15.index_steam, its generation & use, 41_ed

Steam 41 / Index I-1

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Abrasiveness index, 9-9Absorber (FGD), 35-2Absorption, 35-5Absorptivity

definition, 4-3of gases, 4-12, 4-31

Access doors, 20-6, 23-9Acid mist, 35-18Acid rain, 32-4, 34-2, 35-1Acidity, 36-1Acoustics

electromagnetic, 45-4emissions, 45-5leak detection, 45-16

Adiabatic, 3-4Adiabatic flame temperature, 2-26,

10-11Adipic acid, 35-12Aging (degradation) mechanisms

corrosion, 44-6erosion, 44-6fatigue, 44-6stress, 44-6

Aircombustion, 10-5, 10-16composition, 10-4control, 41-10distributor, fluidized-bed, 17-1, 17-3enthalpy, 10-19flow measurement, 40-20, 41-13infiltration, leakage, 10-16, 10-23,

23-7moisture, 10-5, 10-6properties of, 4-11theoretical, 10-5, 10-7, 10-9, 10-16

Air, quaternary, 28-4Air flow-steam flow control, 41-13Air heater, Chapter 20

applications, 20-15calculations, 22-15cast iron, 20-8cold end minimum metal

temperatures, 20-13

condition assessment of, 45-5, 45-11corrosion, 20-13environmental, 20-15erosion, 20-3, 20-14fires, 20-14industrial, 20-15leakage, 20-12Ljungström, 20-9marine, 31-12operation, 20-13performance, 20-12plate, 20-8plugging, 20-14recuperative, 20-7regenerative, 20-9Rothemühle, 20-10seal(s), 20-10, 20-11steam

coil, 20-9, 29-12, 29-21marine, 31-10

testing, 20-12tubular, 20-7, 29-21

Air pollution, Chapter 32air toxics, 32-5, 32-8carbon dioxide, 32-8carbon monoxide, 32-2, 32-7greenhouse gas, 32-8international regulations, 32-6mercury, 32-8nitrogen oxides (NOx), 32-1, 32-4,

32-7 (see also NOx control)particulate matter, 32-7

(see also Particulate control)sources, 32-1sulfur oxides (SOx), 32-1, 32-4,

32-7 (see also SO2 control)technologies, 32-8U.S. legislation, 32-1

Air swept spout, 16-7, 29-17Air testing, 39-18Albacore hull, 46-24Alkalinity, 35-1, 36-1Allowable stress, 7-20, 8-3, C-4

Allowances, 32-4Alloying elements, 7-5

interstitial, 7-2substitutional, 7-2

Alphaemitters, 47-4particle, 47-3

Alumina ceramics, 13-11, 44-10Aluminizing, 7-15American Boiler Manufacturers

Association (ABMA), 23-6, C-1American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM), 9-5, 9-7American Society of Mechanical

Engineers (ASME), 1-14, 2-1Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,

8-1, 19-8, 20-6, C-1allowable stresses, 7-20, 8-3, C-4calculations, 8-5design criteria, 8-2, 8-14strength theories, 8-2stress classifications, 8-2,

8-9, 8-10Performance Test Code, 10-10,

10-18, 10-21, 40-1Pressure Piping (B31), C-1, C-6

Ammonia, 34-3, 35-2, 35-18anhydrous, 34-6aqueous, 34-7flow control, 34-8, 41-17injection, 34-6reagent systems, 34-6

Ammonia sulfates, 20-15, 34-6Annealing, 7-8Anticipatory reactor trip system

(ARTS), 46-15API gravity, fuel oil, 9-14, 10-20Approach temperature

flue gas desulfurization, 35-14As-received, coal, 9-5, 9-7Ash, black liquor, 28-8 (see also

Recovery boiler, Kraft process)carryover, 28-9

Index

I-2 Steam 41 / Index


chloride/potassium purging, 28-10,28-21

fume, 28-9stickiness, 28-9

Ash, coal, 9-4, 9-8, 21-1 (see alsoSlag)

characteristics and composition,21-3, 21-6

characterization methods, 21-13classification, 20-13composition, 9-8content, 21-1corrosion, 15-4, 15-10, 21-20deposition, deposits, slagging and

fouling, 21-3, 44-7effects of reducing atmosphere,

21-6, 43-7effects on boiler design, 19-6, 21-

14, 21-16, 43-7convection pass design, 21-16furnace design, 21-14

erosion, 21-17 (see also Erosion)fusibility, fusion temperature(s),

15-1, 15-3, 21-5fusion, 9-8gasifier, Chapter 18hoppers, 20-4influence of elements, 21-7numerical model, 6-12operating variables, 21-17particles, 20-3pulverized coal combustion, 14-4removal, dry-bottom, wet-bottom,

flyash, 21-2residue, 10-11, 10-14sintering strength, 21-19viscosity, 21-8

measurement, 21-9temperature relationship, 21-10

Ash, fuel oil, 21-22characteristics, 21-24control, 21-25corrosion, 21-25

high temperature, 21-25low temperature, 21-25

deposition, 21-23design considerations, 21-24operating considerations, 21-24origin, 21-23

Ash cleaning equipment (see alsoSootblowers)

mechanical rapping system, 29-21sootblowers, 24-1, 29-21

Ash depositsemittance, 4-10thermal conductance, 4-9

Ash handling systems, 24-12,29-12, 29-18

air heater flyash, 24-12bottom ash handling systems

clinker grinders, 24-14dewatering storage bin, 24-14hydraulic, 24-13mechanical drag, 24-14plunger ash extractor, 24-15,

29-12

slag tank, 24-14submerged chain conveyor,

24-14, 29-18water impounded hopper

system, 24-15dry flyash handling systems,

pneumatic, 24-16airlock, 24-17pressure system, 24-17vacuum system, 24-16

flyash handling system, 24-15,29-12, 29-19

collector, 24-20drag chain conveyor, 24-15,

29-12screw conveyor, 29-12silo, 24-20silo unloading, 24-20

mechanical conveying, 24-14pyrite, 24-15

Aspirator, 3-16Atom, 47-1Atomic Energy Act, 49-14Atomic Energy Commission

(AEC, now NRC), 46-1, 49-14Atomic number, 47-1, T-15Atomic Safety and Licensing Board,

49-14Atomization

oil, 11-11mechanical, 11-11steam, 11-12

slurry (FGD)dual fluid, 35-13rotary, 35-13

Attemperation, 1-8, 19-14marine, 31-9water, 42-7

Attemperator, 19-13, 19-14arrangement(s), 19-15condition assessment, 45-9control, 19-14spray, 1-8, 19-14

Austenite, 7-3Austenitic stainless steel, 7-13Automatic sequence burner

controls, 41-14Automation

power plant, 41-19welding, 38-1

Auxiliaries, 39-18ash handling, Chapter 24boiler, 1-9, Chapter 25power requirements, 15-10, 26-6sootblowers, Chapter 24

Auxiliary power, cost, 37-11, 37-17Availability

maintaining, Chapter 44Available energy, 2-17

Babcock, George Herman, Intro-5,Intro-6

Baffle(s)air heater, 20-7drum, steam, 5-14

economizer, 20-3marine, 31-12, 31-13numerical modeling, 6-13

Bagasse, analysis, 9-12Baghouse, 29-22, Color Plate 7

(see also Fabric filter)Bainite, 7-5Balanced draft, 23-4Ball or ball-and-tube mill, 13-5, 35-6Banks of tubes

convection heat transfer in, 4-16crossflow around, 4-16effect of number of tube rows in,

4-18longitudinal flow around, 4-18

Bare tube, arrangementin-line, 20-1staggered, 20-1

Bark fuel, 27-2, 30-1Barns, 47-5Basic oxygen furnace, 27-20Batch refueling, 46-10Bernoulli’s equation, 3-4Best Achievable Control Technology

(BACT), 32-3Beta particle, 47-3Bid evaluation, 37-7Bimetallic materials and tubes,

7-14, 28-11, 29-5Binding energy, 47-2Biological effects, radiation, 47-3Biomass (see also Chapter 30)

as a fuel, 9-18, 30-3fluidized-bed, 17-1, 17-3, 30-7

Black liquor – see Recovery boiler,Kraft process

Blackbodydefinition of, 4-4radiation from, 4-4, 4-7

Blast furnace, 27-2, 27-18gas, 9-10, 27-4, 27-13

Blowdownsteam generator, fossil, 19-14, 42-7steam generator, nuclear, 48-7

Blowing, steam line, 43-3Boiler

bank, 1-8, 19-2, 22-11, 27-2, 28-4,28-17, 29-21

chemistry, 42-1circulation, general theory, 3-17,

5-17cleaning, 43-2codes, 8-5, C-1configurations, 19-1control, Chapter 41, 43-3

automatic sequence, 43-3basic theory, 41-1coal, pulverized, drum, 41-10coal, pulverized, Universal

Pressure, 41-12combustion optimization, 43-6Cyclone, 41-11fluidized-bed, 41-11key operating functions, 43-7manual, 43-3oil and gas, 41-10



system design, utility boiler,41-5

temperaturereheat, 41-10superheat, 41-10

definition, 1-1, 19-1design, 1-14, 19-3

ASME Boiler and PressureVessel Code, 19-8, C-1

basic circulation systems, 19-3calculations, performance, 22-1combustion effects, 19-5convection surface, 19-6criteria, 19-4critical heat flux, 5-2, 5-4, 19-8heat absorption, 19-3heat and chemical recovery

boilers, paper industry,28-1

heating surface, 19-4, 19-6pressure parts, 19-8recovery, chemical and heat,

Chapter 28safety valves, 19-8specifications, 19-4supports, 19-8thermal gradients, 19-8

design practice, 26-2development, history of, Intro-1enclosure, 19-8, 23-1energy equation, 2-9expansion, 23-4historical (see also Steam engine)

Blakey, William, Intro-4centennial, Intro-5shell, Intro-2Stevens, John, Intro-4straight tube, Intro-7Trevithick, Richard, Intro-4waggon, Intro-3Watt, James, Intro-3

industrial, 27-1industrial byproduct, 30-2numerical model, 6-12

pulverized coal, 6-14recovery, 6-14waste-to-energy, 6-21windbox, 6-16

once-through, 1-3, 1-12operation, 43-1

abnormal, 43-9operator requirements, 43-2performance tests, 43-8personnel safety, 43-8shutdown, 43-9startup, 43-2

screen, 19-6selection, 26-1setting, 23-1supports, 19-8surface, 19-1types

anthracite combustion (RBW),19-2, 26-6, 26-15

basic oxygen furnace(BOF), 27-20

bent tube, Intro-7biomass-fired, Chapter 30blast furnace gas, 27-4bubbling fluidized-bed (BFB),

17-2, 27-11carbon monoxide (CO), 27-17Carolina (RBC), 19-2, 26-12,

Color Plate 2circulating fluidized-bed (CFB),

17-9, 27-8, Color Plate 5El Paso (RBE), 19-2, 26-16electric utility, Chapter 26Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR),

27-14fire tube, Intro-4FM, 27-12FMB (marine package boiler),

31-4, 31-5heat recovery steam generator

(HRSG), 27-15High Capacity FM (HCFM),

27-12industrial, Chapter 27, 28-1,

30-1Integral Furnace, Intro-9, 19-2fluidized-bed, 17-1large utility, 19-2, Chapter 26marine, Intro-6, Chapter 31

(see also Marine boiler)oxygen converter hood, 27-20package, Intro-10, 27-12PFI, 27-13PFM, 27-12PFT, 27-13pressurized fluidized-bed, 17-13process recovery (PR), 28-1,

Color Plate 4Radiant, Intro-10, 19-2, 26-11shop-assembled, Intro-10,

27-12, 38-11spiral circuitry or spiral

wound, 19-2, 26-7, 26-10Spiral Wound Universal

Pressure (SWUP), 26-7,Color Plate 1

Stirling (SPB), Intro-7, 19-2,27-8, 30-2, Color Plate 3

subcritical, 19-3supercritical, 19-3Tomlinson, 28-10Tower (RBT), 19-2, 26-14Towerpak, 27-8, 30-8Universal Pressure (UP),

Intro-10, 19-2, 26-6, 26-9vertical tube, variable

pressure, 26-10waste heat, 27-18water tube, Intro-4, 19-1wood-fired, Chapter 30

Boiler as a calorimeter (BAC)calculation method, 10-23

Boiler-following control, 41-5Boiler support steel, 39-11Boiling, 1-2, 4-22, 5-1

convective, forced, 5-2, 5-3departure from nucleate, 5-4,

46-11 (see also Critical heatflux)

film, 5-2flow, 5-2, 5-3heat transfer, 4-22, 5-3incipient, 5-2nucleate, 4-22, 5-2subcooled, 4-23, 5-2transition, 5-2

Boiling water reactor (BWR), 46-2Bomb calorimeter, 10-9Bond work index, 35-7Boric acid, 49-16, 49-18Boring mill, 38-3Bottom ash, 21-2, 24-13, 32-16Boundary layer, fluid flow, 4-3, 4-14Bourdon tube pressure gauge, 40-1Brayton cycle, 2-22

