Jean AugusteDominique

Ingres

Napoleon’s LegacyNapoleon’s Legacy

Napoleon’s armies carried the ideals of the Napoleon’s armies carried the ideals of the French Revolution across EuropeFrench Revolution across Europe

Most importantly, Napoleon inspired Most importantly, Napoleon inspired nationalism, the love of one’s country, nationalism, the love of one’s country, throughout Europethroughout Europe

During the nineteenth century, nations that During the nineteenth century, nations that were able to encourage nationalism grew were able to encourage nationalism grew strongerstronger

Multi-national states like Austria and Russia Multi-national states like Austria and Russia were weakened by nationalismwere weakened by nationalism

Nationalism eventually spread to Latin Nationalism eventually spread to Latin America and other regionsAmerica and other regions

The Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna

Held in 1814-1815 to restore Europe to its Held in 1814-1815 to restore Europe to its pre-Revolutionary and Napoleonic conditionpre-Revolutionary and Napoleonic condition

Led by Count Klemens von Metternich and Led by Count Klemens von Metternich and other reactionaries and conservativesother reactionaries and conservatives

Most European bourgeoisie favored Most European bourgeoisie favored representative governments and civil representative governments and civil liberties. This was ignored by the Congress liberties. This was ignored by the Congress of Vienna.of Vienna.

The Congress of Vienna’s policies The Congress of Vienna’s policies dominated Europe for the next thirty yearsdominated Europe for the next thirty years

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

JacobinsJacobins

MontagnarMontagnardsds

(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)

GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe

nn(Royalists)(Royalists)

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(uncommitt(uncommitted)ed)

TODAY:TODAY:

The Political Spectrum in The Political Spectrum in Nineteenth Century EuropeNineteenth Century Europe

““Right Wing”: Conservatives: preserve Right Wing”: Conservatives: preserve traditional order, support Monarchies and traditional order, support Monarchies and Established Churches ( nobility, peasants)Established Churches ( nobility, peasants)

““Moderates”: Liberals: civil liberties, Moderates”: Liberals: civil liberties, religious toleration, parliaments controlled religious toleration, parliaments controlled by bourgeoisie (middle classes)by bourgeoisie (middle classes)

““Left Wing”: Radicals: eliminate or limit Left Wing”: Radicals: eliminate or limit private property, classes. Democratic rule private property, classes. Democratic rule (factory workers)(factory workers)

Nationalism a common element of all Nationalism a common element of all three groups (less so with “left wing”)three groups (less so with “left wing”)

Abolition of Serfdom and Abolition of Serfdom and SlaverySlavery

Industrialization meant forced labor Industrialization meant forced labor was less necessarywas less necessary

Religious groups and reformers urged Religious groups and reformers urged an end to the slave trade an end to the slave trade

Britain’s navy patrolled the Atlantic Britain’s navy patrolled the Atlantic coast of Africa to stop slave shipmentscoast of Africa to stop slave shipments

Russia ended serfdom 1861, US ended Russia ended serfdom 1861, US ended slavery 1865slavery 1865

Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists

Called for better Called for better conditions for conditions for factory workers factory workers and poorand poor

Eliminate or limit Eliminate or limit private propertyprivate property

Voting rights for all Voting rights for all (sometimes even (sometimes even women!) women!)

Karl Marx and Scientific Karl Marx and Scientific Socialism (Marxism, Socialism (Marxism,

Communism)Communism) Born 1818, Germany Born 1818, Germany

(middle class background)(middle class background) Student of history and Student of history and

philosophy.philosophy. Believed utopian socialists Believed utopian socialists

were idealists and fools were idealists and fools who did not go far enoughwho did not go far enough

Author of (among others) Author of (among others) The Communist Manifesto, The Communist Manifesto, 1848, Das Kapital 1848, Das Kapital (posthumously 1883)(posthumously 1883)

Died 1883, LondonDied 1883, London

MarxismMarxism History is always History is always

determined by economic determined by economic forcesforces

Throughout history there Throughout history there have been two groups: have been two groups: “haves” (thesis) and “have “haves” (thesis) and “have nots”(antithesis)nots”(antithesis)

These groups are locked in These groups are locked in conflict (the (“class conflict (the (“class struggle”)struggle”)

