13.5 week study guide

December 6th, 2013

Brainteaser#38: 12-6-13

1. Name the four stages of Athenian government?

2. Where is Rome located? 3. Describe the Byzantine Culture?4. Baghdad fell to what group of people?5. Charlemagne built what to unite the empire?

• Monarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny and Democracy• It centrally located in the Mediterranean basin and distant

from the eastern Mediterranean powers• Continued flourishing of Greco-Romans traditions, Greek

language (as contrasted with Latin in the west, Greek or Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries

• The Mongols• Schools, Roads, and churches

13.5 week study guide(5a)

• Page1• Aegean Sea• Macedonia to the north=Philip and Alexander• Limited• Hellenistic• Barter economy• City-states• Civic• Colonization

5b

• Page 2• Polytheistic Religion• Explanations, human qualities• Life events• Zeus• Hera• God of music, healing, property: Apollo

5c

• Free male adults• Women and Foreigners1. Monarchy2. Aristocracy3. Tyranny4. DemocracySolon=began of democracy

5c

1. Direct democracy-all citizens participate2. Public debate-in the agora3. Duties of the citizen

SmallSocialmilitaristic

5d

• 499-449• Sparta• Aegean • Athens• 431-404• Delian• Peloponnesian• Political=sets the stage for the Macedonian Invasion

5e

• Democracy• Equal• Persian• Parthenon=temple to honor Athena

5f

• Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocies• Poetry: Homer(Illad and Odyssey)• History Herodotus( Father of History),

Thucydides( History Repeats itself)• Sculpture: Phidias• Types of columns: Doric(plain), Ionic(little

more elaborate) and Corinthian(very elaborate)

5f

• Science: Archimedes(Lever), Hippocrates(Father of Medicine)

• Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras( Pythagorean theorem)

• Philosophy: Socrates(questions?), Plato( the Academy) and Aristotle.

5g

• Philip II, King of Macedon, conquered most of Greece

• Alexander the greatEstablished an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of IndiaExtended Greek cultural influencesHellenistic Age: Blend of Greek and Oriental elementsSpread of Hellenistic culture through trade

6a

• Rome: Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers

• Italian Peninsula • Alps: Protection• Mediterranean Sea: Protection, sea-borne,

trade

6b

• Roman Mythology• Based on the Greek Polytheistic Religion• Explanations of natural phenomena, Human

qualities and life events• Roman gods and goddesses:• Jupiter(King of the Gods), Juno( His wife),

Apollo(God of the sun), Diana(Goddess of the hunt), Minerva(Goddess of Wisdom), Venus(Goddess of Beauty)

6b

• Symbols and images in Literature, art and architecture

6c

Social Structure in the Roman Republic:• Patricians: Powerful nobility of Rome(Few in

number)• Plebeians: Majority of population• Slaves: Not based on RaceCitizenship: Patrician and Plebeian men, Selected foreigners, Rights and Responsibilities of citizenship(ex. Taxes, Military service)

6c

• Representative Democracy-Elected officials• Assemblies• Senate( Law making body of Rome) • Consuls( two ruled together, Head of gov’t,

Ruled the army and directed the gov’t, one consul could veto the other

• Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables

6d

• Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage( 264-146 B.C)Rome and Carthage were in competition for TradeHannibal invaded the Italian PeninsulaThree wars resulted in Roman Victory, the destruction of Carthage and expanded trade and wealth for Rome

6d

Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture:• Mediterranean Basin( Africa, Asia, Europe,

including the Hellenistic world of the eastern Mediterranean)

• Western Europe(Gaul, British Isles)

6e

• Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic:• Spread of slavery in the agricultural system• Migration of small farmers into cities and

unemployment• Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar• Devaluation of roman currency: inflation

6f

• The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome• First Triumvirate( Caesar, Crassus, Pompey)• Julius Caesar: Seizure of Power, assassination by

senate, ides of march, senate were afraid of his power

• Augustus Caesar: Civil War, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor

• Empire: Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military

6f

• Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors.

6g

• The Pax Romana:• Two hundred years of peace and prosperity

under imperial rule• Expansion and solidification of the Roman

empire, particularity in the near east

6g

Economic impact of the Pax Romana• Established uniform system of money, which

helped to expand trade• Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman

Roads• Promoted prosperity and stability

6g

Social impact of the Pax Romana• Returned stability to social classes• Increased emphasis on the familyPolitical impact of the Pax Romana• Created a civil service• Developed a uniformed rule of law

6h

Christianity:• Had its roots in Judaism• Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was

proclaimed the Messiah( Jesus the founder of Christianity)

• Conflicted with Polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire

6h

Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity:• Monotheism• Jesus as both son and incarnation of God• Life after death• New testament, containing accounts of the life and

teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians

• Christian doctrines established by early church councils

6h

Spread of Christianity:• Popularity of the message: gave hope to all

people including women• Early Martyrs inspired others• Carried by the Apostles, including Paul

throughout the Roman Empire

6i• Impact of the Church of Rome in the late Roman Empire• The Emperor Constantine_________________ converted

to Christianity and made it legal.• Christianity later became the official state religion.• The Church became a source of ____Moral__________

authority.• Loyalty to the Church became more important than

loyalty to the _________Emperor_______.• The Church became the main unifying force of