IGCC plants, 18-14Breeder reactor, 47-15Broaching, 50-6Buckstays, 23-2, 23-5Buffer, 35-12Bulk fluid temperature, 4-15Buoyancy effects, 4-3Burnable absorbers, nuclear, 47-13Burner

auxiliary, 28-23, 29-21coal, pulverized, Chapter 14

air-fuel mixing, 14-7boiler integration, 14-5burner nozzle, 14-7cell, 14-9circular, 14-9corner-firing system, 14-16DRB-4Z, 14-13DRB-XCL, 14-12dual register, 14-11enhanced ignition, 14-18flame safety system, 14-20flame stability, 14-2, 14-7impeller, 14-8low NOx Cell, 14-14movable, 19-16numerical model, 6-21oil or gas firing, 14-20performance, 14-8primary air exchange, 14-18register, 14-7S-type, 14-9

excess air, 10-15 (see also Excessair)

flame detection, 41-15fuel management, 41-15management system, 41-14

automatic sequence, 41-14failure mode analysis, 41-17remote manual sequence, 41-14supervised manual control, 41-14

oil and gas, Chapter 11circular, 11-9corner-firing system, 11-10gas elements, 11-13igniters, 11-15marine, 31-6mechanical atomizers, 11-11



steam atomizers, 11-12XCL-S type, 11-9

operationadjustments, 43-7emissions 43-6excess air, 15-2, 43-7fuel conditions, 43-7optimization, 43-6overfire air adjustments 43-7

recovery boilerlimited vertical sweep, 28-20oscillator, 28-20

selection, effect on steamtemperature, 19-16

Burner management systems, 41-14Burning profiles, 9-8Burnup, nuclear, 47-8Bypass and startup systems

drum boilers, 19-20, 43-4drum pressure control, 19-21,

44-16dual pressure 19-20operation, 19-20steam pressure control, 19-21upgrades, 44-16

UP boilers, 19-16, 43-12constant furnace pressure

startup system, 19-19flash tank, 19-19heat recovery, 19-19minimum required flow, 19-19overpressure relief, 19-20steam temperature control,

19-19variable throttle pressure, 19-19

variable furnace pressure startupsystem, 19-17

minimum flow, 19-17vertical steam separator, 19-17water collection tank, 19-17

Byproduct fuels, solid, 30-1

Calcination, 17-12Calcium

carbonate, 35-9sulfate, 35-9sulfite, 35-9

Calculations, performance, 22-1Calorimeter

boiler as (BAC), 10-23bomb, 10-7

Calorimeter throttling, 40-17CANDU, 46-2, 46-5, 48-1, 50-2

calandria, 46-6Capacity

factor, 37-11increase, 44-2, 44-20

Capitalized cost method, 37-13Carbon dioxide in flue gas

from fuel analysis, 10-6, 10-21, 32-8properties, 10-2

Carbon steel, 7-12Carburization, 44-12Carnot cycle, 2-12Carrying charges, 37-11Carryover, 5-13, 48-7

Carryover, impuritiesmechanical, 42-12moisture, 5-13vaporous, 42-12

Carryunder, 5-13, 48-7Casing, 23-3, 39-18

marine boilers, 31-12Cast iron, 7-3, 7-14

air heater, 20-8Cast steel, 7-15Castings, 38-4Catalyst – see NOx control, catalystCatalytic cracker, 27-13Cavity

heat transfer, 4-28, 23-6radiation calculation, 22-13

Celsius, 40-4Cementite, 7-3Centigrade temperature scale, 40-3Centrifuge, 35-8Ceramic tile, 35-5Ceramics, 7-15Ceramics and refractories, 15-10, 29-3Chain reaction, nuclear, 47-7,

47-10, 47-11Change of phase, solid, 7-2Char, 14-3, 18-2Charpy test, 7-17Chemical

analysesdewatering system, 36-10EPA method, 36-7, 36-8gypsum quality, 36-10, 36-13lime quality, 36-7limestone quality, 36-6recirculation slurry/blowdown,

36-8cleaning, fossil – see Chapter 42

advantages, 43-3alkaline boilout, 42-18circulation cleaning method,

42-20cleaning equipment, 42-23cleaning frequency, 42-19cleaning time, 42-23deposit samples, 42-22deposits, 42-21inhibitors, 42-22precautions, 42-24preoperational, 42-18preparation, 42-23procedures, 42-20, 42-23soaking (cleaning) method, 42-21solvent strength, 42-22solvent temperature, 42-22solvents, 42-21superheater/reheater, 42-24

cleaning, nuclear, 49-3, 49-7chemical addition, 49-16startup, 49-16

cleaning solvent disposalconsiderations, 42-24co-ponding, 42-24evaporation, 42-24incineration, 42-24options, 42-24

recovery process, pulp, 28-1, 43-16vapor deposition, 7-15

Chemistry, fuel and water, Intro-17Chimney – see Stack and draftChloride, 35-5Chromizing, 7-15Circulation, 1-3, 3-17, 5-17, 19-3,

20-4, 48-8design criteria, 5-19forced, 1-3, 5-19improvements, 44-16marine, 31-12natural, 1-3, 5-18, 19-3, 43-4once-through, 5-17, 19-3startup, 43-4steam generator, nuclear, 48-8

Circulation or flow circuitsRadiant boiler (RB), 26-13, 26-14Spiral Wound Universal Pressure

(SWUP) boiler, 26-10Cladding, 46-5, 46-8, 50-2, 50-4, 50-13

(see also Weld, cladding)Classifier, coal, 13-2, 13-8

rotating, 13-13Clean Air Act, U.S., 32-1, 35-1

1990 Amendments, 32-4acid deposition control, 32-4air quality control regions, 32-2air toxics, 32-5criteria pollutants, 32-2evolution of legislation, 32-1Maximum Achievable Control

Technology, 32-5, 32-10National Ambient Air Quality

Standards, 32-2New Source Performance

Standards, 32-2New Source Review, 32-2NOx SIP Call, 32-5state implementation plans

(SIPs), 32-2Clean Air Rules, 32-6Clean Water Act (CWA), 32-13Cleaning

air heater, 24-10back pass/economizer, 24-8convection pass, 24-5external, 19-12furnace, 24-2internal, 19-12, 43-3 (see also

Chemical, cleaning, fossil)SCR catalyst, 24-9sonic horns, 24-9

Cleaning and inspection, nuclear,49-15

Cleanliness, internal, 39-16Cleanliness factor, 4-20, 22-4Climate factor, fossil fuel units, 26-5CO catalyst, 27-17Coal

abrasiveness, Chapter 13testing, 13-8wear effects, 13-1, 13-4, 13-9

analysisash, 15-3burning profile, 9-8



crushers, 15-6, 15-11equilibrium moisture, 9-7grindability, 9-8, 13-8mineral-matter-free, 9-5, 9-7moisture, 9-7, 15-3moisture-free, 9-7sizing, 15-6sulfur, 9-4, 9-7, 15-12

angle of repose, 12-14anthracite, 9-6bituminous, 9-6blending, 12-16breakers, 12-3bulk density, 12-14caking, 9-8char, 9-9characterization (impurities),

9-7, 12-5organic sulfur, 12-5pyritic sulfur, 12-5sulfate sulfur, 12-5

classification, 9-5cleaning, 12-4, 32-8

dewatering, 12-8dry processing, 12-8flotation, 12-8gravity concentration, 12-6tramp metal, 12-3, 12-13

coalification, 9-3, 12-5crushers, 12-3, 12-12dry, mineral-matter-free, 9-5drying, 13-2dust suppression and collection,

12-17elemental ash analysis, 9-8enthalpy, 10-20erosiveness, 9-9, 13-9feeders, 12-15, 13-2, 15-7, 44-3

gravimetric, 12-15volumetric, 12-15

fixed carbon, 9-5fouling indices, 9-8, 21-13free swelling index, 9-8friability, 12-8frozen coal, 12-17gasification, 9-11, Chapter 18

(see also Gasification, coal)grindability, 9-8, 13-8grinding, 13-2gross calorific value, 9-8gross (higher) heating value

(HHV), 9-8Hardgrove Grindability Index

(HGI), 9-8, 13-8heating value, 9-8, 10-10lignite, 9-6lower (net) heating value

(LHV), 9-8mining, 12-2moisture, 9-5, 9-7, 13-10oxidation, 12-17preparation, 12-4processing and handling,

Chapter 12properties, effect on design, 26-3proximate analysis, 9-5

pulverizer – see Pulverizerpyritic sulfur, 9-4rank, 9-5reserves, 9-1screening, 12-4size reduction, 12-3sizing, 12-3slagging indices, 9-9, 21-13slagging potentials, 9-9spontaneous combustion, 12-13stoker, 16-1, 16-4storage, 12-10

bunker, 12-14design, 12-14downspout design, 12-15

seal height, 12-15fires, 12-18flow problems, 12-17funnel flow, 12-15mass flow, 12-15shear cell, 12-15

silo, 12-14stacker, 12-13stockpile, 12-13

fires, 12-17inspection and mainten-

ance, 12-14reclaim, 12-14

subbituminous, 9-1, 9-6transportation, 12-8

barge, 12-9continuous transport, 12-10rail, 12-9truck, 12-10

ultimate analysis, 9-8U.S. availability, 9-2volatile matter, 9-5world availability, 9-1

Coalification, 9-3Coatings, 7-15Codes, 8-5, C-1Cogeneration, 1-4, 27-4, 30-1Coke, 9-6

breeze, 9-9delayed coke, 9-17fluid coke, 9-17oven gas, 9-10

Coldbending, 7-9drawing tubes, 38-10forging, 7-9rolling, 7-9work, 7-9

Combined cycle, 1-17, 27-4Combined heat and power, 30-1Combustion

biomass fluidized-bed, 17-3, 17-5,30-7

Btu method, 10-6, 10-23, 10-26calculation methods, 10-3, 10-23calculations, 22-3, 22-5 (see also

Chapter 10)coal, fluidized-bed, 17-1 (see also

Fluidized-bed boiler)coal, pulverized, 14-1

char oxidation, burnout, 14-3

char reactivity, 14-3combustion rate, 14-2devolatilization, 14-3mineral matter effect, 14-4moisture effect, 14-3unburned carbon loss, 14-8,

14-19volatile matter effect, 14-3 (see

also Volatile matter, coal)constants, 10-2control(s), 41-10corner-firing, 11-10, 14-16definition, 10-1Dulong’s formula, 10-10equilibrium, 2-26fundamental laws, 10-1guides, operating, 41-13heat of, 10-7mole method, 10-3, 10-6, 10-8, 10-23numerical model, 6-1 (see also

Numerical modeling)advanced burner, example, 6-21combustion reactions

heterogeneous, 6-8homogeneous, 6-7

mesh generation, 6-19radiation, 6-8stoker, example, 6-21theory, 6-3

oil and gasefficiency, 11-5excess air, 11-4performance requirements, 11-4pulsation, 11-5stability, 11-4turndown, 11-4

pressurized fluidized-bed, 17-13principles of, Chapter 10pulverized coal – see Combustion,

coal, pulverizedsystem, coal

applications for metals andcement industry, 14-21

compartmented windbox,14-11

conventional, 14-4corner-firing, 14-16downshot firing, 14-5, 14-18high moisture coal, 14-5integration with boiler, 14-5low volatile coal, 14-5overfire air (OFA) ports,

14-10, 14-18primary air, 14-2, 14-6pulverized coal, 14-1safety, 14-20secondary air, 14-2, 14-7

research and development,Intro-14

sorbent, 10-11, 10-27stoker – see Stokerthree Ts of, 10-1use of mole, 10-3

Commercial operation, nuclear, 49-20Commercial structure, 37-9Compressed water, properties, 2-4, T-7



Compressible, 3-1Compressor, energy equation, 2-9Computational fluid dynamics

(CFD), 6-1Computer numerical control, 38-3Condensate/condensate polishing, 42-6Condensation, film, 4-22Condensing attemperator system,

25-21, 27-7Condition assessment, Chapter 45

analysis techniquesBLESS code, 45-15crack growth, 45-14cycling effects, 45-17leak before break, 45-14life fraction, 45-10, 45-12, 45-15remaining life, 45-11

boiler componentsair heater, tubular, 45-11attemperators, 45-9drums, 45-6, 45-20economizer, 45-17headers

high temperature, 45-7low temperature, 45-8

settings, 45-11tubing

steam-cooled, 45-7, 45-11water-cooled, 45-7, 45-13

Conductance, heat transferfor conduction, 4-1for convection, 4-3in thermal circuit, 4-6unit-thermal conductance, 4-3

Conduction, heat transfercylindrical geometries, 4-6definition, 4-1Fourier’s law, 4-1

Conductivityfeedwater limits, 43-12method, steam purity, 40-17thermal, refractory and

insulation, 23-6Conservation

of energy, 3-3, 6-4of mass, 3-2, 6-4of momentum, 3-2, 6-4

Consolidated nuclear steamgenerator, 46-21

Constructability, 39-4Construction, Chapter 39

approaches, 39-6field modularization, 39-6knocked down, 39-6shop modularization, 39-6

cost, 39-2project management, 39-3safety, 39-16schedule, 39-2technology, 39-5

Contact resistance, heat transfer, 4-1Containment building, 46-3Continuity equation, 3-2, 6-5Continuous emission monitoring

(CEM), 34-8, 36-4Contraction

pressure loss, 3-11static pressure, difference, 3-13

Control (and protective systems),nuclear

in-core instrumentation, 49-9integrated control system, 46-14,

49-17neutron detectors, 47-14, 49-17non-nuclear instrumentation, 49-17nuclear, 49-17reactor protection system, 49-17rod, 49-8, 49-18

assemblies, 46-8drive mechanisms, 49-8worth, 47-13, 49-18

room, 49-20Control system design philosophy

Universal Pressure once-through boiler, 41-12

utility drum boiler, 41-5Control volume

fluid dynamics, 3-2for energy balance, 4-5, 4-23for numerical modeling, 6-7

Control(s) and control systems,Chapter 41

atmospheric fluidized-bed boiler,41-11

auxiliary boiler (marine), 31-5basic theory, 41-1boiler-following, 41-5burner, 41-14burner management systems,

