1.5 more about electron arrangements - te

7/21/2019 1.5 More About Electron Arrangements - TE

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/15-more-about-electron-arrangements-te 1/43

1.5 MORE ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS

OBJECTIVES:

To describe how electrons fill energy levels, including thes, p, d and f sub-levels

To explain how chromium and copper are ‘different’

SUMMARY SO FAR…

Write a 3 sentence summary ofelectrons as you know them atpresent

KEY WORDS:

!"#$ %&%

'"()T*%

+(-%&%

+)!



ENERGY LEVELS


. lectrons have fixed energies, they move around thenucleus in regions called shells or energy levels

. /ifferent shells have differing amounts of energy0 %evel 1

contains electrons closest to the nucleus0 These have thelowest energy

. !ot all the electrons in a shell have exactly the same

amount of energy0

. +hells are divided into sub-shells that have slightlydifferent energies

. +ub shells have orbitals which can each hold up to 2



ENERGY LEVELS


ain nergy

%evel 4+hell5

1 2 3 6

+ub-level4s5 s s p s p d s p d f

'rbitals 142e5

142e5

347e5

142e5

347e5

8419e5

142e5

347e5

8419e5

:416e5

Total electrons 2 ; 1; 32

ach orbital in a sub-level can hold a maximum of 2 electrons

There is a single s-orbital, 3 p-orbitals of the same energy,

8 d-orbitals and : f-orbitals



WHAT ARE ORBITALS?


lectrons are no longer considered as particles but as acl!" # $%&'()*% c+',&%

*n orbital is a region in this space where we are likely tofind an electron0

'rbitals can hold up to two electrons as long as they have--)(% -)$< this is known as *%)’+ =>%+)'!

")!>)*%0

'rbitals have different shapes000



SHA/E OF ORBITALS


ORBITAL SHA/E OCCURRENCE

s spherical one in every principal level

p dumb-bell three in levels from 2 up

d various five in levels from 3 up

f various seven in levels from 6 up



SHA/E OF ORBITALS


/ ,0)('l

S ,0)('l



SHA/E OF ORBITALS


D ,0)('l



FILLING ORBITALS


1 1

-

2 2-

2"

2

3

33-3"3#

/RINCI/ALENERGYLEVELS

SUB LEVELS'rbitals are not filled innumerical order becausethe principal energy

levels get closertogether as you getfurther from thenucleus0

This results in overlap ofsub levels0 The firstexample occurs when the6s orbital is filled

before the 3d orbitals0



HOW TO REMEMBERTHE FILLING ORDER


1

- 2 2- 2"

3 3- 3" 3#

5 5- 5" 5# 4 4- 4"

-

RULES FOR FILLINGORBITALS:

10 ?ill up lowest energy

sub levels first4*ufbau rinciple5

20 ?ill orbitals singly atfirst before doubling4@und’s "ule5

30 "emember that 6s isfilled before 3dA



THE AUFBAU /RINCI/LE:


1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

44p

4d

4f

I N C R E A S I N G E

N E R G Y / D I S T A N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S

T+) ('(% (+'(…

6ELECTRONSENTER THELOWEST

AVAILABLE

ENERGY LEVEL7

The following

seBuence will showthe ‘building up’ ofthe electronicstructures of thefirst 37 elements in

the periodic table0



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

44p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E

N E R G Y / D I S T A

N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S

HYDROGEN

1s1

THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTSTHE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS

Hydro!" #$o%s &#'! o"!

!(!)$ro"* T&+s o!s +"$o #

'#)#"$ or,+$#( +" $&! (o-!s$

#'#+(#,(! !"!ry (!'!(*

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

44p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S

HELIUM

1s2


E'!ry or,+$#( )#" )o"$#+" 2

!(!)$ro"s pro'+d!d $&!