Always, the have nots Always, the have nots destroy the haves and destroy the haves and become the new haves, become the new haves, (synthesis) and the (synthesis) and the struggle continues (the struggle continues (the “dialectic”)“dialectic”)

MarxismMarxism In the industrial age, In the industrial age,

the class struggle the class struggle reaches its last phase:reaches its last phase:

Bourgeoisie vs Bourgeoisie vs ProletariatProletariat

The Proletariat will The Proletariat will destroy the Bourgeoisiedestroy the Bourgeoisie

The class struggle will The class struggle will end in a classless end in a classless society of complete society of complete freedom and common freedom and common ownership of all ownership of all propertyproperty

Class, government, and Class, government, and religion will endreligion will end

Mid Nineteenth Century Mid Nineteenth Century EuropeEurope

Rapid changes due to industrialization, Rapid changes due to industrialization, urbanizationurbanization

Better communication and transportationBetter communication and transportation Growing nationalismGrowing nationalism Dissatisfaction with the Congress of Dissatisfaction with the Congress of

Vienna’s settlements grewVienna’s settlements grew Revolutions in 1848 “The Year of Revolutions in 1848 “The Year of

Revolutions” led to overthrow of absolute Revolutions” led to overthrow of absolute monarchies and establishment of more monarchies and establishment of more parliamentary monarchies parliamentary monarchies

Late Nineteenth Century Late Nineteenth Century EuropeEurope

Unification movements in Italy, Germany led Unification movements in Italy, Germany led to new nation statesto new nation states

Nationalism caused new pressure on Austria, Nationalism caused new pressure on Austria, Russia, Ottoman EmpireRussia, Ottoman Empire

Industrialization led to better health care, Industrialization led to better health care, lower birth rates, higher standards of living lower birth rates, higher standards of living (for middle classes and to a lesser degree (for middle classes and to a lesser degree workers, too)workers, too)

Workers in many areas attracted to socialism, Workers in many areas attracted to socialism, MarxismMarxism

Women demanded more rights and right to Women demanded more rights and right to votevote

Transportation and Transportation and CommunicationCommunication

Steamships and railroads developed Steamships and railroads developed in early 1800sin early 1800s

1844: First telegraph message1844: First telegraph messageTelegraphs developed alongside Telegraphs developed alongside

railroad linesrailroad lines1851: submarine cables linked 1851: submarine cables linked

Britain to EuropeBritain to Europe1866: transatlantic cables linked 1866: transatlantic cables linked

North America and EuropeNorth America and Europe

Artistic DevelopmentsArtistic Developments

Romanticism: early to mid Romanticism: early to mid nineteenth century. reaction against nineteenth century. reaction against the Enlightenment (emotion, the Enlightenment (emotion, revolution, focus on nature, etc.)revolution, focus on nature, etc.)

Impressionism: late nineteenth Impressionism: late nineteenth century. Attempt to accurately century. Attempt to accurately record impressions of light, color, record impressions of light, color, and reality.and reality.

Liberty Leading the People: Liberty Leading the People: Eugene DelacroixEugene Delacroix

Waterlilies: Claude MonetWaterlilies: Claude Monet

Late Nineteenth Century Late Nineteenth Century EuropeEurope

Scientific Advances:Scientific Advances:1.Charles Darwin1.Charles Darwin2.Albert Einstein2.Albert Einstein3.Sigmund Freud3.Sigmund Freud Consumer Society, Consumer Society,

advertising, literacyadvertising, literacy Political reform: Political reform:

extension of franchiseextension of franchise Colonial and economic Colonial and economic

rivalries, militarism, rivalries, militarism, lead towards conflictlead towards conflict

The Spread of the WestThe Spread of the West

Growth of the Growth of the United StatesUnited States

““American American exceptionalism”exceptionalism”

Western settler Western settler societiessocieties

1.1. CanadaCanada

2.2. AustraliaAustralia

3.3. New ZealandNew Zealand

Imperialism Imperialism

Reasons for Imperialism in the Reasons for Imperialism in the Nineteenth CenturyNineteenth Century

Before industrialization, Europeans Before industrialization, Europeans sought to conquer new territories to sought to conquer new territories to gain new manufactured goods, gain new manufactured goods, precious resources, and to spread precious resources, and to spread Christianity.Christianity.

