13. diesel engine

8/8/2019 13. Diesel Engine

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DIESEL

ENGINES



INTRODUCTION

Developed by Rudolf ChristianKarl Diesel (1858 1913)

Aimed at creating an engine with

high efficiency

Initially intended to run on coaldust

First diesel engine was fueled by

peanut oil the original

biodiesel

Stationary One-cylinder Single-action

Diesel Engine (M

AN,A

ugsburg, 1906,12 HP) first generation.



TIMELINE

HISTORY1892: Rudolf Diesel obtained a patent (RP 67207) in Germany

1897: Diesel built his first working prototype in Augsburg

1912: The Danish built the first ocean-going ship exclusively

powered by a diesel engine

The first locomotive with a diesel engine also appeared

1923: The first truck with diesel engine made by MAN, Benz

and Daimler is tested

1930: First diesel-power passenger car (Cummins poweredPackard) was built in Columbus, Indiana (USA)

1937: BMW 114 experimental airplane diesel engine

development.



TIMELINE

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

2008: Subaru introduced the first horizontally opposeddiesel engine to be fitted to a passenger car

2009: Volvo claimed the world's strongest truck withtheir FH16 700 (inline 6 cylinder, 16 litre, 700 hp(522 kW), producing 3150 N-m of torque )

2010: Mitsubishi developed and started mass production

of its 4N13 1.8 L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car diesel engine that features avariable valve timing system.

ScaniaAB's V8 had the highest torque and power ratings of any truck engine: 3500 N·m and730 hp



TIMELINE

MODERN DIESEL ENGINES ± a combination of two inventor's creations

1. Rudolf Diesels diesel engine

2. Herbert Akroyd Stuarts so-called 'cold-fuel' injectionsystem

- Stuart invented the hot bulb engine (a similar type of

engine where compression-ignition is assisted

by a metal 'hot bulb' in the combustionchamber which is pre-heated before starting

and then is kept hot by the ignition process)



FUEL

Diesel Fuel ± Generally refers to any fuel

used for diesel engine

± Kinds of diesel fuel:

Petrodiesel - a specific

fractional distillate of fuel oil

(mostly petroleum)

± a lower-grade, less-refined

product of petroleum madefrom heavier hydrocarbons

Biodiesel derived from

vegetable oils



TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINE

1. Four-stroke cycle ± an internal combustion engine

that completes the

thermodynamic cycle or fires once

in every four movements of thepiston (two revolution)



TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINE

2. Two stroke diesel engine ± an internal combustion engine

that completes the

thermodynamic cycle or fires

once in two movements of thepiston (one revolution)

+ Higher power to weight ratio

+ Costs less to manufacture

- Fast wear and tear due to lack of dedicated lubrication system

- Does not use fuel efficiently

- Produces more pollution due to

combustion of oil

Brons two-stroke V8 Diesel engine

driving a Heemaf generator



PARTS OF A DIESEL ENGINE

Basic parts of a diesel engine



TYPES OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION

1. Indirect Injection ± indirect injection diesel engine

delivers fuel into a chamber off

the combustion chamber, called a

pre-chamber or ante-chamber,where combustion begins and

then spreads into the main

combustion chamber



TYPES OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION

2.Direct Injection ± indirect injection diesel engine

delivers fuel into a chamber off

the combustion chamber, called a

pre-chamber or ante-chamber,where combustion begins and

then spreads into the main

combustion chamber



BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Four-stroke cycle




Four-stroke cycle

1. Intake Stroke

- involves the downward

movement of the piston,creating a partial vacuum

that draws air into the

combustion chamber

1




Four-stroke cycle

2. Compression Stroke

- Air is compressed to the

top of the cylinder by thepiston until it reaches the

point at which the fuel

which has been injected

spontaneously combusts,forcing the piston back

down.

2




Four-stroke cycle

3. Power stroke

- the stroke of a cyclic

motor which generatesforce 3




Four-stroke cycle

4. Exhaust stroke

- gases remaining in the

cylinder from the fuelignited during the

compression step are

removed from the

cylinder through anexhaust valve at the top

of the cylinder.

4




Four-stroke cycle




Two-stroke cycle




Two-stroke cycle

1. Compression. When the

piston is at the top of its

travel, the cylinder contains acharge of highly compressed

air. Diesel fuel is sprayed into

the cylinder by the injector

and immediately ignitesbecause of the heat and

pressure inside the cylinder.




Two-stroke cycle

2. Power Stroke.

The pressure created by the

combustion of the fuel drives

the piston downward. This is

the power stroke.




Two-stroke cycle

3. As the piston nears the

bottom of its stroke, all of

the exhaust valves open.

Exhaust gases rush out of

the cylinder, relieving the

pressure.




Two-stroke cycle

4. As the piston bottoms out,

it uncovers the air intake

ports. Pressurized air fills

the cylinder, forcing out

the remainder of the

exhaust gases.




Two-stroke cycle

5. The exhaust valves close

and the piston starts

traveling back upward, re-

covering the intake ports

and compressing the fresh

charge of air. This is the

compression stroke.




Two-stroke cycle (uses a turbocharger)

5. The exhaust valves close

and the piston starts

traveling back upward, re-

covering the intake ports

and compressing the fresh

charge of air. This is the

compression stroke.



PROS AND CONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

PROS ± Fuel Economy (20 to 30 % better than gasoline engine)

± Higher efficiencies (high compression ratio)

± Produce large amounts of torque (great for towing)

± Readily available for a wide range of sizes and applications

± Durable

± Reliable

± Less carbon dioxide emission due to less burning of fuel

± Runs on alternative fuels, ex. biodiesel

± Safety (less volatile fuel)



PROS AND CONS OF DIESEL ENGINE

CONS ± Maintenance is more expensive

± Heavier and bulkier for a given power

± High capital cost

± Slightly noisier than gasoline engines

± Emissions (smell) tiny particulates of soot, more

oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) contributing to local smog

± Messy fuel ± Less vehicle choices

± Hard to start in cold weather



HIGH-SPEED (approximately 1000 rpm and greater) Trucks, buses, cars

Tractors

Yachts

Compressors, pumps Small generators

APPLICATIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE




MEDIUM-SPEED (approximately 300 rpm to 1200 rpm) Large electrical generators

Optimized to run at a set speed

Provide rapid response to load changes

Outputs up to 20 MW (27,000 hp)




LOW-SPEED (approximately 60 rpm to 100 rpm) Outputs over 80 MW and stands up to 15 m tall

Utilizes low grade fuel

Predominantly 2-stroke

Ex. Ship engines,

Land-based powergeneration units

Fairbanks-Morse diesel ship engine

Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C

turbocharged diesel engine:

14 cylinder

80,080 kW or 108,920 bhp Output Power is

width 26.7 meters, height 13.2 meters



CONCLUSION

Diesel is used in most industrial sectors overwhelmingly

because it provides more power per unit of fuel and its

lower volatility makes it safer to handle. One really

exciting prospect of diesel over petrol is the possibility of

eliminating petroleum consumption entirely. Most diesel

engines can be coaxed into burning vegetable oil instead

of diesel and all of them can burn various processed

forms of vegetable oil without loss in life or efficiency.



REFERENCES

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/eng/62n-202.htm

http://www.wordiq.com

http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?cPath=21_6

4&products_id=34&attrib=1

http://peswiki.com/index.php/Diesel_engine

http://www.bcmtouring.com/forum/articles-f20/how-four-stroke-engine-

works-t1897/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine

http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/diesel.php3?v=2

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htm

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