41-14closed loop, 41-2combustion, 41-10coordinated boiler-turbine, 41-6Cyclone-fired boiler, 41-11during startup, 43-3feedforward/feedback, 41-4fluidized-bed, 41-11furnace draft, 41-10human factor engineering, 41-20integrated boiler and turbine-

generator, 41-6merchant marine boiler, 31-2, 31-3naval boiler, 31-1neural networks, 43-7nuclear plant, 49-10, 49-17oil- and gas-fired boiler, 41-10open loop, 41-2proportional, 41-2proportional plus integral, 41-4proportional plus integral plus

derivative, 41-4pulverized coal-fired boiler, 41-10pulverizer, 13-2selective catalytic reduction

systems, 41-17scrubbers, 41-17sootblowing, 43-8steam flow-air flow, 41-13steam temperature, 19-12, 31-9

(see also Steam, temperature)turbine-following, 41-5Universal Pressure boiler, 43-11

Convection, heat transfer, 4-3boiler surface, 19-6definition, 4-3fouling, 4-20heat flow, rate of heat transfer, 4-3

Convection pass, 1-7, 7-21, 19-1, 20-4Convective heat-transfer coefficient,

(see also Nusselt number)in flow over banks of tubes, 4-16,

4-18in flow through tubes (and ducts)

laminar, 4-15turbulent, 4-16

in free convection, 4-14Conversion factors, Appendix 1Conversion formulae for emission

rates, T-14Converter reactor, 47-15Coordinate measuring machine, 50-8,

50-11Coordinated boiler-turbine control,

41-5Coordination curves, pulverizer, 13-7Core – see ReactorCore reactivity coefficients, 49-18Corrosion, 23-7, 42-14 (see also Ash,

coal, corrosion and Ash, fueloil, corrosion)

acid corrosion, 42-16acid dew point, 27-16acid phosphate corrosion, 42-16air heater, 20-13caustic corrosion, 42-17caustic cracking, 42-17caustic gouging, 42-17chelant corrosion, 42-16corrosion fatigue, 42-16decarburization, 42-17erosion-corrosion, 45-9 (see also

flow accelerated corrosion)flow accelerated corrosion, 42-15fretting, 48-9, 49-2fuel ash, 7-22, 21-20general, 42-1hydrogen damage, 42-16intergranular, 7-6, 42-15, 42-18,

48-9locations, 42-15out-of-service corrosion, 42-18pitting, 42-16, 48-9, 49-2protection, process recovery

boiler, 28-11stress corrosion, 48-9, 49-2, 49-7,

49-8stress corrosion cracking, 42-18,

48-9syngas cooler, gasification, 18-11under-deposit corrosion, 42-16wastage, 49-2waste-to-energy system, 29-2

ash cleaning equipment, 29-21bimetallic tube, 29-5ceramic tiles, 29-3chloride, 29-2flue gas temperature, 29-3, 29-18hydrochlorides, 29-3



Inconel, 29-4, 29-19Inconel bimetallic, 29-5, 29-19lower furnace, 29-3metal temperature, 29-3oxidizing atmosphere, 29-3parallel flow superheater, 29-20pin stud, 29-3protection, 29-3reducing atmosphere, 29-3refractory, 29-3, 29-8silicon carbide, 29-3, 29-8superheater, 29-20wear zone panel, 29-4weld overlay, 29-3

Cost(s)constant, 37-11current, 37-11evaluation, 37-11future value, 37-12levelization, 37-12present value, 37-12

Cranes, 39-9Creep, 7-1, 7-19, 8-12, 44-12

crack growth, 8-12detection, 45-7flaw size, 8-10headers, 45-7life prediction, 45-12piping, 45-9replication, 45-5rupture, 7-19

Creep-fatigue, 44-14Criteria Pollutants, 32-2Critical boron concentration, 47-13Critical flow, 5-20Critical heat flux (CHF), 5-2, 5-4,

5-19, 19-8criteria, 5-6definition, 5-4evaluation, 5-6marine boiler, 31-7ribbed bore tube, 5-6

Critical mass, 47-10Critical transformation

temperature, 7-3lower critical, 7-4upper critical, 7-4

Cross-section, nuclear, 47-5, 47-12absorption, 47-6capture, 47-6fission, 47-6macroscopic, 47-6microscopic, 47-6resonance, 47-6scattering, 47-6

Crossflow, friction factor, 3-15Crushers, 12-3

double roll, 12-3hammermill, 12-4rotary breaker, 12-3single roll, 12-3

Crystal structure, 7-1body-centered cubic, 7-1body-centered tetragonal, 7-4face-centered cubic, 7-1

Curies, 47-4

CycleBrayton, 2-22Carnot, 2-12nuclear fuel, 47-12Rankine, 2-13

for nuclear plant, 2-19regenerative, 2-14

reheat, 2-15steam, 2-1, 2-12

Cycling, 27-17, 44-15definition, 45-17drum, 45-20economizer, thermal shock, 45-17furnace, subcooling, 45-18operation control, 41-7superheater, tube leg flexibility,

45-19Cyclone furnace, Chapter 15, 43-10

advancements, 15-12advantages, 15-1air pollution control, 15-12ash, 15-3burner, 15-2, 15-4

radial, 15-4thin door radial, 15-4scroll, 15-4vortex, 15-4

capacities, 15-5, 15-9coal

crushers, 15-6, 15-11feeders, 15-7sizing, 15-6, 43-10suitability, 15-3, 15-5, 43-10

combustion air, 43-10combustion control, 15-9

controls, 41-11design features, 15-7erosion, 15-11fabrication, 38-9firing arrangements, 15-5flyash emission and recovery,

15-3, 15-12fuels suitable for, 15-3, 15-8, 43-10igniters, 15-10oil and gas burners, 15-8operation and maintenance, 15-10,

43-10power requirements, 15-10waste fuels, 15-3, 15-9

D-type boiler (FM), 27-12Dampers

control, 25-3guillotine, 25-4isolation, 25-3louver, 25-3round, 25-4

Data acquisition, 40-3, 40-24Dead weight gauge, 40-2Decay

radioactive, 47-4Degradation mechanisms, 44-6, 44-11Demand charge, 37-11Density

of flue gas, 4-11

of gases, 4-11Departure from nucleate boiling,

DNB – see Critical heat fluxDeposits

ash, 21-3, 24-1scaling, 42-3slag, 21-11, 24-2water-side, 42-15, 42-19

Desuperheater (see also Attemperator)marine, 31-10

Diffusionatomic, 7-1thermal, 4-7, 4-22

Dimensional analysis, heat transfercorrelation of data, 4-15dimensionless numbers or

groups, 4-15Discount rate, 37-11Discrete ordinates method, 6-9Dislocations, 7-2Dissimilar metal welds, 7-11Dissolved alkalinity, 35-12Distillate fuels, 9-12Distributor grid, 27-17, 34-6DNB – see Critical heat fluxDoppler

coefficient, nuclear fuel, 47-14,49-18

effect, 47-6Dose

equivalent, 49-13radiation, 47-3radiation absorbed, 49-13

Downcomer, 48-5definition, 1-3, 1-9

Draft (see also Stack and draft)calculations – see Chapter 22loss, 19-7, 25-6

Draft effect, 3-15Drainability, economizer, 20-5Drum, steam, 1-3, 5-13, 39-10

allowable temperaturedifferential, 43-5

baffle(s), 5-14capacity, 5-17condition assessment of, 45-6cycling, 45-20fabrication, 38-5head fabrication, 38-5lifting, 39-11marine, 31-11materials, 7-23protection, startup and

shutdown, 43-5, 45-20support, 39-11U-bolts, 39-12

Dry scrubbers – see SO2 controlcontrols, 41-19

Dry shielded canister, 50-13Dryout – see Critical heat fluxDual economizer steam air heater

(DESAH), 31-11Dual furnace, 31-9Duct burner, 27-17Ductile iron, 7-15Ductility, 7-17



Duplex alloys, 7-14Dust collector, 33-12, 35-2

Earthquake requirements, 26-2Economic evaluation, 37-1, 37-10Economizer, 1-8, Chapter 20, 27-2

calculations, 20-4, 22-13cascading longflow, 28-14cleanability, 20-2condition assessment of, 45-7continuous, 28-14crossflow, 28-14cycling, 45-17drainability, 20-5erosion, 20-3fabrication, 38-8fin, 20-2gas velocity limits, 20-3header, 20-6heat transfer, 20-4longflow, 20-4, 28-14marine, 31-11materials, 7-21mean temperature, 20-4plugging, 20-2, 20-14pressure drop, 20-5sootblowers, 20-3startup protection, 43-4steaming, 20-4stringer tubes, 20-6supports, 20-5tube

baffles, 20-3diameter, 20-6

tube deflection, 20-5upgrade, 44-7vibration, 20-6wall enclosures, 20-5

Eddies, 3-8Eddy current testing – see

Nondestructive examinationEdison, Thomas Alva, Intro-6, Intro-8Efficiency, 44-18

boiler or steam generating unit,19-4

combustible fuel, 10-17cycle – see Chapter 2gasification systems, 18-2, 18-14heat balance, 10-18marine boiler, 31-10operating techniques, 43-6particulate removal, 36-13recovery boiler, 28-4

calculations, 28-6SO2 removal, 35-6, 36-13

Effluents (aqueous), 32-13Ejector, 3-16Electric resistance welded (ERW)

tubes, 7-21Electric utilities

history of, Intro-7Electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4Electron, 47-1Electropolishing, 50-2, 50-11Electrostatic precipitator, 29-22,

32-10, 33-2, 33-8, 35-2, 35-13

applications, 33-3, 33-8Electrostatic precipitator, dry, 33-2

components, 33-4casing, 33-4collecting electrodes, 33-5discharge electrodes, 33-5enclosure, 33-4hoppers, 33-4insulators, 33-5power supplies and controls, 33-6rapping systems, 33-5transformer rectifier, 33-6

particle size distribution, 33-7particulate control, 33-3

ash removal, 33-3charging, 33-2collection, 33-2rapping, 33-3

performanceDeutsch-Anderson equation,

33-6enhancement, 33-7fuel and ash, 33-3gas flow control, 33-5sizing factors, 33-6

reentrainment, 33-3resistivity, 33-3sectionalization, 33-7

Electrostatic precipitator, wet, 33-8,35-19

Emergency core cooling system(ECCS), 46-15

Emergency feedwater system, 49-15Emissions, air pollution (see also

individual pollutants)cold gas, 18-2F-factor, 36-12gasification plants, 18-12industrial boilers

carbon monoxides (CO), 27-7nitrogen oxides (NOx), 27-7particulate matter (PM), 27-7sulfur oxides (SOx), 27-7volatile organic compounds

(VOC), 27-7oil and gas, 11-5

opacity, 11-9oxides of nitrogen, 11-5oxides of sulfur, 11-8particular matter, 11-8

stokers, 16-10utility boilers, 1-10, 26-5, 32-2waste-to-energy system

activated carbon injection, 29-23baghouse, 29-22carbon monoxide, 29-23dry scrubbing system, 29-22electrostatic precipitator, 29-22,

29-23hydrochloric acid, 29-22mercury, 29-22nitrogen oxides, 29-23polychlorinated dibenzofurans,

29-6polychlorinated dibenzopara-

dioxin, 29-6

selective catalytic reduction,29-23

selective non-catalyticreduction, 29-23

sulfur dioxide, 29-22Emissive power, 4-4Emissivity (and emittance), 4-4, 4-10

coal-ash deposits, 4-10gases, 4-12gray surfaces, 4-4, 4-10non-gray surfaces, 4-4of various surfaces, 4-12

Enclosure, Chapter 23 (see alsoSetting, boiler)

Energyapplications, 2-9available, 2-17consumption, 9-1equation, 2-7, 2-9, 3-4, 4-5, 4-7production, 9-1

Enhanced oil recovery, 27-14Enthalpy, 2-1, 2-7, 5-1

steam and water, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6Entrainment, 3-16Entropy, 2-10

increase, 2-12steam and water, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6

Environmentalgas-side measurements, 36-8legislation – major U.S., Chapter 32

Clean Air Act, 32-1 (see alsoClean Air Act, U.S.)