After industrialization, Europeans After industrialization, Europeans sought to conquer new territories to sought to conquer new territories to gain raw materials for their industries gain raw materials for their industries and to gain new markets. Religious and to gain new markets. Religious conversion was not a major concern.conversion was not a major concern.

Reasons for Imperialism in the Reasons for Imperialism in the Nineteenth CenturyNineteenth Century

Competition among nation states within Competition among nation states within the West (nationalism, militarism)the West (nationalism, militarism)

Technological and industrial advances in Technological and industrial advances in the West led to development of better the West led to development of better weaponsweapons

Public opinion within the West (popular Public opinion within the West (popular press, jingoism)press, jingoism)

Pressure to relieve unemployment and Pressure to relieve unemployment and overcrowding in the Westovercrowding in the West

Major imperialist powers: Britain, France, Major imperialist powers: Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, United StatesUnited States

Jingoism in the newspapersJingoism in the newspapers

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Application of Application of Darwin’s ideas to Darwin’s ideas to human societyhuman society

Herbert Spencer, Herbert Spencer, Francis GaltonFrancis Galton

EugenicsEugenics ““Survival of the Survival of the

fittest”fittest” ““Masculine vs Masculine vs

Feminine”Feminine” ““White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden”

How India Came Under British How India Came Under British RuleRule

British East India Company British East India Company formed to trade with Indiaformed to trade with India

1627: Mughal Shah 1627: Mughal Shah Jahangir granted the Jahangir granted the Company permission to Company permission to build a factorybuild a factory

By late 1600s the By late 1600s the Company had factories in Company had factories in Calcutta, Madras, and Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay and many Bombay and many interests elsewhere in interests elsewhere in IndiaIndia

Silver and gold from Silver and gold from foreign trade flooded India foreign trade flooded India and weakened the and weakened the economyeconomy

Coins of the Coins of the British East India British East India

Co.Co.

1719 coin 1804 coin1719 coin 1804 coin 1719 coin 1804 coin1719 coin 1804 coin

How India Came Under British How India Came Under British RuleRule

The Company took over The Company took over the Mughal tax system the Mughal tax system and established its own and established its own sepoy armysepoy army

In the 1750s Britain and In the 1750s Britain and France were engaged in France were engaged in the Seven Years Warthe Seven Years War

The Nawab of Bengal The Nawab of Bengal revolted against revolted against increasing Company increasing Company influence and captured influence and captured a Company fort in a Company fort in CalcuttaCalcutta

How India Came Under British How India Came Under British RuleRule

The Black Hole of Calcutta: The Black Hole of Calcutta: 146 British prisoners were 146 British prisoners were placed in a room placed in a room measuring 18 X 15 feet. measuring 18 X 15 feet. Only 23 survived the night. Only 23 survived the night. (possibly exaggerated)(possibly exaggerated)

Colonel Robert Clive Colonel Robert Clive commanding a sepoy army commanding a sepoy army defeated the Nawab at defeated the Nawab at Plassey June 23, 1757Plassey June 23, 1757

The Battle of Plassey is The Battle of Plassey is considered the starting considered the starting point for British domination point for British domination of India: the Rajof India: the Raj

The RajThe Raj

India under Company control became India under Company control became a dependent economya dependent economy

British policy intentionally British policy intentionally bankrupted Indian industries and bankrupted Indian industries and forced India into producing forced India into producing agricultural goods, especially cotton, agricultural goods, especially cotton, for the British marketfor the British market

British taxation forced many peasant British taxation forced many peasant farmers to sell their land to large farmers to sell their land to large owners and become tenants owners and become tenants

Sepoys, 1850sSepoys, 1850s

1857: The Sepoy Rebellion 1857: The Sepoy Rebellion (Indian Mutiny)(Indian Mutiny)

Dissatisfaction with Company rule and Dissatisfaction with Company rule and increasing poverty caused many increasing poverty caused many rebellions rebellions

In early 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion beganIn early 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion began70% of the Sepoy soldiers joined the 70% of the Sepoy soldiers joined the

rebellion, and the British were forced to rebellion, and the British were forced to send for reinforcementssend for reinforcements

By the end of 1857 the rebellion had been By the end of 1857 the rebellion had been put down, but with heavy British lossesput down, but with heavy British losses