!(!)$ro"s #r! sp+""+" +"

oppos+$! d+r!)$+o"s* T&+s +s

,#s!d o"***

AULI0S ECLUSION

RINCILE

T&! $-o !(!)$ro"s +" #

&!(+/% #$o% )#" ,o$& o +"

$&! 1s or,+$#(*

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

44p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


LITHIUM

1s or,+$#(s )#" &o(d #

%#+%/% of $-o !(!)$ro"s

so $&! $&+rd !(!)$ro" +" #

(+$&+/% #$o% %/s$ o +"$o

$&! "!$ #'#+(#,(! or,+$#( of

&+&!r !"!ry* T&+s -+(( ,!f/r$&!r fro% $&! "/)(!/s +"

$&! s!)o"d pr+")+p#(

!"!ry (!'!(*

T&! s!)o"d pr+")+p#( (!'!(

&#s $-o $yp!s of or,+$#( 5s

#"d p* A" s or,+$#( +s (o-!r+" !"!ry $&#" # p*

1s2

2s1

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

44p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


7ERYLLIUM

7!ry((+/% #$o%s &#'! fo/r

!(!)$ro"s so $&! fo/r$&

!(!)$ro" p#+rs /p +" $&! 2s

or,+$#(* T&! 2s s/, (!'!( +s

"o- f/((*

1s2

2s2

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

44p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


7ORON

As $&! 2s s/, (!'!( +s "o-

f/(( $&! f+f$& !(!)$ro" o!s

+"$o o"! of $&! $&r!! p

or,+$#(s +" $&! 2p s/, (!'!(*

T&! 2p or,+$#(s #r! s(+&$(y

&+&!r +" !"!ry $&#" $&!2s or,+$#(*

1s2

2s2

2p1

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

44p

4d

4f

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


CAR7ON

T&! "!$ !(!)$ro" +"

do!s"0$ p#+r /p -+$& $&!

o"! #(r!#dy $&!r!* T&+s

-o/(d +'! r+s! $o

r!p/(s+o" ,!$-!!" $&!

s+%+(#r(y )&#r!d sp!)+!s*I"s$!#d +$ o!s +"$o

#"o$&!r p or,+$#( -&+)&

%!#"s (!ss r!p/(s+o"

(o-!r !"!ry #"d %or!

s$#,+(+$y*

1s2

2s2

2p2



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

NITROGEN

Fo((o-+" H/"d0s R/(!

$&! "!$ !(!)$ro" -+(( "o$

p#+r /p so o!s +"$o #

'#)#"$ p or,+$#(* A(( $&r!!

!(!)$ro"s #r! "o-

/"p#+r!d* T&+s +'!s (!ssr!p/(s+o" (o-!r !"!ry

#"d $&!r!for! %or!

s$#,+(+$y*

1s2

2s2

2p3



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


OYGEN

8+$& #(( $&r!! or,+$#(s &#(f9

f+((!d $&! !+&$& !(!)$ro" +"

#" oy!" #$o% %/s$ "o-

p#+r /p -+$& o"! of $&!

!(!)$ro"s #(r!#dy $&!r!*

1s2

2s2

2p4

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


FLUORINE

T&! !(!)$ro"s )o"$+"/! $o

p#+r /p -+$& $&os! +" $&!

&#(f9f+((!d or,+$#(s*

1s2

2s2

2p:



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


NEON

T&! !(!)$ro"s )o"$+"/! $o

p#+r /p -+$& $&os! +" $&!

&#(f9f+((!d or,+$#(s* T&! 2p

or,+$#(s #r! "o-

)o%p(!$!(y f+((!d #"d so +s

$&! s!)o"d pr+")+p#(!"!ry (!'!(*

I" $&! o(d!r sys$!% of

d!s)r+,+" !(!)$ro"+)

)o"f+/r#$+o"s $&+s -o/(d

&#'! ,!!" -r+$$!" #s 2;*

1s2

2s2

2p6



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


SODIUM 9 ARGON

8+$& $&! s!)o"d pr+")+p#(!"!ry (!'!( f/(( $&! "!$

!(!)$ro"s %/s$ o +"$o $&!

"!$ &+&!s$ (!'!(* T&!

$&+rd pr+")+p#( !"!ry (!'!(

)o"$#+"s $&r!! $yp!s of

or,+$#(< s p #"d d*

T&! 3s #"d 3p or,+$#(s #r!

f+((!d +" !#)$(y $&! s#%!

