US HistoryUS History

Mr. W.Mr. W.

The big businesses The big businesses of the 1870’s-of the 1870’s-1910’s 1910’s concentrated on concentrated on developing the developing the nations natural nations natural resourcesresources

1.1. Petroleum (PA, TX, Petroleum (PA, TX, KY, OH, IL, IN)KY, OH, IL, IN)

2.2. Iron ore (used to Iron ore (used to make steel-Great make steel-Great lakes region)lakes region)

3.3. Copper (MI, MT, Copper (MI, MT, AZ)AZ)

4.4. Coal (PA, WV)Coal (PA, WV)

5.5. Timber (OR)Timber (OR)

The men who became the industrial The men who became the industrial leaders of the time were often called leaders of the time were often called the the

““Robber BaronsRobber Barons” because they were ” because they were only interested in making money.only interested in making money.

1. John D. 1. John D. Rockefeller- Rockefeller-

He was the founder He was the founder of the of the Standard Oil Standard Oil Company, which Company, which dominated the oil dominated the oil industry and was industry and was the first great U.S. the first great U.S. business trust.business trust.

2. Jay Gould2. Jay Gould

Cornelius Cornelius VanderbiltVanderbilt

--American American entrepreneurs who entrepreneurs who built their wealth built their wealth in shipping and in shipping and railroads.railroads.

3. Philip Armour ,3. Philip Armour ,

Gustavus SwiftGustavus Swift

-meat packing -meat packing industryindustry

4. J.P. Morgan-4. J.P. Morgan-financier, financier, investment banker investment banker and art collector and art collector who dominated who dominated corporate finance corporate finance and industrial and industrial consolidation consolidation during his time.during his time.

5. Andrew Carnegie - 5. Andrew Carnegie -

earned most of his fortune earned most of his fortune in the steel industry in the steel industry founding the Carnegie founding the Carnegie Steel Company.Steel Company.

- He also wrote “- He also wrote “The The Gospel of Wealth,Gospel of Wealth,” an ” an essay promoting free essay promoting free market economy and market economy and the responsibilities of the responsibilities of the self-made rich.the self-made rich.

All of these robber barons were making lots of All of these robber barons were making lots of money, teaming up together creating Trusts money, teaming up together creating Trusts and Monopolies.and Monopolies.

Trust - A method of grouping many companies Trust - A method of grouping many companies and plants into one organization.and plants into one organization.

  

Big industry became possible when the railroads Big industry became possible when the railroads created national markets.created national markets.

  

The US government, and much of the The US government, and much of the nation, believed in the principles of: nation, believed in the principles of:

Laissez-FaireLaissez-Faire economics economics, which dictated , which dictated that the economic market should run that the economic market should run freely without government interference.freely without government interference.

So basically, the rich got richer and there So basically, the rich got richer and there were no consequences for their were no consequences for their companies.companies.

Bessemer ProcessBessemer ProcessSteam Engine DrillSteam Engine DrillDynamiteDynamiteInternal Combustion Internal Combustion

engineengineSewing MachineSewing MachineSkyscraperSkyscraperElectric MotorElectric MotorBrooklyn BridgeBrooklyn BridgeRadioRadioBarbed WireBarbed Wire

X-Ray MachineX-Ray MachineTelephoneTelephoneMotion PictureMotion PictureTypewriterTypewriterLight BulbLight BulbPower GridPower GridAirplaneAirplaneAutomobileAutomobileSubwaySubwayPhonographPhonographFarm MachinesFarm Machines

By 1900, the United States had By 1900, the United States had become one of the greatest become one of the greatest economic powers in the world.economic powers in the world.

ImmigrationImmigration

Immigrant - A person Immigrant - A person who leaves a who leaves a country to settle country to settle permanently in permanently in another country.another country.

26 million foreign 26 million foreign born people came to born people came to America from 1880 America from 1880 to 1920.to 1920.