Clean Water Act, 32-13research, development and

evolution of, Intro-14The Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act (RCRA), 32-15process monitoring, 36-6

Environmental control, 27-4,Chapter 32

Environmental equipment,construction 39-15

Environmental regulations,Chapter 32, 44-2, 44-20

Equilibrium diagram, 7-3Equipment diagnostics, nuclear (see

also Nondestructiveexamination)

check valves, 49-11destructive examination, 49-4eddy current testing, 49-4, 50-10fitness-for-service assessment, 49-3foreign object search and retrieval

(FOSAR), 49-3loose parts monitoring, 49-10motor operated valves, 49-11neutron noise monitoring, 49-11reactor coolant pump monitoring,

49-11valve monitoring and diagnostics,

49-11Equipment selection, 26-1Equipment specification, 37-2Equivalent

diameter, 3-7, 4-15, 4-18 (see alsoHydraulic diameter)



Erection (see also Construction)approaches, 39-3auxiliaries, 39-18cleanliness, 39-16cost estimates, 39-2field welding, 39-13material handling, 39-8nonpressure parts, 39-18procedure, fossil fuel unit, 39-11structural supports, 39-11time estimates, 39-2time span, 39-2

Erection methodology, 39-6contractor interface, 39-7new construction, 39-6plant arrangement, 39-6product parameters, 39-7retrofit, 39-6schedule, 39-2, 39-7scope, 39-6site conditions, 39-7

Erosion, 21-17, 23-4air heater, 20-14barriers, 44-8protection, 44-4, 44-20tube bends, economizer, 20-3

Estimating, construction, 39-2Euler

equation of motion, 3-3number, definition, 3-7

Evaluation criteria, 37-7Evaporation, 4-22, 5-1, 42-2Evaporator, chemical process recovery

cascade, 28-19cyclone, 28-19direct contact, 28-19multiple effect, 28-19

Examination (see also Conditionassessment)

destructiveboat samples, 45-6tube samples, 45-6

methodology, 45-1nondestructive (see also Nonde-

structive examination)acoustic emissions, 45-5eddy current, 45-3electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4liquid penetrant, 38-12, 45-2magnetic particle, 38-12, 45-2nuclear fluorescence, 45-4radiography, 38-11, 45-4replication, 45-5strain, 45-6temperature, 45-6ultrasonic, 38-12, 45-2visual, 45-1

Excess air, 10-15effect on Cyclone corrosion, 15-4effect on Cyclone operation, 43-10effect on efficiency, 43-1effect on steam temperature, 19-13from flue gas analysis, 10-21, 10-23loss, 43-6measurement of, 10-21

Expansion, boiler, 23-4

Expansion joints, 25-5configurations used in flues and

ducts, 25-5metallic, 25-5nonmetallic, 25-5types, 25-5

Extended surface, 4-20Extruded tubing, 44-8

Fabric filter (and baghouse), 32-10,33-8, 35-13, Color Plate 7

air/cloth ratio, 33-10applications, 33-10bag materials and supports, 33-11cleaning, 33-11configurations, 33-11

hatch style, 33-11walk-in, 33-11

design parameters, 33-10drag, 33-10dustcake, 33-8enclosure, 33-11hoppers, 33-11operating fundamentals, 33-8tubesheet, 33-8types, 33-9

pulse jet, 33-10reverse gas, 33-9shake deflate, 33-10shaker, 33-10

Fahrenheit temperature scale, 40-4Fans

acoustic noise, 25-20aerodynamic characteristics, 25-20axial flow, 25-17centrifugal, 25-15drives, 25-17forced draft, 25-13gas recirculating, 25-14induced draft, 25-14laws of performance, 25-11, 25-18maintenance, 25-14output control, 25-15performance, 25-11power, 25-10primary air, 13-6, 25-14specific diameter, 25-12specific speed, 25-15stall, 25-19testing, 25-14variable speed, 25-15

Fast reactors, 47-15Fatigue

crack growth, 8-11, 8-13damage evaluation, 8-6, 45-5design curve, 8-6maintaining availability, effect on,

44-6, 44-11, 44-14Feasibility, project, 37-1Fechheimer probe, 40-22Feedwater

control, 41-8design considerations, 26-5economizer, 20-6requirements, Universal Pressure

boiler, 43-11temperature, effect on final steam

temperature, 19-13treatment

effect on boiler availability, 43-8Ferrite, 7-3Ferritic stainless steels, 7-14Filling boiler, 43-4Film condensation, 4-22Filter

sludge, vacuum, 35-8Fine grinding, coal, 13-14Fineness, coal, 13-8

capacity factors, 13-10testing, 13-10

Finite element analysis (FEA), 8-8application of, 8-8, 8-9computer software, 8-9limitations, 8-9nonlinear, 8-9stress analysis, 8-8

Finned tube economizer, 44-7, 44-18Fins

circumferentially attached, 4-20economizer, 20-2efficiency, 4-21

Fire(s) and fire protectionair heater, 20-14pulverizer, 13-13

Firing rate control, UniversalPressure boiler, 43-11

Fission, Intro-12, 1-11, 46-1 (seealso Fuel, nuclear)

process, 47-2product(s), 46-11

Fittingsflow resistance, 3-9

Fixation, 32-16Fixed charges, 37-11Flake glass, 35-5Flame

coal, pulverized, 14-7detection or scanners, 14-20,

41-15stability, 14-7

photometer, 40-18Flat stud tubes, 23-2Floor design, process recovery boiler,

28-12decanting, 28-12sloped, 28-12

Flowaround tubes, 4-16, 4-18boiling, 5-2coast down, 49-20in tubes (and ducts), 4-15, 4-16instability, 5-11laminar, 3-8, 4-15over flat plate, 4-15patterns, 5-8turbulent, 3-8, 4-16two-phase, steam-water, 5-8

Flue gas, 1-5, 1-10analysis, 10-21enthalpy, 10-19excess air determination, 10-21



mass flow, 10-16moisture, 10-6, 10-17residue, 10-14sampling, 10-21specific heat, 22-9volumetric combustion chart, 10-22

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) (seealso SO2 control, scrubber (FGD))

construction, 39-15dry scrubbing, 32-9, 35-12sorbent injection, 32-9wet scrubbing/scrubber, 32-9,

35-2, 36-1Flue gas sampling

isokinetic, 36-12location selection, 36-7

Flue gas velocity, 20-3Fluid

dynamics, Chapter 3research and development of,

Intro-15entrainment, 3-16flow, energy equation, 3-4flow measurement, 40-20

flow nozzle, 40-20orifices, 40-20venturi tube, 40-20

friction, pressure loss, 3-5pressure loss, two-phase, 5-9straightening vanes, 40-20

Fluidization, 17-2Fluidized-bed boiler, Chapter 17,

27-8, Color Plate 5air staging, 17-8ash, 17-10, 17-12attrition, 17-13bubble caps, 17-2bubbling bed, 17-1, 17-2, 27-11calcination, 17-12circulating bed, 17-1, 17-9, 27-8control, 41-11distributor, 17-3fixed bed, 17-1fuel feed systems, 17-7mean diameter, particle, 17-2minimum fluidization, 17-1NOx control, 17-8, 17-13operations, 43-13

bubbling bed, 43-15fuel sizing, 43-15operating overview, 43-15

circulating bed, 43-13biomass firing, 43-14coal firing, 43-14fuel sizing and character-

istics, 43-14operating overview, 43-13operations, 43-13startup and shutdown, 43-14

overfire air system, 17-6, 17-8pressurized bed, 17-13Sauter mean diameter, 17-2slumped bed, 17-3solids separation, 17-11staged combustion, 17-13superficial bed velocity, 17-3

temperature control, 17-4, 17-10turbulent bed, 17-2U-beams, 17-11volume-surface mean diameter,

17-2waste fuels, 17-1

Flyash, 32-1, 32-16 (see also Ash,coal)

Flyash plugging, 44-7Forced circulation, 1-3, 5-19 (see

also Circulation)Forced convection, heat transfer

entrance effects, 4-14heat transfer coefficient inside

tubes (and ducts), 4-3, 4-15,4-16

laminar flow, 4-15turbulent flow, 4-16

Forced outage rate, 44-1Formic acid, 35-12Forming, 38-3Fouling, 4-20, 9-8, 28-9, 44-6 (see

also Ash, coal, deposition)Fracture mechanics, 8-10

creepcrack growth, 8-12flaw size, 8-12

elastic-plastic, 8-11failure assessment

deformation plasticity, 8-11diagrams, 8-11, 8-12leak-before-break, 8-12plastic instability, 8-12safety margins, 8-12

fatigue crack growth, 8-12linear elastic, 8-10time dependent, 8-13toughness, 7-18

Free convection, heat transfer, 4-14Free surface, 3-1Friction factor

crossflow gases, 3-15flow in pipes and ducts, 3-7, 3-8

Friction loss, 3-5two-phase flow, steam-water, 5-9

Fuel (see also specific fuel andChapter 9)

biomass, 9-18, 16-1, 16-7, 30-1boiler operations, 43-1coal, 15-1, 26-3flow control, 41-10flow measurement, 41-13natural gas, 15-8 (see also

Natural gas)firing application, 26-16

nuclear,assembly, 46-8, 47-9burnup, 47-8fission, 47-6

chamber, 47-14energy, 47-7neutrons, 47-7process, 47-6products, 47-8

fissionable, 47-5fusion, 47-2

handling, 49-12loading, 49-18refueling, 46-10

oil, 9-12, 11-1, 15-8 (see alsoPetroleum)

API gravity, 9-14, 11-2asphaltene content, 11-2auxiliary, marine, 31-5burning equipment, 11-9burning profile, 11-2carbon residue, 11-2combustion calculations,

Chapter 10distillation, 11-2enthalpy, 10-20fire point, 11-2firing application, 26-16flash point, 9-14, 11-2heating value, 11-2kinematic viscosity, 9-14merchant marine, 31-3naval, 31-2No. 2, 9-12No. 6, 9-12Nos. 4 and 5, 9-13pour point, 9-14, 11-2preparation, 11-1properties, 11-2reserves, 9-12residual fuel oils, 9-13Saybolt Furol viscosity, 9-14Saybolt Universal viscosity, 9-14specific gravity, 11-2transportation, storage and

handling, 11-1ultimate analysis, 11-2viscosity, 11-2water and sediment, 9-14, 11-2

Orimulsion, 11-3other gases, 11-3purging, 43-1research and development of,

Intro-14sludge, 30-4straw, 30-2switching, 32-5, 32-8switching, SO2 control, 35-1, 44-18wood, 30-2

Fuel ash corrosion, 44-12Fuel NOx, 34-1Furnace, 1-7

Controlled Combustion Zone(CCZ), 16-7, 30-6

design, enclosure, 19-4dry ash, 19-6recovery boiler, 28-10sizing, 19-5, 21-14slag-tap, 19-6water-cooled walls, 19-6wet-bottom, 19-6

divided, 19-16draft control, 41-10dutch oven, 30-4exit gas temperature, calculation,

22-4heat transfer calculations, 22-3



heat transfer methodsempirical, 4-24numerical, 4-26

marine, 31-1, 31-2materials, 7-21subcooling, 44-15wall corrosion, 44-8wall wastage, 44-7

Fused coatings, 7-16Future value, 37-12

Galvanizing, 7-16Gamma ray, 47-3, 49-13Gas (see also Natural gas)

constant, 3-4, 40-4enthalpy, 10-12, 10-19equation, 40-4expansion, 40-4

temperature evaluation, 40-16temperature measurement,

40-14flue gas, 10-16forced convection around

cylinders, 4-15free convection, 4-14laminar forced convection in

tubes, 4-15laws, 3-4, 10-1physical properties, 3-10, 4-9,

4-11, 10-2turbulent forced convection in

tubes (and ducts), 4-16viscosity, 3-11

Gas, flue (see also Flue gas)analysis, 41-14biasing effects, 19-15proportioning damper, 19-15recirculation, 19-15tempering, 19-15

Gas disperser, 35-13Gaseous

fuels from coal, 9-9, 18-1radiation, 4-4, 4-8, 4-12state, 3-1

Gasification, black liquor, 28-27high temperature, 28-28low temperature, 28-28

Gasification, coal, 9-11, Chapter 18air-blown, 18-2crossflow, 18-4definition, 18-1developmental issues, 18-11developments, 18-7down-flow, 18-4entrained flow, 18-6fixed (moving) bed, 18-4fluidized bed, 18-5gas compositions, 18-3gas cooling, 18-11oxygen blown, 18-2, 18-10power generation, 18-14processes, 18-2product cleanup, 18-12reactions, 18-1transport, 18-7

upflow, 18-3Geiger counter, 49-13Generating bank (see also Boiler,

bank)crossflow, 28-12longflow, 28-17

Geographical considerations inboiler design, 26-5

Global warming, 32-8Grain boundaries, 7-2Graphitization, 7-4, 7-11, 44-12Grashof number, definition of, 4-2,

4-14Grate

air-cooled, 16-6, 16-8chain, 16-3moving, 16-2pinhole, 30-4stationary, 16-2traveling, 16-3, 16-5, 16-8, 30-5vibrating, 16-3, 16-5, 16-9, 30-5water-cooled, 16-3, 16-10

Gray iron, 7-14Graybody, thermal radiation, 4-10Green liquor, 28-25Greenhouse gases, 32-8Grid – see Mesh generationGuarantees

equipment, 26-6performance, 37-4, 37-5

Gundrilling, 50-4Gypsum, 32-1, 32-16, 35-8

Half-life, 47-4heavy elements, 47-5radioactive, 47-4

Hardening, quenching, 7-9Hardness, 7-17Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs),

32-4Hazardous waste, 32-15Header(s)

analysis techniques, 45-14condition assessment of, 45-7creep, 45-7fabrication, 38-6leak detection, 45-17ligament, 44-14material, 7-23protection, startup, 43-5structural analysis – see Chapter 8tube-to-header weld, 44-15upgrade, 44-14

Heataffected zone (HAZ), 7-10available, 10-11, 10-23credits, 10-18, 10-23Dulong’s formula, 10-10exchanger

air heater(s), 20-7effectiveness, 4-22mean temperature difference in,

4-19, 4-21nuclear, 48-1types, arrangements, 4-20

losses, 10-15, 10-18, 10-19, 23-5,43-6

mechanical equivalent, 2-8of combustion, 10-7of formation, 28-5of reaction correction, 28-5of vaporization, 5-1rate, 19-9reduction due to deposits, 43-6transfer, Chapter 4

applications, 4-28basic modes, 4-1boiling, 4-21, 4-27, 5-3calculations, Chapter 22cleanliness factor, 4-20coefficient of, 4-3condensation, 4-22conduction, 4-1contact resistance, 4-1convection, 4-3, 4-14discrete ordinates, 6-9electrical analogy, 4-6, 4-23extended surface, 4-20furnaces, 4-24gas-side, 20-4gas-to-gas, 20-16insulation, 4-22, 4-29Kirchoff’s law, 4-4modeling of, 6-5NTU method, 4-21Ohm’s law, 4-6porous materials, 4-22radiation, 4-3, 4-7, 6-8research and development of,

Intro-15steam generator, nuclear, 48-3,

48-6supercritical (pressure water),

5-7surface, 20-1waste gases, 27-18water-side, 20-4

treatmentpost weld, 7-11, 50-5, 50-12welding, 38-6

Heat flux measurement, 40-12Heat rate, 37-11Heat recovery steam generator

(HRSG), 27-15Heat transfer (see Heat, transfer)Heating surface, regenerative air

heater, 20-11Heating values, high and low, 9-8,

10-10Heavy lifting, 39-8Heavy water, 46-2Hero’s engine, Intro-1Hideout, chemical, 42-3History of steam generation and

use, Intro-1Hook gauge, 40-2Hooke’s law, 7-16Hopper, 23-3

numerical model, 6-21Hot

functional testing, 49-16



rolling, 7-9shortness, 7-6work, 7-9zero power, 49-18

Human factor engineering, controlsystems, 41-20

Hydraulic diameter, 3-5 (see alsoEquivalent, diameter)