The Sepoy Mutiny: The Sepoy Mutiny: 18571857

The Siege of The Siege of LucknowLucknow

Well of the Kanpur MassacreWell of the Kanpur Massacre

Execution of Execution of Sepoys:Sepoys:

“The Devil’s Wind”“The Devil’s Wind”

India After The RebellionIndia After The Rebellion British East India Company British East India Company

decommissioneddecommissioned India now under direct British India now under direct British

rulerule Queen Victoria declared Queen Victoria declared

Empress of India, Viceroys Empress of India, Viceroys appointed to govern Indiaappointed to govern India

““The Jewel in the Crown” and The Jewel in the Crown” and “The Pivot of Empire”“The Pivot of Empire”

Sepoys used to control other Sepoys used to control other coloniescolonies

India a supply center for the India a supply center for the rest of the Empirerest of the Empire

British in India lived luxurious British in India lived luxurious liveslives

Queen Victoria, Empress of Queen Victoria, Empress of IndiaIndia

QueenQueen Victoria with an Victoria with an Indian servant Indian servant

Assorted British Assorted British Soldiers, Soldiers, 1890s1890s

The Marchioness of The Marchioness of Curzon, Vicereine of Curzon, Vicereine of

India, 1904India, 1904

Living Like a Living Like a MaharajahMaharajah

Darjeeling Railroad, Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s1880s

Simla: Little England in Simla: Little England in the the

mountains of India mountains of India

Victoria Station, Victoria Station, BombayBombay

Chartered Bank of Chartered Bank of Calcutta, Calcutta,

19151915

1911 Durbar: High Point of the 1911 Durbar: High Point of the RajRaj

Weaponry and ImperialismWeaponry and Imperialism

Until the mid nineteenth century, Europe Until the mid nineteenth century, Europe had no overwhelming advantages over had no overwhelming advantages over other areas in weaponryother areas in weaponry

During the 1850s and 1860s, rifles using During the 1850s and 1860s, rifles using percussion caps and cartridges percussion caps and cartridges introducedintroduced

Smokeless powder, automatic repeating Smokeless powder, automatic repeating rifles (Maxims) introduced in 1880srifles (Maxims) introduced in 1880s

Exploding bullets (dum dums) Exploding bullets (dum dums) introduced by end of the centuryintroduced by end of the century

Battle of Omdurman, September Battle of Omdurman, September 2, 18982, 1898

British side: 8,200 British side: 8,200 British troops, 17,600 British troops, 17,600 Egyptian and Egyptian and Sudanese troopsSudanese troops

Mahdi side: 52,000 Mahdi side: 52,000 African troopsAfrican troops

British casualties: 48 British casualties: 48 dead, 434 woundeddead, 434 wounded

Mahdist casualties: Mahdist casualties: 9,700 killed, 13,000 9,700 killed, 13,000 wounded, 5000 wounded, 5000 capturedcaptured

The Tasmanians: Another branch The Tasmanians: Another branch of the human race driven into of the human race driven into

extinctionextinction 1803: 2,000-20,000 1803: 2,000-20,000

Tasmanians when 49 Tasmanians when 49 British settlers arrivedBritish settlers arrived

1820: 12,000 British 1820: 12,000 British settlers, 1,000 settlers, 1,000 TasmaniansTasmanians

Last Tasmanians: Last Tasmanians: William “King Billy” William “King Billy” Lanney (died 1869 aged Lanney (died 1869 aged 34)and his wife 34)and his wife Trucanini (died 1876, Trucanini (died 1876, skeleton displayed in skeleton displayed in Hobart Museum)Hobart Museum)

Mathinna: A Lost Tasmanian Mathinna: A Lost Tasmanian GirlGirl

The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for Africa

European rivalries and the demand for European rivalries and the demand for raw materials and new markets sparked raw materials and new markets sparked a race to colonize and dominate Africa a race to colonize and dominate Africa between 1870-1900between 1870-1900

Advances in medical care (especially the Advances in medical care (especially the development of quinine) meant Africa development of quinine) meant Africa was now easier for Europeans to was now easier for Europeans to penetrate.penetrate.

