1

Leachate Generation from TSDF and its treatment Options

- Ayushi SharmaRoll no 123

ME-II, FOTE, MSU

Subject : Industrial Water and WasteWater TreatmentDate of Presentation : 7th March’ 2017

2 Outline

Introduction to Hazardous waste landfill and Leachate Supportive Data and figures Real Episode due to Leachate Contamination Leachate Generation Factors TSDF - Introduction TSDF – Case Study Literature Review List of Applicable leachate treatment Technologies

3 Introduction

Landfilling is the most attractive disposal route.

Landfilling is not a sustainable option. Alternative methods have residues to

be landfilled ultimately. Leachate is still a threat (For Ground

waters esp.).

4 Supportive Data* (2009)

No of Hazardous waste Generating Industries : 36,165 nos Total Hazardous waste Generated per annum : 62,32,507 Metric Tonne

Landfillable : 27,28,326 MT (43.78%) Incinerable : 4,15,794 MT (6.67%) Recyclable : 30,88,387 MT (49.55%)

No of landfilling sites at present in india : 26 nos ** Total capacity to handle Landfillable waste : 21,98,068 MT (Deficit : 5,30,258 MT)**

*National Inventory of Hazardous Wastes Generating Industries & Hazardous Waste Management in India

** Protocol for Performance Evaluation and Monitoring of the Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facilities including Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators

- CPCB

5 Gujarat Data (Accounts for 28.76% of HW generation)

T1 : National Inventory of Hazardous Wastes Generating Industries & Hazardous Waste Management in India

T2 : Protocol for Performance Evaluation and Monitoring of the Common Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facilities including Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators

- CPCB

6 The Love Canal Episode

Love Canal was named after the late 18th century entrepreneur William T. Love who envisioned a canal connecting the two levels of the Niagara River which is separated by Niagara Falls. This was to provide hydro electricity to the Niagara Region

This plan failed due to Economic Collapse. Only a part of the canal was dug. The canal was sold in public auction to the city of Niagara Falls which began using the

land as a landfill for chemical waste disposal. 21,000 tones of toxic waste dumped and covered.

The expanding city was desperate for land and started construction of residential areas and gardens.

During construction of a school, landfill got punctured. Sewers were being constructed as well.

Health reports and strange odors were reported the following years. Scientists were brought in and were able to determine that the chemicals dumped

seeped into basements and the air and were responsible for the ill health of the residents

7 Leachate Generation* (How?)

Leachate is Generated when the refuse Moisture content exceeds its field capacity. Field Capacity : The maximum moisture that is retained in a porous medium

without producing downward percolation. Moisture retention depends on Holding forces of Surface tension and capillary

action Percolation occurs when the magnitude of the gravitational forces exceeds

the holding forces

* Modeling Leachate Generation and Transport in Solid Waste LandfillsM. El-Fadel , A. N. Findikakis & J. O. Leckie

Factors affecting Leachate Generation*

Physical Influences Liquid characteristics Solid Characteristics Physical transformation

Chemical influences Solubility Chemical

transformations Biological Influences

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* USEPA Document for Management of Hazardous waste Leachate

Chemical Composition of the liquid Phase

Surface area of contact between liquid and solid medium

Contact Time pH Temperature Chemical Composition of

Solid particles Adsorption Absorption Oxidation Precipitation

Microbial population depends on :

Composition of waste Nutrient availability Toxicity Oxygen levels Temperature pH Moisture Initial population

9 Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Limited

3 phases of Secured Landfilling 2 Incineration plants with WHRB 3rd Incineration Plant in Commissioning

10 Procedure for Waste Acceptance and Disposal

FPA : Finger Print Analysis

CA : Comprehensive Analysis

SEP : Solar Evaporation Pond

MEE : Multiple effect Evaporator

CETP : Common Effluent Treatment Plant

STP : Sewage treatment Plant

Pro

toco

l for

Per

form

ance

Eva

luat

ion

and

Mon

itorin

g of

the

Com

mon

Haz

ardo

us W

aste

Tre

atm

ent

Stor

age

and

Dis

posa

l Fac

ilitie

s in

clud

ing

Com

mon

Haz

ardo

us W

aste

Inci

nera

tors

-

CPCB

11 Waste Acceptance CriteriaSR. NO. PARAMETERS ACCETANCE

CRITERIAIF NOT MATCH

WITH CRITERIA 01 PH 4 - 12 Required for

Neutralization02 Physical state Solid Waste Rejected (If Liquid)03 PFLT Test PASS Required for Stabilization