Hydroclones, 35-8Hydrogen damage, 42-17, 44-6

detection of, 45-3Hydrolysis, 34-7Hydrostatic test, 39-17, 42-23, 43-2,

50-2, 50-11

Ideal gas, 3-4Igniter, 11-15, 14-20, 15-10

capacity, 15-10classification of, 41-16coal burner, 14-20, 15-10oil and gas, 11-15, 15-10operation, 15-10

Ignitionstability, flame, 14-7temperatures, 10-10

Imaging radiometer, 40-6Impact protection, 44-9Impact suction pitot tube, 40-21In-core instrumentation, 49-9Incineration, 28-23, 29-1Incompressible, 3-1Induced nuclear reactions, 47-4Industrial boiler design, 27-1Injector, 3-16Inspection (see also Equipment

diagnostics, nuclear)pre-operation, 39-19startup, 43-2

Instability, flow, 5-11Instrumentation, 40-1

corrections, 40-3water leg, 40-3

environmental, 36-1in-core, 49-9nuclear, 49-10startup, 43-3

Insulating materialproperties of, 4-1, 4-9thermal conductivity, 23-6

Insulation, 4-22, 4-29, 23-1, 23-5,23-6, 39-18

ambient air conditions, 4-29heat loss, 4-29installation, 23-5temperature limits and thermal

conductivities, 4-29Integral Furnace boiler, Intro-9, 19-2Internal deposits, water-side, 43-9,

44-6Internal recirculation, CFB, 27-10International temperature scale, 40-3Inverse temperature solubility, 42-2Inviscid, 3-4Ionization, 47-3

chamber, 47-14, 49-13

Iron, effects on coal ash, 21-7, 43-10Irrecoverable, pressure losses, 3-6Irreversible, 3-5Isentropic, 3-4Isolation valves, nuclear, 49-10Isothermal transformation

diagrams, 7-4Isotope, 47-1

Jet pump, 3-16

Kelvin temperature scale, 40-4Kinematic viscosity, 3-10Kraft process – see Recovery boiler,

Kraft process

Lagging, 23-2, 23-9Lamellar tearing, 7-11Laminar flow (see also Flow, laminar)

definition, 4-14inside tubes (and ducts), 4-15

Larson-Miller parametercreep life fraction, 45-12life prediction, 45-12

Laser alignment, 50-8Laws of thermodynamics, 2-10Layup, 42-25

dry layup, 42- 27hot standby, 42- 26nitrogen blanketing, 42-27wet layup, 42-27

Leak detectionacoustics, 45-16headers, 45-17piping, 45-17tubes, 45-16

Leak test, 50-10, 50-11Levelization, cost, 37-12Licensing, nuclear, 49-14Life management, nuclear, 49-2Lighter – see IgniterLignite, 9-6

ash fusion temperature, 43-10Lime, 35-2, 35-15

hydrated, 35-16pebble, 35-16

Limestone, 35-2 (see also Sorbent)forced oxidation, 35-6

Linear accelerator, 38-6Linings, rubber, 35-5Liquid

forced convection around tubes,4-16

laminar forced convection intubes (and ducts), 4-15

metal coolants, 46-2, 46-22penetrant examination, 38-12physical properties, 3-10state, 3-1turbulent forced convection in

tubes (and ducts), 4-16viscosity, 3-11

Ljungström air heater, 20-9

Load, 39-18blocks, 39-11dead, 39-9distribution, 39-10

static equilibrium, 39-10factor, 37-11friction, 39-9impact, 39-9imposed, 39-9lifted, 39-9live, 39-9seismic, 39-9stabilization force, 39-9wind, 39-9

Local heat transfer coefficientdefinition, 4-3in boiling, 5-4in free convection, 4-14in laminar flow, 4-15in turbulent regions, 4-16

Longflow economizer, 20-4, 28-15Low water, 43-9Lowest Achievable Emission Rate,

32-4

Machine tools, 38-3Machining, 38-2

electrical discharge, 38-3Magnesium oxide, 35-12, 35-18Magnetic particle examination, 38-12Maintaining availability, Chapter 44Maintenance

boiler, Chapter 44economizer, 20-6fans, 25-14nuclear equipment, 49-2pulverizer, 13-11remote technology, 49-1, 49-5stack, 25-10strategic plan, 44-1

Makeup water and purificationsystem, 42-5, 49-15

Malleable cast irons, 7-14Manometer, 40-1

high pressure, 40-2inclined, 40-1micromanometer, 40-2

Manpower loading, construction, 39-3Manufacturing

development, Intro-13, Intro-16fossil fuel equipment, Chapter 38methods, 38-1nuclear equipment, Chapter 50requirements, 38-1tubes, 38-10

Marine boilercirculation, 31-12codes, 31-6design, 31-6development, 31-1efficiency, 31-10furnace design, 31-7nuclear, 46-19requirements, 31-1steam separation, 31-12



steam temperature control, 31-9superheater design, 31-8tube bends, 31-8types

coal, 31-3merchant, 31-2naval, 31-1package, 31-4reheat, 31-3waste heat, 31-5

Martensite, 7-5Mass

conservation of, 3-2defect, 47-2diffusion and transfer, 4-22energy equivalence, 47-2flow rate per unit area, 3-6flux, 3-6number, 47-2transfer coefficients, 4-22transfer rate, 35-10velocity, 3-6

Mass burning, refuse, 29-3air plenums, 29-11combustion air system, 29-11excess air, 29-11fuel feed system, 29-11overfire air, 29-11plunger ash extractor, 29-12rams, 29-11reciprocating grate, 29-10steam coil air heaters, 29-12stoker capacity diagram, 29-10stoker design, 29-10undergrate air, 29-11vibrating conveyor, 29-12

Master fuel trip, 23-5Material handling and storage

equipment, 39-8erection, 39-8plan, 39-8transportation, 39-8

Materials – see Chapter 7 andspecific materials

Materials, bimetallic, 28-11Maximum Achievable Control

Technology (MACT), 32-5Mean film temperature, 4-19Measurement, instrument and

methods (see also Chapters 36and 40)

atomic absorption, 42-14conductivity, 42-14density, 36-4flame photometer, 42-14flow, 36-4, 40-20gravimetric, 42-14ion chromatography, 42-14liquid level, 36-2mercury emissions, 36-13on grab samples, 42-14on-line, 42-13, 42-15opacity, 36-5, 36-13pH, 36-1pressure, 36-4, 40-1purity, steam, 40-17

quality, steam, 40-17solids level, 36-3temperature, 36-4, 40-3

Mechanical equivalent of heat, 2-8,3-3, 10-9

Membrane wall, 19-6, 23-1construction, 39-18fabrication, 38-7gasifier design, 18-9tubes, 23-1, 23-2

Mercury, 32-8control technologies, 32-10, 32-11,

36-13, 36-14in U.S. coals, 32-10regulations, 32-6, 32-10

Mesh generation, 6-9Metal lagging, 23-2Metal removal, 38-2Microalloyed steels, 7-12Mineral wool, 23-5Modeling (see also Numerical

modeling)ash, coal, 6-12boiler, 6-14burner, coal, pulverized, 6-21combustion, 6-1, 6-7large particle (popcorn) ash (LPA),

6-12numerical, Chapter 6recovery boiler, 6-14stoker, 6-21turbulent flow, 6-5windbox, 6-16

Moderator, 46-1temperature coefficient, 47-14,

49-18Modular construction, 27-6, 39-6

field, 39-6shop, 39-6

Moistureair, 10-5flue gas, 10-6, 10-17gypsum, 36-10in stack gas, 36-8pulverization, 13-10pulverized coal combustion, 14-3

Molar quantitiesconversion to mass units, 10-4

Molar ratio, NOx control, 34-8Mole

concept of, 10-1in combustion calculations, 10-3,

10-6Mollier diagram

nuclear steam cycle, 2-21steam, Chapter 2 Frontispiece,

T-9Momentum

conservation of, 3-2Mud drum, 1-8Multi-cyclone (multiclone) dust

collector, 17-11, 27-10Multi-lead ribbed tubes, 5-5, 26-13,

44-17Municipal solid waste (MSW), 9-19,

12-18, 27-2, 29-1

National Ambient Air QualityStandards, 32-2

National Fire Protection Association(NFPA), 11-1, 13-12, 23-4

National Pollution DischargeElimination System, 32-13

Natural circulation, 1-3, 5-18, 26-10,26-11, 27-1, 27-15, 48-6

Natural gas – see Chapter 11burner, 11-9burning equipment, 15-10consumption, 9-16firing application, 26-16, 27-4gas elements, 11-13igniter, 11-15preparation, 11-2production, 9-16properties, 11-3reserves, 9-16transportation, storage and

handling, 11-2Nautilus, 46-19Navier-Stokes equation, 3-2Navy special fuel oil (NSFO), 31-12Net plant heat rate, 37-11Neutron, 47-1

absorption, 47-6delayed, 47-11detector, 47-14, 49-17energy distribution from fission,

47-8flux, 47-11, 49-17leakage, 47-11production, 47-10prompt, 47-11reactions, 47-5source, 47-14thermal, 47-6

New Source Performance Standards(NSPS), 32-2

New Source Review (NSR), 32-2Newton’s law of cooling, 4-3Newtonian fluid, 3-1Nitrates, 34-2Nitric acid, 34-2, 35-1Nitrogen oxides (NOx), 32-7, 34-1,

35-1 (see also NOx and NOx

control)combustion optimization, 43-6emissions, 32-7, 34-1formations, 34-1nitric oxide (NO), 32-7, 34-1nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 32-7, 34-1

Non-condensable gases/waste stream,28-23

Nonattainment Areas, 32-2Nondestructive examination, 38-11,

45-1 (see also Examination,nondestructive)

eddy current testing (ECT), 45-3,49-4, 50-10

probes, 49-4electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4leak testing, 50-10

dye penetrant (PT), 50-2liquid penetrant (PT), 45-2, 49-10



magnetic particle (MT), 45-2,49-10, 50-2

nuclear fluorescence, 45-4radiographic (RT), 50-2ultrasonic testing (UT), 45-2, 49-4,

50-2Nonpressure parts, materials, 7-24Nonrecoverable – see IrrecoverableNormalizing, 7-8NOx

emissions control, post-combustion, 41-17

ammonia flow control, 41-17flue gas inlet temperature,

41-17NOx control, 32-4, 32-9, Chapter 34

analyzer, 34-8catalyst, 34-3

base metal, 34-5corrugated fiber configuration,

34-5honeycomb configuration, 34-5operating issues, 34-6parallel plate configuration,

34-5precious metal, 34-5sizing, 34-6zeolite, 34-5

chemical reagents, 34-3anhydrous ammonia (NH3),

34-3aqueous ammonia, 34-6urea, 34-3

coal, and wood/bark stoker, 16-10coal, Cyclones, 15-13coal, fluidized-bed, 17-1, 17-8, 17-13coal, gasification systems, 18-15coal, pulverized, 14-9

air staging, 14-14corner-fired, 14-16wall-fired, 14-15

control by combustion, 14-10fuel NOx, 14-9fuel ratio (FC/VM), 14-10, 14-18fuel staging, 14-10NOx formation, 14-9NOx ports, 14-10thermal NOx, 14-10

combustion, 34-1oil and gas

burners out-of-service, 11-6flue gas recirculation, 11-7low excess air, 11-6overfire air ports, 11-6oxides of nitrogen, 11-5reburning, 11-7two-stage combustion, 11-6

options, Chapter 34post-combustion, 34-3selective catalytic reduction,

Chapter 34numerical model, 6-18

NOx formation, 34-1NOx ports, 14-10Nozzle

energy equations, 2-9

fabrication, 38-6spray, FGD, 35-3, 35-4

Nuclear (see also Fuel, nuclear, andChapters 46 through 50)

binding energy, 47-2chain reaction, 47-7component maintenance, 49-2cross-section, 47-12emergency core cooling system

(ECCS), 46-15fission, 46-1, 47-1

nucleons, 47-1nucleus, 47-1nuclide, 47-1

fuel, 46-2, 46-8, 47-7fuel assembly, 46-8fuel cycle, 47-12fundamentals, 47-1icebreaker, Lenin, 46-20merchant ship, Otto Hahn, 46-21merchant ship, Savannah, 46-20moderator temperature

coefficient, 47-14multiplication factor, effective,

47-10operations, 49-14power, Intro-12, Chapter 46pumps and piping, 46-13radiation, 47-2, 49-1reactions, Chapter 47reactor, 46-1, 46-5 (see also

Reactor)resonance, 47-6safety systems, 1-13service, Chapter 49steam generator, 1-12, 46-12 (see

also Steam generator,nuclear)

once-through, 46-12recirculating, 46-12

steam supply system (NSSS),1-11, 46-4

future of, 46-18integrated control system, 46-14

Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC), 46-9, 49-14

Nuclear ships, 46-19Nuclides, 47-1Numerical analysis, 19-7Numerical modeling, Chapter 6

benefits of, 6-2carbon burnout kinetic (CBK)

model, 6-8chemical percolation devolatili-

zation (CPD) model, 6-8chemical reactions, 6-4, 6-7combustion, 6-7

eddy dissipation combustionmodel (EDM), 6-7

eddy dissipation concept (EDC)model, 6-7

heterogeneous chemicalreaction, 6-8

homogeneous chemicalreaction, 6-7

computational fluid dynamics, 6-1

conduction heat transfer, 4-23discrete ordinates, 6-9discrete phase transport, 6-7equations

discretization of, 6-8fluid flow/heat transfer, 6-5fundamental, 6-5turbulence, 6-5