By 1914 all of Africa except Ethiopia and By 1914 all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia was under European dominationLiberia was under European domination

The Belgian CongoThe Belgian Congo Rich region in Congo River Rich region in Congo River

basin with 20 million basin with 20 million inhabitantsinhabitants

Made famous in mid Made famous in mid nineteenth century by Dr. nineteenth century by Dr. David Livingstone and David Livingstone and Henry StanleyHenry Stanley

King Leopold II of Belgium King Leopold II of Belgium encouraged exploration of encouraged exploration of the Congo region on the Congo region on “humanitarian” grounds“humanitarian” grounds

Actually, Leopold was Actually, Leopold was interested in exploitation interested in exploitation of the Congo’s rich of the Congo’s rich resources, especially resources, especially rubberrubber

Atrocities in the Belgian Atrocities in the Belgian CongoCongo

Newspaper Reactions to the Newspaper Reactions to the Belgian AtrocitiesBelgian Atrocities

Ota Benga: A Pygmy in the Ota Benga: A Pygmy in the Bronx ZooBronx Zoo

Pygmy from the Pygmy from the Congo who survived Congo who survived the Belgian the Belgian slaughter of his slaughter of his villagevillage

Part of a display in Part of a display in the St. Louis World’s the St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904.Fair of 1904.

On display in the On display in the monkey house of the monkey house of the Bronx Zoo for several Bronx Zoo for several months in 1906months in 1906

South Africa: Europeans fighting South Africa: Europeans fighting Europeans in AfricaEuropeans in Africa

South Africa was part of South Africa was part of the British Empire after the British Empire after 18151815

The Boers were European The Boers were European settlers who disliked British settlers who disliked British rulerule

Indigenous Africans were Indigenous Africans were enslaved and dispossessed enslaved and dispossessed by the Boers and Britishby the Boers and British

In the Great Trek of the In the Great Trek of the 1830s, the Boers left the 1830s, the Boers left the Cape region and Cape region and established two established two independent republics, the independent republics, the Orange Free State and the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, fighting and Transvaal, fighting and dispossessing the dispossessing the indigenous peoples thereindigenous peoples there

South Africa: Europeans fighting South Africa: Europeans fighting Europeans in AfricaEuropeans in Africa

In the late 1800s, gold In the late 1800s, gold and diamonds were and diamonds were discovered in the Boer discovered in the Boer republics, and the republics, and the British began to British began to reassert control over reassert control over them.them.

This led to the Boer This led to the Boer War of 1899-1902 and War of 1899-1902 and the semi-the semi-independence of independence of South AfricaSouth Africa

Opposition to Imperialism Opposition to Imperialism Among EuropeansAmong Europeans

Evangelical Christianity Evangelical Christianity opposed slavery and opposed slavery and imperialismimperialism

The philosophical movement of The philosophical movement of Utilitarianism opposed Utilitarianism opposed imperialism as wastefulimperialism as wasteful

Some political leaders opposed Some political leaders opposed imperialism on moral and imperialism on moral and economic groundseconomic grounds

Authors like Rudyard Kipling Authors like Rudyard Kipling and Mark Twain criticized and Mark Twain criticized European exploitation of other European exploitation of other peoplespeoples

This opposition led to some This opposition led to some reforms, like France granting reforms, like France granting citizenship to educated citizenship to educated indigenous peoples in its indigenous peoples in its coloniescolonies

Indigenous Opposition to Indigenous Opposition to ImperialismImperialism

New Zealand: Maoris were New Zealand: Maoris were able to adapt to British able to adapt to British colonizers and eventually colonizers and eventually helped create a multi-helped create a multi-racial societyracial society

Siam: King Mongkut IV Siam: King Mongkut IV encouraged Westernization encouraged Westernization and avoided European and avoided European domination of his countrydomination of his country

In most areas, however, In most areas, however, European contact led to European contact led to heavy population losses heavy population losses and economic and cultural and economic and cultural dominationdomination

Types of European ColoniesTypes of European Colonies

Tropical Dependencies: Large indigenous Tropical Dependencies: Large indigenous populations, small European population populations, small European population (India, most of Africa, Southeast Asia)(India, most of Africa, Southeast Asia)

White Dominions: Large European White Dominions: Large European populations, small indigenous groups populations, small indigenous groups (Canada, New Zealand, Australia)(Canada, New Zealand, Australia)

Contested Settler Colonies: Large Contested Settler Colonies: Large indigenous populations, substantial indigenous populations, substantial European populations, tension and often European populations, tension and often conflict between groups (South Africa)conflict between groups (South Africa)