ImmigrationImmigration

Immigrants often left their Immigrants often left their homelands due to one of the homelands due to one of the following reasons:following reasons:

1. political tyranny1. political tyranny2. religious persecution2. religious persecution3. economic hardship3. economic hardship4. opportunity and jobs in 4. opportunity and jobs in

AmericaAmerica5. personal reasons5. personal reasons

ImmigrationImmigration

East Coast – East Coast – Most immigrants landed in New York City at Most immigrants landed in New York City at

Ellis Island- Ellis Island- in 1892 it was the official in 1892 it was the official immigrant processing center.immigrant processing center.

ImmigrationImmigration

East Coast - Most immigrants landed in New East Coast - Most immigrants landed in New York City at Ellis Island. (1892 official York City at Ellis Island. (1892 official immigrant processing center.). immigrant processing center.).

-West Coast: Angel Island in San Francisco-West Coast: Angel Island in San Francisco(1880 - 1900) - Most U.S. newcomers were (1880 - 1900) - Most U.S. newcomers were

from British, German, Irish, and from British, German, Irish, and Scandinavian decent.Scandinavian decent.

(1900-1914) - Immigration was on the rise. (1900-1914) - Immigration was on the rise. Most came from Italy and Eastern Europe.Most came from Italy and Eastern Europe.

ImmigrationImmigration

ImmigrationImmigration

1917 - The U.S. government 1917 - The U.S. government limited immigration to the limited immigration to the literate.literate.

Following WWI, quota systems Following WWI, quota systems were established to limit the were established to limit the number of immigrants coming to number of immigrants coming to America.America.

ImmigrationImmigration

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Reform Movements of the Progressive Era:Reform Movements of the Progressive Era:

1.1. American Federation of Labor (AFL-Samuel Rompers) - American Federation of Labor (AFL-Samuel Rompers) - Labor UnionLabor Union

2.2. United Mine Workers - Labor UnionUnited Mine Workers - Labor Union

3.3. National Grange-Farmers. - Labor UnionNational Grange-Farmers. - Labor Union

4. Interstate Commerce Act- est. Interstate Comm. 4. Interstate Commerce Act- est. Interstate Comm. Commission to regulate railroads.Commission to regulate railroads.

5. Anti-trusts - laws that prohibited monopolies and 5. Anti-trusts - laws that prohibited monopolies and corruption in big business. Led to the Sherman corruption in big business. Led to the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) & Clayton Antitrust Act (1914).Antitrust Act (1890) & Clayton Antitrust Act (1914).

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Progressive EraProgressive Era

6. Pullman Strike-1st successful labor strike against 6. Pullman Strike-1st successful labor strike against management.management.

7. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) - est. Food and Drug 7. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) - est. Food and Drug Adm. (FDA) to protect consumers from unsafe food Adm. (FDA) to protect consumers from unsafe food and medicine.and medicine.

8. Fed. Reserve Act (1913) - est. Fed. Reserve System.8. Fed. Reserve Act (1913) - est. Fed. Reserve System.

9. Fed. Trade Commission (1914) handles complaints 9. Fed. Trade Commission (1914) handles complaints of monopolies and unfair business practices. of monopolies and unfair business practices.

10. Tariffs protected U. S. industry from foreign 10. Tariffs protected U. S. industry from foreign business competition. (Dingley Tariff-1897)business competition. (Dingley Tariff-1897)

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Progressive EraProgressive Era

11. Upton Sinclair - author of the book “The Jungle”. 11. Upton Sinclair - author of the book “The Jungle”. Book exposed the problems and unhealthy practices Book exposed the problems and unhealthy practices of the meat packing industry. (“Muckraker” - a of the meat packing industry. (“Muckraker” - a journalists who wrote about the problems in journalists who wrote about the problems in society.)society.)

12. State and City Gov’t - “political machines” were in 12. State and City Gov’t - “political machines” were in use. Ward bosses provided services in return for use. Ward bosses provided services in return for money and votes in local elections. Led to money and votes in local elections. Led to corruption.corruption.

13. Education - 31 states required 12-16 week of 13. Education - 31 states required 12-16 week of school (8-14 yrs old) by 1895. Increase in the school (8-14 yrs old) by 1895. Increase in the number of students attending high school.number of students attending high school.