Eulerian reference frame, 6-7examples of, 6-10

advanced burner, 6-21Kraft recovery boilers, 6-14popcorn (large particle) ash, 6-12SCR systems, 6-18wall-fired pulverized-coal

boiler furnaces, 6-14waste-to-energy system, 6-21wet scrubbers, 6-10windbox, 6-16

finite difference method, 6-9finite volume approach, 6-9fluid transport, 6-4furnace heat transfer, 4-26history of, 6-2Lagrangian reference frame, 6-7limitations of, 6-3mathematical, 6-1mesh generation, 6-9particle, transport, 6-4, 6-7 (see

also Numerical modeling,discrete phase transport)

process, 6-2radiation heat transfer, 4-23radiative heat transfer, 6-4, 6-8theory of, 6-3turbulence, 6-5uses, 6-3

Nusselt numberdefinition, 4-2, 4-15in long tubes or conduits, 4-16

O-type FM Boiler, 27-12Oil – see Fuel, oilOil emulsions, 9-18Once-through

boiler, 1-3, 26-9 (see also UniversalPressure (UP) boiler)

circulation, 1-3, 5-17steam generator, nuclear, 1-12,

46-12, 48-2, 48-13, 49-1,49-17, 50-2, 50-4

Ontario Hydro Method, 32-10Opacity, 36-13Openings, pressure vessels

ligaments between, 8-13reinforcement, 8-13

Operating issues, 34-10retrofits, 34-10

Operating license, nuclear, 49-14Operation

fossil fuel-fired boilers, Chapter 43abnormal, 43-9combustion safety, 43-1cooling requirements, 43-1fundamental principles, 43-1



general, 43-1general safety considerations,

43-1low water, 43-9personnel safety, 43-8preparations for startup, 43-2shutdown, 43-9startup, 43-2, 43-4tube failures, 43-9water chemistry and treatment

– see Chapter 42nuclear steam supply systems,

Chapter 49acceptance tests, 49-20operator requirements, 49-18power ascension testing, 49-19startup, nuclear, 49-18zero power tests, 49-18

Operatorrequirements, fossil fuel units, 43-2training, nuclear, 49-18

Opticalfiber, 40-6pyrometer, 15-3, 40-5

Orifice, 40-19Orimulsion, 9-18Orsat analysis, 10-21Otto Hahn, 46-21Overfire air (OFA), 11-6, 14-14,

15-13, 16-1, 16-6, 16-9, 17-4, 17-9Overfire air ports – see NOx portsOverheat failures, 42-18Overheating, 44-6Oxidation, 44-11

FGD, forced, 35-8resistance, 7-12

Oxygenanalyzer, 10-21in feedwater, 26-5required for combustion, 10-5scavengers, 42-6treatment, water, 42-8

Ozone, 32-2, 34-2

Package boiler, Intro-10, 27-9, 27-12Paper industry – see Chapter 28

recovery boiler operation, 43-15recovery processes and units, 28-1steam requirements, 28-1waste fuels, 28-1

Parr formulas, 9-5Particle(s), atomic

alpha, 47-3beta, 47-3fundamental, 47-1mass, 47-2

Particulate control, 32-9, Chapter 33coal, gasification systems, 18-12equipment, 33-2

electrostatic precipitators, 33-2(see also Electrostatic

precipitator)fabric filters, 33-8 (see also

Fabric filter)mechanical collectors, 33-12

selection, 33-12venturi scrubbers, 33-12

New Source PerformanceStandards, 32-2

opacity, 33-2Particulate matter

condensable, 36-13constituents, 33-1

Partnerships, 37-9Pearlite, 7-4, 7-5Peat, 9-6Penthouse, 23-3Performance

air heater, 20-12calculations, Chapter 22economizer, 20-4environmental system, 37-4monitoring, 41-21steam generating system, 37-2tests

environmental control systems,36-7

fossil fuel-fired units, 43-8nuclear units, 49-15

Periodic Table of the Elements, T-15Personnel safety, rules, 43-8Petroleum, 9-12 (see also Fuel, oil)

byproducts, 9-17consumption, 9-14pitch, 9-17

pH, 36-1calibration, 36-2control, 41-18electrode, 36-1feedwater, 42-6for corrosion control, 42-6fossil, drum, 42-6, 42-8fossil, once-through, 42-12sensors, 36-2standardization, 36-2

Phase diagram, 7-2iron carbon, 7-2

Phosphate hideout, 42-9Photochemical smog, 34-2Physical metallurgy of steel, 7-2Pinch point, thermal, HRSG, 27-16Piping

condition assessment of, 45-9, 45-14creep, 45-9leak detection, 45-17materials, 7-23nuclear, 49-10

Pitot tube, 3-4, 40-21 (see also S-typepitot tube)

Plant safety, nuclear, 46-15Plate air heater, 20-8Plate forming, 38-4Plutonium, 47-4, 47-15PM2.5, 32-7PM10, 32-7Pneumatic signals, 40-2Pollution control – see Emissions,

air pollution and individualpollutants)

Post weld heat treatment, 7-11, 50-5,50-12

Potentiometerdirect reading, 40-10millivolt, 40-10

Powder River Basin (PRB) coal, 9-2,12-15, 21-13, 44-18

Powdered activated carbon (PAC),32-12

Powercoefficient, nuclear, 47-14costs, 26-1cycle diagram

fossil fuel, 2-16, 2-18nuclear fuel, 2-20

distribution, neutron, 47-7for auxiliaries, fossil fuel equip-

ment, 15-10, 26-5Power plant

automation, 41-19emissions, discharges

aqueous discharges, 32-13atmospheric emissions, 32-1,

32-7solid wastes, 32-1, 32-10

Prandtl number, 4-2, 4-14Precipitation hardened stainless

steels, 7-14PrecisionJet, 16-9Present value, present value factor,

37-12Pressure

component assembly, 38-6, 39-12difference, contraction and

enlargement, 3-11drop (or loss)

acceleration loss, 5-10bend, 3-13calculation, Chapter 22contraction, 3-11enlargement, 3-11equation, closed channel, 3-7fittings, 3-9fluidized-bed, 43-14friction loss, 3-5, 3-7, 5-10gas flow across tube banks, 3-15hydraulic or static loss, 5-10local loss, 5-10rectangular duct, 3-13reheater relationship, 19-11stack, 3-15steam-water, 5-9

separator, 5-17superheater, 19-11two-phase (steam-water), 3-16,

5-9valve, 3-9

gaugedead weight, 40-2opposed bellows, 40-2slack diaphragm, 40-2

gradient, 3-1loss – see Pressure, dropmanometer, 40-1

high pressure, 40-1measurement

instrument connections, 40-3part welds, 39-13



stress analysis, 8-3taps, 40-3transducer, piezoelectric, 40-3transmitters, 40-2vessel design, 8-1

Pressurized casing, marine, 31-12Pressurized fluidized bed, 17-13

cycle, 17-13pressure, 17-13turbine, gas, 17-13

Pressurized water reactor (PWR),1-12, Chapter 46, 48-1, 49-14

component, manufacturing, 50-1components, 49-2coolant pumps, 49-9fuel handling, 49-11naval type, 46-20reactor vessel, 49-7vessel internals, 49-8

Pressurizer, nuclear steam system,46-12, 49-9, 50-12

heater, 49-9, 49-16, 50-12Prevention of Significant

Deterioration, 32-3Primary air, 13-6Process steam, 27-5, 27-15Producer gas, 9-11Prompt NOx, 34-1Properties (see also Chapters 2, 3,

4, 7 and 9)acoustic, 40-6boiling point, 40-3coefficients of thermal, 40-5electrical, 40-6emissivity, 40-5expansion, 40-4freezing point, 40-3gases, 40-4liquids, 40-4optical, 40-6triple point, 40-3

Proportioning dampers, 19-15, 26-6Propulsion, nuclear ship, 46-19Proton, 47-1Psychrometric chart, T-11Pulping, 28-1Pulverized coal (see also

Combustion, coal, pulverized)firing, application, 26-6, 27-2introduction of, Intro-9

Pulverizer, Chapter 13availability improvement, 44-3ball-and-tube, 13-5capacity correction factors, 13-11capacity testing, 13-10controls, 13-12fabrication, 38-9fluid energy, 13-15high speed, 13-4loading system, 13-14maintenance, 13-11principles of operation, 13-1roll wheel, 13-1, 44-4safety systems, 13-13systems, 13-6temperatures, 13-8, 13-12

throat, rotating, 44-5types E and EL, 13-3, 44-3upgrades, 44-3, 44-4

Pump, energy equations, 2-9Pump seals, nuclear, 49-9Purging, furnace, 43-4Purification system, 49-15Pyroelectric vidicons, 40-6Pyrometer

Cyclone application, 15-3fusion, 40-4optical, 40-5radiation, 40-5

Pyrometric cone, 40-4

Quality assurance, 38-10, 49-14, 50-1Quality control, Intro-13, 38-10Quaternary air, 28-21

Radiant boiler – see Boiler, types,Radiant

bypass systems, 19-20Radiation, nuclear, 47-1, 49-1

absorbed, 47-3detector, 47-3, 49-13dose, 47-3factor in maintenance, 49-1protection, 47-3, 49-1

Radiation pyrometer, 40-5Radiation, thermal, 4-3, 4-7

absorptivity, 4-3between blackbody surfaces, 4-4between gray surfaces, 4-4blackbody, 4-4carbon dioxide, from, 4-12cavity, 4-28, 4-32, 20-4, 22-13discrete ordinates, 6-9emissive power of, 4-4emissivity (emittance), 4-4enclosures for, 4-7gases, from, 4-8geometry factor, 4-4heat loss from setting, 23-6heat transfer coefficient, 22-7intertube, 20-4, 22-7modeling of, 6-8particles from, 4-8reflection of, 4-3reflectivity, 4-3shield, 4-31transmissivity, 4-3water vapor, from, 4-12

Radioactivedecay constant, 47-4half-life, 47-4

Radioactivity, 47-4Radiographic examination, 50-2, 50-6Radiography, 38-11Rankine cycle, 2-13 (see also Cycle,

Rankine)in IGCC plants, 18-14nuclear heat source, 2-19

Rankine temperature scale, 40-4RDF

processing, 12-18 (see alsoChapter 29)

RDF firing, refuse, 29-5, 29-13combustion

air-swept distributor spouts,29-17

Controlled Combustion Zone,29-18

dump grate stokers, 29-13fluidized-bed combustion, 29-18fuel distribution, 29-17metering feeder, 29-17overfire air system, 29-18refuse-derived fuel (RDF), 29-2

technology, 29-13supplemental firing (co-firing),

29-13traveling grate stoker, 29-2,

29-17processing, 29-14

air density separator, 29-15,29-17

aluminum separator, 29-17disk screen, 29-15eddy current separator, 29-17flail mill, 29-15magnetic separator, 29-15oversized bulky waste, 29-17quality, 29-16shredder, 29-15storage, 29-17system, 29-14tire shredding, 29-17trommel, 29-15yield, 29-15

RDF retrofit, 29-19Reactivity, 47-11

coefficients, 47-14, 49-18limestone, 36-6

Reactorclosure head, 46-9, 49-9, 50-1

replacement, 46-9, 50-1containment building, 46-3control rod drive mechanism

(CRDM), 50-1control rods, 46-8, 49-8coolant pumps and motors, 46-13,

49-9pump seals, 49-9

coolant system (RCS), 46-5, 49-14core support, 46-6decay heat removal system, 46-17electropolishing, 50-2emergency core cooling system,

46-15hydrostatic testing, 50-2inspection, 50-2instrumentation, 46-11machining, 50-2operator, 49-18plenum, 46-6protection system, 46-15refueling, 46-10service support structure, 49-9shielding, 46-5, 46-20trip testing, 49-20



typesboiling water, 46-2breeder, 47-15converter, 47-15fast, 47-15pressurized heavy water

(CANDU), 46-2, 46-5water, Chapter 46, 47-9

naval, 46-20thermal, 47-15

vessel, 46-5vessel and internals, 49-7

Reactor vessel, 46-5, 50-1Reburning, 32-9Recirculating steam generator,

nuclear, Intro-13, 1-12, 46-12,48-4, 49-1, 49-17, 50-2, 50-4

Recirculation, gas, 19-15Recovery boiler

economizer, 20-4Kraft process, 28-1

black liquor, 28-2, 28-7elemental analysis, 28-6evaporation, 28-18gross heating value, 28-5limited vertical sweep

burner, 28-20mix tank, 28-21oscillator burner, 28-20oxidation, 28-19splash plate spray nozzle,

28-20combustion air system, 28-15convection surface, 28-17direct contact evaporator, 28-19dissolving tank, 28-25emergency shutdown system,

28-18emissions, 28-8evaporator, 28-18feedwater temperature, 28-18furnace, 28-3, 28-15heat balance, 28-5heat inputs, 28-5heat losses, 28-5numerical model, 6-14operation, 43-15

black liquor combustionprocess, 43-16

primary air, 43-16secondary air, 43-16tertiary air, 43-16

overview, 43-15pluggage, 43-16tube corrosion, 43-16

rated capacity, 28-3smelt spout system, 28-24smelt water reactions, 43-17soda process, 28-25sootblowers, 28-23streams entering and leaving,