-#y #s $&os! +" $&! 2s #"d

2p s/, (!'!(s*

.A/f,#/0r+")+p(!.A/f,#/0r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


SODIUM 9 ARGON

N# 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

M 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

A( 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

S+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

C( 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p:

Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

R!%!%,!r $&#$ $&! 3p

)o"f+/r#$+o"s fo((o- H/"d0s

R/(! -+$& $&! !(!)$ro"s

r!%#+"+" /"p#+r!d $o +'!

%or! s$#,+(+$y*



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


OTASSIUM

I" "/%!r+)#( $!r%s o"!

-o/(d !p!)$ $&! 3d

or,+$#(s $o ,! f+((!d "!$*

Ho-!'!r ,!)#/s! $&!

pr+")+p#( !"!ry (!'!(s !$

)(os!r $o!$&!r #s yo/ o

f/r$&!r fro% $&! "/)(!/s

)o/p(!d -+$& $&! sp(+$$+"

+"$o s/, !"!ry (!'!(s $&!

4s or,+$#( +s of # LO8ER

ENERGY $&#" $&! 3d

or,+$#(s so !$s f+((!d f+rs$*

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p6

4s1

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


CALCIUM

As !p!)$!d $&! "!$

!(!)$ro" p#+rs /p $o

)o%p(!$! # f+((!d 4s or,+$#(*

T&+s !p(#"#$+o" /s+"

s/, (!'!(s f+$s +" -+$& $&!

pos+$+o" of po$#ss+/% #"d

)#()+/% +" $&! !r+od+)

T#,(!* A(( !(!%!"$s -+$& #"

9s1 !(!)$ro"+) )o"f+/r#$+o"

#r! +" Gro/p I #"d #(( -+$&

#" 9s2 )o"f+/r#$+o" #r! +"

Gro/p II*

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p6

4s2

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!

.A/f,#/0

r+")+p(!



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


SCANDIUM

8+$& $&! (o-!r !"!ry 4s

or,+$#( f+((!d $&! "!$

!(!)$ro"s )#" "o- f+(( $&!

3d or,+$#(s* T&!r! #r! f+'! d

or,+$#(s* T&!y #r! f+((!d

#))ord+" $o H/"d0s R/(! 9

7UT 8ATCH OUT FOR

T8O SECIAL CASES*

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p6

4s2

3d1

HUND0S RULEOF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


TITANIUM

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p6

4s2

3d2

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

T&! 3d or,+$#(s #r! f+((!d

#))ord+" $o H/"d0s r/(!

so $&! "!$ !(!)$ro"

do!s"0$ p#+r /p ,/$ o!s

+"$o #" !%p$y or,+$#( +" $&!

s#%! s/, (!'!(*



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


=ANADIUM

T&! 3d or,+$#(s #r! f+((!d

#))ord+" $o H/"d0s r/(!

so $&! "!$ !(!)$ro"

do!s"0$ p#+r /p ,/$ o!s

+"$o #" !%p$y or,+$#( +" $&!

s#%! s/, (!'!(*

1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

4s

2

3d

3

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f

I N C R E A

S I N G E


U C L E U S


CHROMIUM

O"! -o/(d !p!)$ $&!

)o"f+/r#$+o" of )&ro%+/%

#$o%s $o !"d +" 4s2 3d4*

To #)&+!'! # %or! s$#,(!

#rr#"!%!"$ of (o-!r

!"!ry o"! of $&! 4s

!(!)$ro"s +s pro%o$!d +"$o

$&! 3d $o +'! s+ /"p#+r!d

!(!)$ro"s -+$& (o-!r

r!p/(s+o"*

1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

4s

1

3d

:

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f



U C L E U S


MANGANESE

T&! "!- !(!)$ro" o!s +"$o

$&! 4s $o r!s$or! +$s f+((!d

s$#$!*

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

4s

2

3d

:



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f



U C L E U S


IRON

Or,+$#(s #r! f+((!d

#))ord+" $o H/"d0s R/(!*

T&!y )o"$+"/! $o p#+r /p*

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

4s

2

3d

6



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f



U C L E U S


CO7ALT

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

4s

2

3d

>

Or,+$#(s #r! f+((!d

#))ord+" $o H/"d0s R/(!*

T&!y )o"$+"/! $o p#+r /p*



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f


N E R G Y / D I S T

A N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


NIC?EL

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

1s

2

2s

2

2p

6

3s

2

3p

6

4s

2

3d

;

Or,+$#(s #r! f+((!d

#))ord+" $o H/"d0s R/(!*

T&!y )o"$+"/! $o p#+r /p*



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f


N E R G Y / D I S T

A N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


COER

O"! -o/(d !p!)$ $&!