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Progressive EraProgressive Era

14. Temperance movement - Alcohol was seen as the 14. Temperance movement - Alcohol was seen as the source of all the evil and corruption in society. Led source of all the evil and corruption in society. Led to the 18th Amendment - banning the sale and to the 18th Amendment - banning the sale and consumption of alcohol.consumption of alcohol.

15. Civil rights - W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. 15. Civil rights - W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington encouraged African-Amer. to be Washington encouraged African-Amer. to be educated and productive members of society. Race educated and productive members of society. Race would end.would end.

- Literacy tests, poll taxes, Jim Crow Laws kept Blacks Literacy tests, poll taxes, Jim Crow Laws kept Blacks segregated in America.segregated in America.

16. Child Labor - children were cheap labor, worked 16. Child Labor - children were cheap labor, worked long hrs. Laws limited hrs.long hrs. Laws limited hrs.

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Progressive EraProgressive Era

President Teddy Roosevelt President Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1907) - Known (1901-1907) - Known as the “trust buster”as the “trust buster”

-He worked hard to -He worked hard to enforce antitrust laws. enforce antitrust laws.

-He wanted every -He wanted every American to have a American to have a “Square Deal”“Square Deal”

Progressive EraProgressive Era

-Conservation - -Conservation - President Roosevelt President Roosevelt set aside 200 set aside 200 million acres of million acres of land to protect and land to protect and manage the natural manage the natural resources.resources.

-Preservation - -Preservation - President President Roosevelt’s plan to Roosevelt’s plan to keep some keep some wilderness areas in wilderness areas in their natural statetheir natural state

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Results of the Progressive Movements:Results of the Progressive Movements:-1890’s - Workers earned - $12 a week for 50--1890’s - Workers earned - $12 a week for 50-

60 hrs of hard labor60 hrs of hard labor

-Men earned 42 cents per hour-Men earned 42 cents per hour

-Women earned 6 cents per hour-Women earned 6 cents per hour

-Children earned 2 cents per hour-Children earned 2 cents per hour

--quart of milk cost 6 cents / 1 pound of round quart of milk cost 6 cents / 1 pound of round steak costs 12 centssteak costs 12 cents

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Progressive EraProgressive Era

1910’s - Workers earned - $1,156 1910’s - Workers earned - $1,156 per yearper year

New Home $3,395New Home $3,395New Car - $950New Car - $950Gas - 9 centsGas - 9 cents Milk - 34 centsMilk - 34 cents Bread - 4 centsBread - 4 cents

ImmigrationImmigration

Immigrant - A person who leaves a Immigrant - A person who leaves a country to settle permanently in country to settle permanently in another country.another country.

Exclusion Act (1882) - Forbid the Exclusion Act (1882) - Forbid the Chinese from entering the U.SChinese from entering the U.S

26 million foreign born people come 26 million foreign born people come to America from 1880 to 1920.to America from 1880 to 1920.

ImmigrationImmigration

East Coast - Most immigrants landed in New East Coast - Most immigrants landed in New York City at Ellis Island. (1892 official York City at Ellis Island. (1892 official immigrant processing center.). immigrant processing center.).

-West Coast: Angel Island in San Francisco-West Coast: Angel Island in San Francisco(1880 - 1900) - Most U.S. newcomers were (1880 - 1900) - Most U.S. newcomers were

from British, German, Irish, and from British, German, Irish, and Scandinavian decent.Scandinavian decent.

(1900-1914) - Immigration was on the rise. (1900-1914) - Immigration was on the rise. Most came from Italy and Eastern Europe.Most came from Italy and Eastern Europe.

ImmigrationImmigration

ImmigrationImmigration

Immigrants often left their Immigrants often left their homelands due to one of the homelands due to one of the following reasons:following reasons:

1. political tyranny1. political tyranny2. religious persecution2. religious persecution3. economic hardship3. economic hardship4. opportunity and jobs in 4. opportunity and jobs in

AmericaAmerica5. personal reasons5. personal reasons

ImmigrationImmigration

1917 - The U.S. government 1917 - The U.S. government limited immigration to the limited immigration to the literate.literate.

Following WWI, quota systems Following WWI, quota systems were established to limit the were established to limit the number of immigrants coming to number of immigrants coming to America.America.