28-5sulfite process

magnesium, 28-26thermal performance, 28-4vent stack scrubber, 28-25

wall construction, 28-11Rectangular ducts, flow, 3-13Recuperative, air heater, 20-7Red liquor – see Recovery boiler,

sulfite process, magnesiumRefinery gas, 27-2Reflooding, 5-4Refractories, 7-15Refractory, 23-1

materials, 23-6, 39-18Refueling, nuclear, 49-11

fuel handling equipment, 49-12Refuse, 10-14, 29-1 (see also Residue

or Ash, coal)Refuse-derived duel – see RDF firingRegenerative

air heater, 20-9heating surface, 20-11Rankine cycle, 2-14

Reheatcycle, 2-15flue gas, FGD, 35-3temperature adjustment and

control, 19-15, 19-21use of, 19-3

Reheater (or reheat superheater), 1-7,19-11

attemperator, 19-14cleaning, external, 19-12cleaning, internal, 19-12design, 19-11marine, 31-10materials, 7-21

Reinjectionstoker, carbon, 16-6stoker, flyash, 16-9

Relative roughness, 3-9Remote manual sequence burner

controls, 41-14Repairs, nuclear equipment, 49-1Repowering, 26-5Research and development, Intro-13,

48-14Residual elements, 7-12Residual stress, 50-2Residue, 10-14Resin fragments, 42-6Resistance, heat transfer, 4-1Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act (RCRA), 32-15Retort, 16-2Revenue requirements method,

economics, 37-13Reverse osmosis, 42-5Reynolds number, 4-2, 4-15Reynolds number, friction factor

relationship, 3-7Ribbed tube, 5-5, 26-13, 44-17Rickover, Admiral Hyman G., 46-1,

46-21Rigging design, 39-8Riser (tubes), 1-9Risk, financial, 37-13Rothemühle air heater, 20-10Roughness, effect on friction factor,

3-9

S-type pitot tube, 36-8, 36-10Safety

burner, coal, 14-20burner, oil and gas, 11-16combustion, 14-20, 43-1construction, 39-16factors, C-3nuclear,

analysis report, 49-14limits, 49-15

pulverizer, 13-13relief valve, 25-1valve, 19-8valve, setting, 43-4

Sampling, water and steam, 42-13Saturated steam, properties, 2-2,

2-3, T-5, T-6Saturated water, properties, 2-2,

2-3, T-5, T-6Savannah, 46-20Scale, marine, 31-8Scale detection, fossil fuel boiler, 40-12Scaling, 35-2Schedule, construction, 39-2Scope of supply or work, 37-5SCR – see Selective catalytic

reductionScreen

heat transfer and draft losscalculations, 22-4

Screw feeders, 16-7Scrubber, dry, Color Plate 7 – see

SO2 controlScrubber, wet, Color Plate 6 – see

SO2 controlSelective catalytic reduction (SCR),

27-5, 27-7, 29-23, 32-9, 32-12,34-3, 39-15 (see also NOx

control)applications, 34-3arrangements, 34-4catalyst – see NOx control, catalystcold side/low dust, 34-4distributions, 34-8

ammonia to NOx, 34-9temperature, 34-9velocity, 34-8

hot side/high dust, 34-4mixing, 34-10retrofits, 34-10systems, 34-4

Selective non-catalytic reduction(SNCR), 29-23, 32-9, 34-3, 34-13

(see also NOx control)Series present value factor,

economics, 37-12Setting, boiler

appearance, 23-9cased enclosures and casing, 23-3,

39-18construction, 23-1corrosion, 23-7definition, 23-1enclosures, 23-1expansion, 23-4explosion effect, 23-4



fabrication and assembly, 23-9heat loss, 23-5implosion effect, 23-5inner casing, 23-2insulation, 23-5, 23-6, 39-18leakage, 23-7outer casing, 23-2penthouse, 23-3resistance to ash and slag, 23-4resistance to weather, 23-8serviceability, 23-9tube wall, 23-1, 23-2ventilation, 23-6vibration, 23-5windbox, 23-3

Shape or configuration factors,thermal

definition, 4-4for radiation, 4-4, 4-7, 4-31

Sheet metal lagging, 23-8, 39-19Shielding, nuclear, 46-5, 46-20, 47-4,

49-8, 49-13Shipboard nuclear reactors, 46-20Shipment and shipping, 39-6, 50-12Shutdown

fossil fuel-fired units, 43-9Signal multiplexer, 40-24Slag, 21-3, 43-7, 43-10

entrained flow gasifier, 18-6layer, 15-3removal, 15-3, 15-8, 24-2, 24-13screen, 19-6viscosity, 9-8 (see also Ash, coal)

Slagging, 21-3, 44-9 (see also Ash,coal, deposition)

Slaker, FGDball mill, 35-15detention, 35-15

Slip, ammonia (NH3), 34-6Slurry, dewatering, FGD, 35-7Smart transmitters, 41-20Smelt, Kraft process, 28-2, 43-19

reduction efficiency, 28-8SO2 control, Chapter 35

fuel switching, 32-5, 32-8, 35-1,44-18

reagent(s)lime, 35-2, 35-12, 35-16limestone, 35-2, 35-6, 35-10magnesium oxide, 35-12

scrubber (FGD)chemical analysis, 36-6, 36-8control, 41-17

density, 41-18level, 41-18pH, 41-18

dry, 35-12, Color Plate 7 (seealso Spray dryer absorber

(SDA))lime, 35-2limestone, 35-2, 35-6liquid level, 36-2, 36-3magnesium oxide, 35-12numerical model, 6-10performance testing, 36-7pH measurement, 36-1

reagent consumption, 36-13spray tower, 35-2stoichiometry, 35-7tray, 35-3, 35-4wet, 35-2, Color Plate 6

technologies, 32-8SO3 control, 35-18Society of Naval Architects and

Marine Engineers (SNAME),31-6

Soda process – see Recovery boiler,Kraft process

Sodiumcarbonate, 35-2cycle softener, 42-5selective ion electrode, 42-15tracer method, 40-17zeolite softener, 42-5

Solid wastedisposal, 32-15treatment, 32-16utilization, 32-17

Solidscarryover, 5-13concentration, 19-14gasifier discharge, 18-12gravimetric analysis, 40-17in boiler water, 5-13in steam, 5-13, 40-17

Solution annealing, 7-8Sootblowers, 20-3, 20-14, 24-1, 44-19

application, 24-5, 28-23cleaning media, 24-1control(s), 24-4intelligent controls, 43-8marine, 31-3operations, 43-8RDF boiler, 29-21recovery boiler, 28-23terminology, 24-1type

air puff, 24-12extended lance, 24-7fixed position, 24-8G9B, 24-8HydroJet, 24-3IK, 24-5IR, 24-2long retractable, 24-5one way, 24-7oscillator, 24-7Precision Clean, 24-7rake, 24-9rotary, 24-8short retractable, 24-2straight line, 24-10swing arm, 24-11waterlance, 24-2

Sorbent (see also SO2 control, reagent)calcination, 10-14, 10-28calcium to sulfur molar ratio,

10-11, 10-14, 10-28combustion calculations, 10-11,

10-28injection, 35-18spent sorbent, 10-14

sulfation, 10-14Specific gravity, 9-14Specific heat, 2-22, 4-9

ratio, 3-4Specific volume

water and steam, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6Specifications, Chapter 37Spent fuel, nuclear, 46-11, 50-13Spheroidizing, 7-9Spout – see Air swept spoutSpray dryer absorber (SDA), 35-12

(see also SO2 control)approach temperature, 35-14atomizer, 35-13gas disperser, 35-13process, 35-16reagent, 35-15recycle, 35-15single pass, 35-15spray chamber, 35-13spraydown, 35-15stoichiometry, 35-15

Stability, 5-12Stack and draft, 25-6

barometric pressure, 25-7draft

balanced, 25-6forced, 25-6induced, 25-5loss, 25-6natural, 25-6

loss (or resistance), 43-6friction, 25-8velocity head, 25-8

specific volume, 25-6air and flue gas, 25-6

stackeffect, 22-18, 25-6flow, 3-15flow loss, 25-8, 43-6operation and maintenance,

25-10Staged combustion, 14-11, 15-13,

16-6, 44-8Startup

fossil fuel-fired units, 43-2, 43-4State Implementation Plans (SIPs),

32-2Steady-state

flowing systems, 4-6heat conduction, 4-5

Steamair heater, 31-10as a thermodynamic system, 2-1capacity, 27-8coil air heater, 20-9conditions, 37-2cycle, 2-14

nuclear plant, 2-19enthalpy, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6entropy, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6flow requirements, 27-2generating bank, 1-8 (see also

Boiler, bank)generation fundamentals, 1-2heat recovery steam generator,



gasification, 18-14history of generation and use,

Intro-1impurities, 5-13line blowing, 43-3Mollier diagram, Chapter 2

Frontispiece, T-9natural separation, 5-14pressure-enthalpy diagram, 2-6,

T-10process and heating, 27-3properties, Chapter 2, 4-9, 5-1,

T-5, T-6purity, 40-17, 42-2, 42-12

measurement, 40-17quality, 5-1, 40-17

measurement, 40-17requirements, 26-3, 26-4samples, 42-13sampling nozzle, 40-17

installation location, 40-17scrubber, secondary separator, 5-13separation, 5-13separators, 5-13, 31-13, 48-2, 48-7,

50-10solids removal, washing, 5-16specific volume, 2-1, 2-7, T-5, T-6tables, 2-2, T-5temperature

adjustment, 19-13control, 1-8, 19-12, 41-10, 43-6

attemperation, 19-14gas recirculation, 19-15gas tempering, 19-15

temperature-enthalpy diagram,T-12

viscosity, 3-1, 3-9, 3-12Steam engine (see also Boiler,

historical)aeolipile, Intro-1beam, Intro-3Branca, Giovanni, Intro-1Corliss, Intro-5Hero’s, Intro-1Newcomen, Thomas, Intro-3Savery, Thomas, Intro-3

Steam flow-air flow control, 41-13Steam generation, Chapter 1

history of, Intro-1Steam generator

fossil fuel, 1-6 (see also Boiler)nuclear, Intro-12, 1-12 (see also

Chapter 48)baffle plate, 50-7blowdown, 48-7CANDU, 48-1, 50-2carryover, 48-7carryunder, 48-7circulation, 48-8clean room, 50-8cleaning, cleanliness, 50-8closing seam, 50-10cracking, 48-9damage (mechanisms), 48-9denting, 48-9divider plate, 48-12, 50-4, 50-8

downcomer, 48-5electropolishing, 50-11erosion-corrosion, 48-9feedwater, 48-2, 48-6flow circuits, 48-2, 48-6foreign object damage, 48-9fretting, 48-9heat transfer, 48-3, 48-6instrumentation, 48-4integral economizer (preheater),

48-3, 48-7, 50-8intergranular attack, 48-9lattice grid (tube support), 48-7,

48-11, 50-6, 50-8manipulator, 49-5manufacture, 50-2natural circulation, 48-6naval, 46-20once-through (OTSG), 1-12, 46-4,

46-12, 48-2, 48-13, 49-1,49-17, 50-2, 50-4

pitting, 48-9post weld heat treatment, 50-5,

50-11preheater, 48-7pressure boundary, 50-5primary head, 50-4, 50-6, 50-11primary side maintenance, 49-3

tubing, 49-3eddy current testing, 49-4plugging, 49-5repair, 49-6

recirculating (RSG), 46-5, 46-12,48-4, 48-10, 49-1, 49-17,

50-2, 50-4replacement, 48-9secondary side maintenance,

49-7chemical cleaning, 49-7sludge lancing, 49-7

shell (course), 50-3shroud (wrapper), 48-2, 48-6,

50-8steam drum, 48-4, 48-12steam drum head, 50-4steam drum internals, 50-10stress corrosion cracking

(SCC), 49-2, 49-7, 48-9, 49-8support plate, 48-2, 48-7surface conditioning, 50-11tack expansion, 50-9terminal points, 50-11tie rods, 50-8tube

bending, 50-7bundle, 50-6, 50-8expansion, 50-10installation, 50-9ovality, 50-7plugging, 49-5repair, 49-6sleeving, 49-6support plate (TSP), 50-6, 50-8

tube material, 48-4, 48-10tube to tubesheet welding, 50-9tubes, 50-6

tubesheet, 48-2, 48-6, 50-4U-bend support (restraint) 48-6,

48-8, 50-7oxygen converter hood, 27-20

Steam line blowing, 42-19Steam tables (SI) and selected

charts, Appendix 1Steaming economizers, 20-4Steel, structural, 8-14, 38-8Stefan-Boltzmann constant and

law, 4-4, 40-5Stoichiometry

NOx control, 34-7SO2 control, 35-16

Stoker, Chapter 16coal characteristics, 16-4, 16-6industrial boiler applications, 16-1,

27-1, 29-9, 30-4marine, 31-4mass feed, 16-3numerical model, 6-21overfeed, 16-1reciprocating grates, refuse, 29-10spreader stoker, coal-fired, 16-4

air system, 16-7ash removal, 16-7carbon injection, 16-6feeders, 16-4, 16-7grates, 16-5selection/sizing, 16-7

spreader stoker, wood-, bark-,biomass-fired, 16-7, 30-4

air system, 16-9ash removal, 16-10combustion air temperature,

16-10feeders, distributors, 16-7grates, 16-8, 30-4selection/sizing, 16-10

traveling grate, refuse, 29-17underfeed, 16-2

Storage areas, site, 39-11Strain gauges, 40-3Stress

allowable, ASME Code, 7-20, 8-3,C-4

alternating, 8-6analysis methods, 8-3classifications, 8-2, 8-9, 8-10concentrations, 8-2, 8-6, 8-14discontinuity, 8-7drum, 43-5failure theories, 8-2hoop, 8-3, 8-4intensity factor, 8-10longitudinal, 8-3peak, 8-3pressure, 8-3primary, 8-2secondary, 8-3significance, 8-1steady-state, 8-2strength theories, 8-2thermal, 8-5transient, 8-2