______Western_______ Europe

6j• Contributions of ancient Rome• Art and ___Architecture_______________: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum• Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches• Science: Achievements of Ptolemy• Medicine: Emphasis on public ___Health_________ (public baths, public

water systems, medical schools)• Language: Latin, Romance languages• Literature: Virgil’s _Aeneid_____________• Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial

religion• Law: The principle of “_____Innocent_____________ until proven

______Guilty_______” (from the Twelve Tables)

6k• Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire• _____Geographic________ size: Difficulty of defense and

administration• Economy: The cost of ___Defense___________, and

devaluation of Roman currency• Military: Army membership started to include _________Non-

Romans_________, resulting in decline of discipline• _____Moral________ decay: People’s loss of faith in Rome

and the family• Political problems: Civil conflict and weak administration• Invasion: Attacks on borders

6k

• Division of the Roman Empire• Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to

_________Byzantium________, renaming it Constantinople

• Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D. (C.E.), when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor

• _____Eastern________ Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)

7a

• Protection of the ______________eastern Frontier_________________

• Distance from ___________Germanic Invasions_______________________ in the western empire

• Crossroads of trade• Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by

________Natural Harbors___________________•

7a

• Role of Constantinople• Seat of the _Byzantine Empire____until

_________Ottoman__ conquest• Preserved classical __Greco-Roman________

culture• Center of trade

7b

• Codification of _Roman__________ _______Law____ (impact on European legal codes)

• Reconquest of former ______Roman_____territories

• Expansion of _____Trade______

7c

• Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power

• Icons (religious images)• Mosaics in public and religious structures• Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church)

7c

• Byzantine culture• Continued flourishing of _______________Greco-

Roman__________________ traditions• _____Greek______ language (as contrasted with

Latin in the West)• ________Greek Orthodox Christianity or Eastern

Orthodox_________________________• ____Greek_______ and ___Roman________

knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries

7d

• Eastern Church• Centered in Constantinople• Close to seat of power after Constantinople

became capital• Use of Greek Language

7d

• Western Church• Centered in __Rome_________• Farther from seat of power after

______Constantinople_______________ became capital

• Use of __Latin_________ language in the liturgy

7d

• Division between Western and Eastern Churches• Authority of the Pope___________ eventually

accepted in the _West__________• Authority of the

____Patriarch__________________ accepted in the East

• Practices such as ____Celibacy_______ eventually accepted in the West

7e

• Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia

• Trade routes along the black and Baltic seas• Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and eastern

Europe• Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic languages by

ST. Cyril• Church Architecture and religious art

8a

• Origins of Islam• __________Muhammad____________, the

Prophet• ___Mecca________ and ______Medina_____

on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities•

8a

• Spread of Islam• Across Asia and ____Africa_______ and into

_Spain__________• Geographic extent of first Muslim empire

8a

• Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam• _______Monotheism______: Allah (Arabic word

for God)• _____________Quran(Koran)____: The word of

God• ______Five_____ ___Pillars________ of Islam• Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including

___Moses________ and ______Jesus_____

8b

• Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam

• Diffusion along trade routes from ___Mecca________ and _____Medina______

• Expansion despite great distances, __Desert_________ __________Environments__ , and ______Mountain_____ barriers

• Spread into the ________Fertile Crescent___ _____, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires

8b

• Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development

• Political unity of the first _____Muslim______ ____Empire_______ was short-lived.

• ____Arabic_______ language spread with Islam and facilitated __Trade_________ across Islamic lands.

• _______Slavery____ was not based on ___Race________.

8c

• Historical turning points

• Death of Ali: Sunni/Shia Division(over who should be in charge of Islam

• Muslim Conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus• Islamic Capital moved to Baghdad• Muslim defeat Battle of Tours• Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols

8d

• Cultural contributions and achievements• Architecture: Dome of the Rock• Mosaics• Arabic Alphabet• Universities• Translations of Ancient texts into Arabic•

8d

• Scientific contributions and achievements• Medicine • Astronomy• Numbering System with zero• Algebra• Expansion of Geographic Knowledge

9a

• Foundations of early medieval society• Classical Heritage of Rome• Christian Beliefs• Customs of Germanic Tribes

9a• Influence of the Roman Catholic Church• __________Secular Authority___________ declined, while

Church authority grew.(gov’t and church)• _____Monasteries______ preserved Greco-Roman cultural

achievements.• Missionaries carried Christianity and ____Latin______

___Alphabet_________ to Germanic tribes.• The Pope anointed ________Charlemagne___ Emperor in

800 A.D. (C.E.)• Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people.

9b

• Feudal society during the Middle Ages• Fiefs-Land given by the lord• Vassals/ knights- Receives the fief for military

service • Serfs- Laborer bound to the land• Feudal Obligations- contracts service for

protection

9b

• Manorial system during the Middle Ages• Rigid class structure• Self- sufficient Manors

9c• Age of Charlemagne

• ____________Franks(French)______ emerged as a force in Western Europe.

• The ____Pope_______ crowned the Emperor.• Power of the ___Church________ was established in political life.• ______Roman_____ culture was reinterpreted.• Most of _____Western Europe_________________ was included

in the new empire.• _____Churches______, ___Roads________, and

______Schools_____ were built to unite the empire.

9d

• Areas of settlement• _______Angles______ and _____Saxons__________

migrated from continental Europe to England.• ________________Magyars_____ migrated from

Central Asia to Hungary.• ________Vikings_____ migrated from Scandinavia to

Russia.•

9d

• Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings

• Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system

• Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, the feudal system was strengthened