04 Odour No Significant odourRequired for

Encapsulation in hume pipe

05 Flammability Non Flammable Required analysis of Annealing loss

06 Compatibility CompatibleRequired for

Encapsulation in hume pipe

07 LRT < 3 ml/100 gm Required for Stabilization08 Annealing loss < 20 % Required for Incineration

12 Secured Landfill

13 Other Secured landfill Photographs

Bottom-Side liner System HDPE Liner

Jetropha Vegetative Cover Vegetative Cover

14 Stabilization

BEIL is also caring out treatments like neutralization /stabilization after segregating waste and give required treatment before disposal to landfill.

15 Incinerator

Simply Burning to break down into smaller less toxic compounds

Combustion

Gas Conditioning

Energy Recovery

16 Leachate Treatment @ BEIL

The Leachate Generated The Scrubber Bleed water and the TDS wastewater from ETL is sent to Multiple Effect Evaporation System.

MEE is of 120 KL/day design capacity. Condensate has COD~5000 mg/l and TDS~5000 mg/l, which is sent to

ETL When the MEE is not able to treat all the leachate generated, untreated

Leachate is sent to ETL

17 Leachate Analysis Data (01-11-2015)Parameter Analyzed

value

BOD5 1230 mg/lCOD 19230 mg/lChloride 34989 mg/lColor 300 pt.

cobaltCopper 0.216 mg/lIron 2.314 mg/lLead 2.758 mg/lNickel 0.807 mg/lOil and Grease

3.6 mg/l

pH 7.57 mg/l

Parameter

Analyzed value

Phenolic comp

9.1 mg/l

Sulfide 78.5 mg/lSulfate 2750 mg/lTDS 59322 mg/lSS 558 mg/lTemperature 28 ºCTotal Chromium

0

Zinc 0.234 mg/lNH4-N 594 mg/lManganese 3.077 mg/l

18 Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Limited(Study of Leachate Recycling)

Pilot Baby Landfill Developed with liner up to leachate collection.

Plant Observed for duration of 17-11-2015 to 01-02-2016

Leachate generation started after 14 days of waste dumping

19 Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Limited(Study of Leachate Recycling)

Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Limited(Study of Leachate Recycling) Results

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30-Nov-

2015

3-Dec-

2015

6-Dec-

2015

9-Dec-

2015

12-Dec-

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15-Dec-

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18-Dec-

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21-Dec-

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24-Dec-

2015

27-Dec-

2015

30-Dec-

2015

2-Jan

-2016

5-Jan

-2016

8-Jan

-2016

0

2

4

6

8

pH

30-Nov-

2015

3-Dec-

2015

6-Dec-

2015

9-Dec-

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12-Dec-

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18-Dec-

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2015

27-Dec-

2015

30-Dec-

2015

2-Jan

-2016

5-Jan

-2016

8-Jan

-2016

0

100000

200000

300000

TDS(ppm)

30-Nov-

2015

3-Dec-

2015

6-Dec-

2015

9-Dec-

2015

12-Dec-

2015

15-Dec-

2015

18-Dec-

2015

21-Dec-

2015

24-Dec-

2015

27-Dec-

2015

30-Dec-

2015

2-Jan

-2016

5-Jan

-2016

8-Jan

-2016

010000200003000040000

COD(ppm)

30-Nov-

2015

3-Dec-

2015

6-Dec-

2015

9-Dec-

2015

12-Dec-

2015

15-Dec-

2015

18-Dec-

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21-Dec-

2015

24-Dec-

2015

27-Dec-

2015

30-Dec-

2015

2-Jan

-2016

5-Jan

-2016

8-Jan

-2016

010002000

NH3-N(ppm)

30-Nov-

2015

3-Dec-

2015

6-Dec-

2015

9-Dec-

2015

12-Dec-

2015

15-Dec-

2015

18-Dec-

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21-Dec-

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2015

27-Dec-

2015

30-Dec-

2015

2-Jan

-2016

5-Jan

-2016

8-Jan

-2016

05

101520253035

Leachate Generated

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22 Processes in comparison

Coagulation Ozonation Fenton Treatment Activated Sludge process Fenton-ASP (CHEM-BIO) ASP-Fenton (BIO-CHEM)