Stress corrosion cracking, 50-1, 50-10



(see also Corrosion, stresscorrosion cracking)

Stress-strain diagrams, 7-16Stringer tubes, 20-5Structural analysis, Intro-16,

Chapter 8Structural support

codes and standards, 8-15design loads, 8-14linear type, 8-16plate type, 8-15shell type, 8-15

Stud-tube wallspin stud, recovery furnace, 28-11sulfite process, 28-26

ammonium-base, 28-27calcium-base, 28-26magnesium-base, 28-26sodium-base, 28-26

Studded surfaces, 15-10, 29-3Subcooling, 44-15Subcritical (pressure) drum boilers,

26-11Sulfation, 17-8, 17-13Sulfite process – see Recovery boiler,

sulfite processSulfur, 9-3

acid gas removal, 18-13capture, 10-16, 10-31Claus recovery process, 18-15coal, gasification systems, 18-13content – U.S. coals, 9-3, 12-5

forms, 12-5organic, 12-5pyritic, 12-5

dioxide (SO2)control, Chapter 35 (see also

SO2 control)emissions in flue gas, 35-1

emissions control, FGD, 35-1hot gas desulfurization, 18-13in syngas, 18-13trioxide (SO3), 32-7, 35-18

Sulfuric acid, 35-1Supercritical (pressure) boilers, 19-2,

20-6, 26-6Supercritical pressure steam

heat transfer, 5-7properties, 5-7

Superheat, 19-9 (see also Steam,temperature)

Superheated steam, properties, 2-4,T-7

Superheater, 1-7, 19-9cleaning, external, 19-12cleaning, internal, 19-12condition assessment of, 45-7convection, 19-9design, 19-10fabrication, 38-7heat transfer surface, 19-11horizontal, 19-12, 19-13ligament damage, 45-8marine, 31-8mass velocity or mass flux, 19-10materials, 7-21

pendant, 19-11, 19-13, 26-6, 26-11,28-17

performance calculations, 22-8platen, 28-17radiant, 19-9, 28-17remaining life, 45-11separately fired, 19-16startup protection, 43-5supports, 19-11tube metals, 7-21, 19-11tube sizes, 19-10tube spacing, 19-7, 19-11types, 19-9

Supply tubes, 1-9Supports

boiler, 19-8reheater, 19-11superheater, 19-11

Surface tensionwater and vapor, 3-1

Surveillancerequirements, 49-15

Syngas compositions, 18-11

Temperatureadiabatic flame, 2-26, 10-11difference, log mean, 4-19entropy diagrams, 2-11exit gas, 19-4gradient, 40-12ignition, 10-10measurement, 40-3

acoustic, 40-6bimetallic strip, 40-5casing, 40-16fluid, 40-10fusion, 40-4gas, 40-14

evaluation, 40-16weighted average, 40-16

gradient, 40-12infrared, 40-6insulation, 40-16methods, 40-4standards, 40-3tube, 40-11

recorders, 40-10scales, 40-3

Temperinggas, 19-15gas plenum, 23-3materials, 7-9

Tensile test, 7-16Terms and conditions, contract, 37-7Testing, nuclear, 49-15

acceptance, 49-20electrical, 49-15full load, 49-18functional, 49-16hot functional, 49-16hydrostatic, 49-16instrumentation, 49-16operational, 49-16preoperational, 49-15procedures, 49-15

zero power, 49-18Thermal

analysis, 8-9circuit, 4-6, 4-30conductivity, 4-1, 4-9

of gases, 4-9, 4-11of insulating materials, 4-9of liquids, 4-9of steels and alloys, 4-10

efficiency, Carnot cycle, 2-12neutron, 47-6probe, 43-5resistance, 4-1, 4-6

contact, 4-1in conduction, 4-3

utilization, 47-11viewers, 40-6

Thermal conductivityof insulating materials, 23-6

Thermal NOx, 34-1Thermocouple, 40-7, 43-5

chordal, 40-12, 42-19circuit arrangement, 40-7cold junction, 40-7correction for, 4-31, 40-8emf (chart), 40-7gas temperature error graph, 40-14gradient, 40-12

limitations, 40-13scale detection, 40-12

high velocity, 40-14hot junction, 40-7, 40-9lead wire, 40-8material selection, 40-8multiple circuits, 40-7multiple-shield high velocity, 40-15pad type, 40-8peened, 40-9principles of, 40-7sheathed type, 40-8types, 40-7

Thermodynamics – see Chapter 2cycles, 2-1, 2-12definitions, 2-1first law of, 4-5laws of, 2-10process, 2-7

irreversible, 2-11reversible, 2-10

Thermographic imagers, 40-6Thermoluminescent dosimeter,

49-13Thermometer

gas, 40-4liquid in glass, 40-4mercury, 40-4resistance, 40-6vapor pressure, 40-4well, 40-10

Thermopile, 40-7Thermoprobe, 40-16Thermowell, 40-10Thorium, 47-4Throat tap nozzle, 40-20Throttle pressure control, 43-12Throttling calorimeter, 40-19



Time-temperature-transformation(TTT) diagrams, 7-4

Tire shredding, 29-17Title IV (Acid Deposition Control), 32-4Total organic carbon (TOC), 42-4Toughness, 7-17Trademarks (B&W) appearing in

this edition, TM-1Transducer, 40-3Transfer units, 35-10Transformation diagrams,

isothermal, 7-4Transient or unsteady-state

conduction, heat transfer, 4-5Tray, perforated plate, 35-3, 35-6Trepanning, 50-2Trim, marine, 31-1Tube

banks, 19-7 (see also Banks oftubes)

bending, 38-4, 50-7cold drawing, 38-10composite, 28-11crossflow pressure drop, 3-15electric resistance welding, 38-10expansion, 50-10flat stud, 23-2forming, 38-4hole drilling, 38-6leak detection, 45-16leg flexibility, 45-19manufacture, 38-10membrane, 23-1plugging, nuclear, 49-5refractory lining, 23-1remaining life, 45-11repair, nuclear, 49-6seamless, 38-10sizes, 19-10, 31-2, 31-5sleeving, 49-6spacing, 19-7, 19-11surface, 40-11tangent, 23-2temperature, 40-11upgrades, 23-2wall enclosures, 23-1

Tube banks, 4-27arrangement factors, 4-19, 4-20,

4-21crossflow over, 4-16longitudinal flow over, 4-18radiation, 4-28

Tube rolling and expanding, 39-13Tubular air heater, 20-7Turbine

combustion in IGCC plants, 18-14energy equation, 2-9feed pump, nuclear, 49-17following control, steam, 41-5gas, 17-13nuclear, bypass valve, 49-17steam, 17-13trip, testing, 49-20

Turbine-generator control, 43-6Turbulence fluctuations, 6-5Turbulence model, 6-5

Turbulent flow, 4-14, 4-16 (see alsoFlow, turbulent)

crossflow around tubes, 4-16inside tubes, 4-16longitudinal flow around tubes, 4-18structure of, 4-16

Turning vanes, flow through, 3-13Turnkey, 37-5Two-phase flow, steam-water, 5-8

heat transfer, boiling, 5-3instability, 5-11pressure drop or loss, 5-9separation, 5-13stability, 5-12void fraction, 5-9

U-beams, 17-11, 27-10Ultimate tensile strength, 7-17Ultrasonic examination, 38-12, 45-2,

49-4, 49-10, 50-2, 50-5immersion testing, 45-3oxide measurement, 45-2shear wave, 45-3thickness testing, 45-2time of flight defraction, 45-3

Unburned carbon or unburnedcombustible, 10-14, 44-7

pulverized coal, 14-8, 14-19Undergrate air, 16-1, 16-6, 16-9Universal gas constant, 3-4, 10-3,

10-9, 40-4Universal Pressure (UP) boiler,

Intro-10, 19-2, 26-6, 26-9attemperators, 19-15bypass and startup systems,

19-16, 19-20control system philosophy, 41-12controls, 41-12operation, 43-11

bypass system, 43-11control functions, 43-11limits and precautions, 43-12practice, 43-11principles, 43-11skills, 43-12startup, 43-12

Upgrades, boilerbypass system, 44-16capacity, 44-20circulation, 44-16cycling operation, 44-15economizer, 44-7headers, 44-14superheater, 44-13

Uranium, 47-4Uranium dioxide, 46-8Urea, 34-3Useful charts and tables, Appendix 1U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion

Program, 46-21U.S.S. Kennedy, 31-1U.S.S. Missouri, 31-1U.S.S. Nautilus, Intro-12, 46-22U.S.S. Ronald Reagan, 46-25U.S.S. Seawolf, 46-23

U.S.S. Skipjack, 46-24U.S.S. Virginia, 46-24Utility power plant, Color Plate 8

Vacuum filter, 35-8Valve

flow, coefficient, 3-12flow resistance, 3-9nuclear, 49-10safety and relief – see Safety,

relief valveUniversal Pressure boiler,

bypass, 43-12Vapor, superheated, 3-1Vaporization (ammonia), 34-7Variable pressure operation, 19-2,

19-17, 19-20, 43-6operation control, 41-7

Vegetation wastes, 9-19Velocity

fluidizing, 17-2head, 3-6head, mass-velocity relationship

for air, 3-15head loss for valves and fittings,

3-12minimum, 17-2ranges, 3-9steam generating system, 3-9

Ventilation, boiler room, 23-6Venturi, 3-4

air foil, 40-21tube, 40-20

Venturi scrubber, 35-2Vibration

buckstays, 23-5casing, 23-5

Viscosity, 3-1absolute, 9-14apparent, 3-9coal ash slag

effect of iron, 15-4compared with kinematic, 3-10gases of, 4-11in common gases, 3-11in common liquids, 3-11oxidizing versus reducing

atmosphere, 15-13requirements for Cyclone

furnaces, 15-4steam, 3-12T250, 15-4

Void fraction, 5-9Volatile matter, coal

ASTM test, 14-3fuel ratio (FC/VM), 14-10, 14-18NOx influence, 14-5

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),32-7

Warm working, 7-9Waste, 12-18

energy, 27-4gas turbine exhaust, 18-14



heatmarine boiler, 31-5steam generator, 27-15

Waste burning (see also Fuel)fuel

application, 15-3, 15-9Water

alkalinity, 42-8analysis (see also Measurement),

42-13attemperation, 42-7boiler, 42-2chemistry, Chapter 42

quality assurance, 42-14chloride, 42-4coil, air heater, 20-9condensate, 42-6conductivity, 42-14demineralizer, 42-5enthalpy, 2-2, T-5, T-6entropy, 2-2, T-5, T-6feedwater, 42-4foaming, 42-12for spray attemperators, 42-7gas-shift reaction, 18-2gasification system treatment,

18-15hammer, 20-4hardness, 42-2, 42-3hydroxide, 42-1iron, 42-4makeup, 42-5organics, in water, 42-5oxygen, 42-4pollution control, 32-13

technologies, 32-15U.S. legislation, 32-13

quality, 42-5, 49-16boric acid, 49-16corrosion product transport,

49-16pH, 49-16

requirementsfossil fuel boilers, Chapter 42,

43-8nuclear units, 49-16

seal tanks, 27-18silica, 42-9, 42-13, 42-14

sodium, 42-2, 42-5specific volume, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6total dissolved solids, 42-9, 42-12treatment, 32-15, 42-1

all volatile, 42-8chelants, 42-11conventional phosphate, 42-11coordinated phosphate, 42-8deaeration, 42-6demineralization, 42-5dispersants, 42-11equilibrium phosphate, 42-9evaporation, 42-2for drum boilers, 42-7high alkalinity phosphate, 42-11hydroxide, 42-1internal, 42-7oxygen, 42-8pH control, 42-6phosphate, 42-8polymers, 42-7, 42-11raw water, 42-5reverse osmosis, 42-5softening, 42-5Universal Pressure boilers,

42-12waste water, 42-24

Water-cooled furnaceintroduction of, Intro-9

Water-cooled walls, 19-6Water leg correction, 40-3Weak wash, pulp, 28-3, 28-5Wear, pulverizer, 13-9Wear metals

castings, 38-4Wear resistant materials, 44-10Weld

cladding, 7-14, 44-8Welding, 7-10, 38-1

arc, 38-1automation, 38-1cladding/overlay, 50-2, 50-4, 50-13development of, Intro-13electrodes, 38-6gas metal arc welding, 38-1, 50-2gas shielded metal arc, 38-1gas shielded tungsten arc, 38-1gas tungsten, 38-1, 50-5, 50-9

heat treatment, 38-1high frequency resistance, 38-1laser beam, 38-1orbital, 38-2, 50-5plasma arc, 38-1processes, 38-1robotic, 38-2shielded metal arc, 38-1submerged arc, 38-5, 50-2, 50-5tube to tubesheet welding, 50-9

Weldsapplications, 39-14codes and inspection, 39-14field, 39-13nondestructive examination,

38-11, 49-2pressure, 39-14processes and equipment, 39-14qualification, 39-14seal, 39-14, 50-6thermal treatment, 39-14

Wet electrostatic precipitator, 33-8Wet scrubbers – see SO2 controlWheatstone bridge, 40-6White iron, 7-14White liquor, pulp, 28-2Wick boiling, 42-2Wilcox, Stephen, Intro-5, Intro-7Wind loading, 26-4, 39-9Wind swept spout – see Air swept

spoutWindbox, 23-3Wood

as a fuel, 30-2fuel properties, 9-18

Work breakdown structures, 39-3Work-hardening, 7-9

Xenon, 47-6, 47-9, 49-20X-ray, 47-1

machine, 38-6, 38-11

Yancey-Geer Price, 9-9, 13-9Yield point, 7-17Yield strength, 7-17Young’s modulus, 7-16

15.index_steam, its generation & use, 41_ed

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