)o"f+/r#$+o" of )&ro%+/%

#$o%s $o !"d +" 4s2 3d@*

To #)&+!'! # %or! s$#,(!

#rr#"!%!"$ of (o-!r

!"!ry o"! of $&! 4s

!(!)$ro"s +s pro%o$!d +"$o

$&! 3d*

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d1



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f


N E R G Y / D I S T

A N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


BINC

T&! !(!)$ro" o!s +"$o $&!

4s $o r!s$or! +$s f+((!d s$#$!

#"d )o%p(!$! $&! 3d #"d

4s or,+$#( f+((+"*

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f


N E R G Y / D I S T

A N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


GALLIUM 9 ?RYTON

T&! 4p or,+$#(s #r! f+((!d +"!#)$(y $&! s#%! -#y #s

$&os! +" $&! 2p #"d 3p s/,

(!'!(s*

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY

HUND0S RULE

OF

MAIMUM MULTILICITY



1 1s

22s

2p

4s

3

3s

3p

3d

4 4p

4d

4f


N E R G Y / D I S T

A N C E F R O M N

U C L E U S


GALLIUM 9 ?RYTON

G# 9 4p1

G! 9 4p2

As 9 4p3

S! 9 4p4

7r 9 4p:

?r 9 4p6

R!%!%,!r $&#$ $&! 4p

)o"f+/r#$+o"s fo((o- H/"d0s

R/(! -+$& $&! !(!)$ro"s

r!%#+"+" /"p#+r!d $o +'!

%or! s$#,+(+$y*

r!f+ -+$&

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1



SHORTHAND ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS


"ather than drawing box and arrow diagrams we can use ashorthand method that writes out the sublevelsC

0g0 +odium 411 electrons5

1s2 2s2 2p7 3s1

>an simplify things further by using previous noble gassymbol0 0g0 >alcium

1s2 2s2 2p7 3s2 3p7 6s2 becomes

D*rE 6s2What about for

ionsF



OVER TO YOU


/raw spin diagrams for the first 37 elements

D"emember be careful with chromium and copperAE

*dd in the full shorthand electronic configurations

>ome up to the front to mark your work when done

E8TENSION:

+ummary Guestions on page 17




9UICKDRAW

ut your work away

#et into groups of 6

'n your whiteboards you must write the shorthandconfiguration of the given element '" state the elementshown

)n your groups Hudge who gets the c,,%c( answer in the

fastest time and awardC1( 2 -)$($" -)$(2," 1 -)$(

3(+ ; -)$(

E E E GE E




1. L)(+)!< 1 1

. N%$ 1 -4

2. 1 -2 N)(,&%$

1 -4 2 2-4 315. /(')!<

3. 1 -4 2 2-1 Al!<)$)!<

4. 1 -4 2 2-4 2"5 31 C+,<)!<

1 5 M RE ELEC R N RR NGEMEN




CHAM/IONS LEAGUE FINAL

Top scorer from each group now go head to head to becrowned lectron IingJGueen

?irst correct whiteboard placed in front of me wins

1 -4 2 2-4 2"1; 319:W,)(% (+%+,(+'$" #,C--%,

1 5 MORE ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT



I CAN… I AM…

)dentify the order sub Klevels are filled in >

/escribe the rules for filling sub-levels (

/raw spin diagrams and write electronic

configurations up to L M 37

*

xplain how and why copper and chromium fill

their sub-levels differently

*N


SUMMARY SO FAR…

Write a 3 sentence summary of electron arrangements as you now know them how does it differ to your summary

1.5 more about electron arrangements - te

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