*Hazardous waste landfill leachate treatment by combined chemical and biological techniques Eneliis Kattel, Arthur Kivi, Kati Klein, Taavo Tenno, Niina Dulova & Marina Trapido

May, 2015

23 Chemical composition of Leachate

24 Coagulation (Chemical Treatment)

Coagulant : Ferric Sulphate Jar test performed on 0.6 L sample for Dose 100-1000 mg/l 1 min fast mixing (400rpm, G=956 s-1) 30 min slow mixing (40 rpm, G= 30 s-1) 24 hours sedimentation

10% COD reduction and 2% DOC reduction observed at elevated coagulant dose (~1000 mg/l)Coagulation Process was ineffective pre-treatment technique

25 Ozonation (Chemical Treatment)

Tests performed on 0.6 L sample in a 2.6L semi-continuous reactor equipped with foam catching vessel

Reaction time : 4 hours pH : at initial pH as well as at pH 11 Ozone produced from compressed air by

Trailigaz LABO LO Ozone generator delivering gas at 1.0 L/min with conc 30 mg/l.

Air Stripping trials were carried out in same treatment conditions

26 Fenton/Fenton-based treatment(Chemical Treatment)

Batch trials performed in non-buffered solutions. With and without pH adjustments to 3 0.5 L sample taken in 1L cylinder and permanent agitation speed

applied for 24 hours. Activator FeSO4.7H2O added and after its complete dissolution, Initiator

H2O2 added H2O2/Fe+2 weight ratio = 5/1 Oxidation stopped by pH adjustment to 9 by NaOH (10 M) Settling time for Ferric hydroxycomplex : 24 hours

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• Highest organic load removal obtained at COD/H2O2/Fe+2 (w/w/w) = 1/2/0.4• Further increase in reagent dose to COD/H2O2/Fe+2 (w/w/w) = 1/4/0.8 led to

improved organic load removal, but doubled treatment cost → not economically viable

• H2O2 complete utilization observed

28 Biological Treatment

Sludge used from Municipal waste water treatment plant in the same city which was proposed to be largely adapted to higher concentrations of Hazardous substances.

Aerobic biological pre-treatment experiments performed (ASP). pH : 7.3 ± 0.2 Leachate treated with pre-adapted activated sludge

Tank Volume : 8L HRT : 3 days F/M : 0.02 gBOD7/gMLSS d.

Aerobic Biological Post Treatments with pre-adapted activated sludge Tank volume : 1 L HRT : 1-2 days F/M : 0.055-0.06 gBOD7/gMLSS d

MLSS and COD measured on Daily basis

29 Shows 85% biodegradability in 28 days Thus 15% recalcitrant estimated

contributing 120mg/l COD Reasonable to employ biological pre-

treatment

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Scientific works in this area indicate the possibility of using ultrasound for degradation of a wide range of organic as well as inorganic pollution

Ultra-sound produces cavitation bubbles in medium. These bubbles accumulate energy and volume. Cavitation bubbles collapse and release accumulated energy depending on the frequency of ultrasound applied.

Ultrasound is able to remove pollution by production of radicals in the cavitation bubbles

Ultra-sound with 22khz frequency applied for time up to 180 min

32 Methodology

• 300ml sample placed in 500ml beaker and placed in Ultrasound generating equipment

• 8 ml H2O2 (30%) added to the sample

• Degradation performed for 10,20,30,60,180 min

• Temperature rise observed from 18 ºC to 26 ºC

33 Chemical composition of leachate

Young Landfill

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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

500100015002000250030003500400045005000

time vs COD removal

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

500100015002000250030003500

Time vs NH4-N removal

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 20002468

10121416

Time vs CN- Removal

A B

35 Other applications of Ultra-sound

Pre treatment for biological treatment → Splits relatively inert compound into smaller fractions.

Oxidation of ammonia, cyanide and toxic metals. Stabilization of sludge Sludge dewatering Removal of selected metals such as Zn, Cu and Ni

36 Applicable Leachate treatment Technologies

Filtration Flocculation Reverse Osmosis Solvent Extraction Stripping Ultrafiltration Wet Oxidation

* USEPA Document for Management of Hazardous waste Leachate

Biological Treatment Carbon Adsorption Chemical oxidation Chemical reduction Chemical Precipitation Density Separation Evaporation

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