ImmigrationImmigration

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism - Policy in which stronger Imperialism - Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, nations extend their economic, political and military power over a political and military power over a weaker country/territory.weaker country/territory.

How to create an Empire:How to create an Empire:1. Buy it 1. Buy it 2. Take it buy force2. Take it buy force3. Make the land economically 3. Make the land economically

dependent on youdependent on you

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism-Imperialism-

1867 - Purchase of 1867 - Purchase of Alaska from Alaska from Russia by William Russia by William Seward Seward (“Sewards Folly”)(“Sewards Folly”)

1898 - Annexation 1898 - Annexation of Hawaiiof Hawaii

ImperialismImperialism

1898 - Spanish American War1898 - Spanish American War The U.S. gov’t had long disapproved of The U.S. gov’t had long disapproved of

Spanish rule in Cuba. Corrupt and cruel Spanish rule in Cuba. Corrupt and cruel treatment by the Spanish gov’t kept treatment by the Spanish gov’t kept people poor, without rights. people poor, without rights.

-The U.S. gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the -The U.S. gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The U.S. emerged as a World Philippines. The U.S. emerged as a World Power and adopted a policy of imperialism Power and adopted a policy of imperialism by extending its authority over seas. by extending its authority over seas.

-Teddy Roosevelt became a national hero with -Teddy Roosevelt became a national hero with the ‘Rough Riders’.the ‘Rough Riders’.

Spanish American WarSpanish American War

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism under President Theodore Roosevelt: Imperialism under President Theodore Roosevelt:

1. philosophy - “speak softly and carry a big stick”.1. philosophy - “speak softly and carry a big stick”.

2. Open Door Policy - under Roosevelt the U.S. and 2. Open Door Policy - under Roosevelt the U.S. and Great Britain supported open trade with China.Great Britain supported open trade with China.

3. Treaty with Panama for $10 million (1903)- allows 3. Treaty with Panama for $10 million (1903)- allows for the construction of the Panama Canal to begin. for the construction of the Panama Canal to begin. Canal helped Roosevelt to build his dream of a two Canal helped Roosevelt to build his dream of a two ocean Navy.ocean Navy.

ImperialismImperialism

ImperialismImperialism

4. Widened the meaning of the Monroe 4. Widened the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary. The Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary. The U.S. might intervene in any Latin American U.S. might intervene in any Latin American country due to European interference. country due to European interference.

5. Gunboat Diplomacy- Roosevelt’s foreign 5. Gunboat Diplomacy- Roosevelt’s foreign policy in Latin America.policy in Latin America.

6. Settled boundary disputes between Alaska 6. Settled boundary disputes between Alaska and Canada.and Canada.

7. Helped end the Russo-Japanese War7. Helped end the Russo-Japanese War

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism under Imperialism under President President William H. Taft:William H. Taft:

1. “Dollar 1. “Dollar Diplomacy”- Diplomacy”- influence Latin influence Latin America and America and China through China through investments.investments.

ImperialismImperialism

Imperialism under President Imperialism under President Woodrow Wilson:Woodrow Wilson:

1. Civil War in Mexico killed 18 1. Civil War in Mexico killed 18 Americans.Americans.

2. 1916 Pancho Villa killed numerous 2. 1916 Pancho Villa killed numerous Americans in border raids in New Americans in border raids in New Mexico. U.S. troops were sent in, Mexico. U.S. troops were sent in, but failed to capture him.but failed to capture him.

ImperialismImperialism

3. 1914 “Great War” begins (WWI). 3. 1914 “Great War” begins (WWI). U.S. remains neutral 1914-1916 U.S. remains neutral 1914-1916

4. Wilson believed in “Moral 4. Wilson believed in “Moral Diplomacy” - should Amer. get Diplomacy” - should Amer. get involved in a foreign war.involved in a foreign war.

5. April 2 1917 U.S. declares war - 5. April 2 1917 U.S. declares war - “Make the World Safe for “Make the World Safe for Democracy.”Democracy.”

ImperialismImperialism

ImperialismImperialism

WWI looms…WWI looms…