13 lectures on geotechnical earthquake engineering...

1313 LECTURESon

LECTURESon

GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERINGGEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

GEOTECHNICAL DIVISION

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, N.T.U.A.

GeorgeGeorge BOUCKOVALASBOUCKOVALASbyby

October 2013October 2013

GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013 1.1

1. Introduction

Earthquake-induced damages to above- and under-ground structures are directly related to the seismic ground response and failure during shaking. With few exceptions (e.g. damages due to tsunamis), this reality is verified in every old and recent earthquake.

For exampleFor example …………....

Recent strong earthquakes in Greece and abroad . . . . .

Kobe, Japan, M=7.2, 17-01-1995


Kobe 1995Collapse of columns

in DAIKAI underground metro station


Izmit – Turkey, M=7.2, 17-08-1999


Fault traceFault trace


Fault traceFault trace

Dücze- Turkey, M=7.2, 12-11-1999GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013 1.8

Collapse of Bolu Tunnel

Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, M=7.6, 21-09-1999


(a) photo of Chi-Shue Tunnel before Chi-Chi Earthquake; (b) photo of Chi-Shue Tunnel after Chi-Chi Earthquake; (c) slope failure induced tunnel collapse at Sta. 45k+573 of Highway No. 8; (d) sketch of damage pattern.

(from Wang et al. 2001)

SLOP

E FA

ILUR

E


Longitudinal cracks from “ovalization” of Yuluh tunnel section,Chi-Chi 1999 earthquake (Schiff and Tang eds, 2000)

S-wave


•100 buildings • 143 • 2,000 • 100,000 collapsed casualties injured homeless

Athens-Greece, M=5.9, 12-09-1999

~40 m


Moderate damage

Slight or no damage

Severe damageor collapse

N

S

N

S

STIFF SOIL AMPLIFICATION at Ano Liosia municipality

0

25

50

75

100

(%)

of

bu

ildin

gs

BoreholeCHT2

DH5

80

60

40

20

0

DE

PT

H (

m)

Vs (m/sec)

_ Vs,30 =697 m/sec

360 7600 1300

_ Vs,30 =613

_ Vs,30 =545 _

Vs,30 =500

_ Vs,30 =496

N S

0 1300 0 1300 0 1300 0 1300

Cross-section N-S

Conglomerates Clayey MarlGEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013 1.13

Bhuj- IndiaM=7.926-1-2001


AlaskaM=7.93-11-2002

Colima-MexicoM=7.621-01-2003


τυπικές βλάβες...

~9cmστροφή

2%

Lefkas, Μ=6.4, 14-8-2003

rotationrotation

~25cm12cm

Lefkas, Μ=6.4, 14-8-2003GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013 1.17

ρευστοποίηση !Liquefaction !

Earthquake of

Bam – IranM=6.626-12-2003

…….. 30,000 casualties


Bam – Iran, Μ=6.6, 26-12-2003GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013 1.20

U2(t)

U0(t)

U1(t)

Topographyaggravation

Slopefailure

Foundation & structural failure

Soil amplif.

Damage to underground

structures

retaining wallfailure

liquefaction

Symmary of seismic hazards . .

13 Lectures on GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2Tstr (s)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

Sa

(g)

LONG

TRANS

aground

astruct.

1 DOF RESPONSE DUE TO BASE EXCITATION

ELASTIC RESPONSESPECTRA


Body (P, S)& Surface (R, L)Waves

Rayleigh Pα

Seismic design of underground tunnels and pipelines


Example: Mexico 1985 earthquake

geology Soil thickness Typical recordings onSOIL & BEDROCK

Seismic Ground response – «Soil Amplification»



Αναλυτικές λύσειςΙσοδύναμες γραμμικές αριθμητικές αναλύσειςΜη-γραμμικές αριθμητικές αναλύσειςΕφαρμογή του λογισμικού SHAKE κλπ.


Seismic Ground response – «Soil Amplification»

Liquefaction

Prediction

Settlements

Lateral spreading

Ground improvement

etc.



όψηπρανούς

επιφάνειααστοχίας

a(t)

(a/g)W

W

Seismic slope failure Pseudo static analysis


Sliding Mass

Failure surface

Sliding plane

Sliding block

(a) (b)

Seismic slope failureDisplacement computationwith the “sliding block”method



Seismic design of retaining walls

Dynamic earth pressuresΜononobe-Okabe

Hydrodynamic pressuresWestergard

Displacements with the “sliding block” method


BIBLIOGRAPHY

CLASS NOTES

+www.georgebouckovalas.com

+1. ANIL CHOPRA: Dynamics of Structures (theory and

application to earthquake engineering), Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-855214-2.

2. STEVEN KRAMER: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-374943-6

3. ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΓΚΑΖΕΤΑΣ: Σημειώσεις Εδαφοδυναμικής, Διδακτικές σημειώσεις Ε.Μ.Π.GEORGE BOUCKOVALAS, National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 2013 1.25

13 lectures on geotechnical earthquake engineering...

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