13 Colonies and the Seeds of Revolution

Warm Up?

What could be some reasons that would cause you to move to another country?

Key Terms

House of BurgessesMayflower CompactMagna CartaBacon’s Rebellion1st Great AwakeningDemocracy Legislative AssemblySelf GovernmentLimited GovernmentRepresentative GovernmentConstitution

13 Colonies

13 original colonies in the United States by 1700s.

They are divided into 3 sections:

1. New England Colonies

2. Middle Colonies3. Southern Colonies

Why?The 3 G’s: Glory, God

and Gold

Jamestown

Other people came to make $

Jamestown Founded in 1607 Flourished through the sale

of Tobacco House of Burgesses

Established in 1619 First legislative assembly

in the Colonies Made up of 22 landowners

who decided local issues Practiced self government

and democracy 150 years before the Revolution!

Pilgrims

Religious Beliefs: Pilgrims Some people didn’t like

the Church of England They wanted it to be more

pure Religious Freedom

Founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620 Mayflower Compact

Self Government Direct Democracy Settlers agreed to

establish a government and abide by its laws

Seeds of Revolution: Magna Carta

The Magna Carta Signed by King John of

England in 1215 Established the idea that

no one was above the law Limited the King’s Power

(Limited Government) Guaranteed rights of

nobility…English Landowners

How will this effect the thinking of English landowners in the colonies hundreds of years later?

Seeds of Revolution: Parliament

Parliament Established in 1265 as

England’s Law making body

Similar to our Congress The “Power of the Purse” Laid the foundation for

representative gov’t Made laws for 13

colonies without our say “No Taxation Without

Representation”!

Seeds of Revolution: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

1st written constitution in the Colonies in 1639

Provided for election of a governor and magistrates

Had lawmaking, executive and judicial power

Established individual rights of citizens & gov’t purpose

Served as a blueprint for the U.S. Constitution

Bacon’s Rebellion-1676

Western Virginia was being used as a human shield to protect those in the east from the Native Americans

Nathaniel Bacon burned Jamestown

Precursor of the American Revolution 1st Rebellion in the

Colonies

Seeds of Revolution: 1st Great Awakening

What was it? Religious movement from

1730-1740’s Gave colonists the idea that

they could confront religious authority…and when churches aren’t living up to expectations the people could break off and form new ones

Colonists realized that religious power did not rest with the Church of England

Also came to realize that political power did not rest with the English Monarch

Seeds of Revolution: Albany Plan of Union

First proposal to create a unified government for colonies

Proposed by Ben Franklin in 1754 to help plan a defense for the French and Indian War

Rejected by both colonial and English Governments

Seeds of Revolution: Iroquois Constitution

Created sometime between 1390-1525

Designed to create peace between five Native American Nations

Huge influence on Franklin and Madison when creating the Constitution

Reflection

1. What were some reasons for people to travel to the Colonies?

2. Why is the significance of Jamestown/Plymouth Colony?

3. How did the Magna Carta affect the people who came to the colonies?

4. What was Bacon’s Rebellion and why is it called a precursor to the American Revolution?

5. What was the 1st Great Awakening and explain how it is considered a cause of the American Revolution?

6. What is the significance of the Albany Plan of Union?

Warm Up/Review

1. What were some reasons for people to travel to the Colonies?

2. Why is the significance of Jamestown/Plymouth Colony?

3. How did the Magna Carta affect the people who came to the colonies?

4. What was Bacon’s Rebellion and why is it called a precursor to the American Revolution?

5. What was the 1st Great Awakening and explain how it is considered a cause of the American Revolution?

6. What is the significance of the Albany Plan of Union?

Key Terms

Salutary Neglect Mercantilism French and Indian WarStamp ActSons of LibertyProtestBoycottPropaganda

Causes of the American Revolution

Salutary Neglect

Great Britain paid little attention to the colonies Colonists became

accustomed to self rule. Huh?

French and Indian War1754-1763

Great Britain and the colonists fight the French and Indians

Great Britain wins but is in major debt Tax the colonists

Proclamation of 1763 Can’t settle west of the

Appalachian Mnts

Mercantilism

The belief that a country should sell more goods than it buys

Navigation Acts 1651 Imported goods had to be

purchased from England.

Stamp Act-1765

Required colonists to attach expensive tax stamps to all newspapers and legal documents

“No taxation without representation.”

Sons of Liberty Protest groups who

opposed British taxes

Sons of Liberty

Organized by John Adams in order to resist British Taxes through Protest and Demonstrations… sometimes through violence

Also caused rebellion after the Town Shed Acts and Tea Act

Boston Massacre-1770

A mob attacked a group of soldiers with rock filled snowballs Soldiers fired on the

crowd killing 5

Although the soldiers were acquitted in court this event served to lure more people to the Patriot cause.

Boston Tea Party-1773

Political Protest against Tea Act by Sons of Liberty

Dressed as Native Americans and dumped 342 chests of British tea into the Boston Harbor

British respond with the Intolerable Acts

Intolerable Acts-1774

B/c of Boston Tea PartyQuartering Act

Colonists were required to provide food/shelter for British soldiers.

Also, closed the port of Boston until the cost of tea was repaid

Tensions continue to increase

Also, paves the way for 4th Amendment

Committee of Correspondence

Established Committees in many colonies to communicate between Patriot leaders

Worked to convince more citizens to take an active role in resisting Britain

1st Continental Congress 1774

Sent document to King George III demanding that the rights of the colonists be restored

Boycotted British goods

Proposed Imperial Union

1st step towards secession to become an independent Republic

Shot Heard Round the World1775

Britain sent troops to take away weapons Shots were fired in

Lexington

British proceeded to Concord Forced British to retreat

School House Rock

2nd Continental Congress-1775

Convened in Philadelphia after Lexington and Concord

Named George Washington Commander of the Continental Army and prepared for War

Sent Olive Branch Petition to King George III

Declaration of Independence July 1776

Common Sense-1776

Thomas Paine

Argued it was simply “common sense” to stop following the “royal brute”

Argued for Independence and the creation of a Democratic Republic

Declaration of Independence1776

Thomas Jefferson

John Locke Enlightenment

philosopher Believed in

“Natural/Inalienable Rights” and the “Social Contract Theory”.

Explained why America should be a free nation

Propaganda

Reflection

1. How did Salutary Neglect impact the political and economic relationship between Britain and the Colonies leading to the creation of a new nation?

2. How did the French & Indian War, Mercantilism and Salutary Neglect help create the American Revolution?

3. How is the Boston Massacre drawing by Paul Revere an example of propaganda?

4. What role did the French and Indian War play in creating economic and political tension between Britain and the Colonies?

5. How did the desire for a representative government lead to conflict between Britain and the Colonies?

6. What were some examples of civil disobedience that lead to the Revolution and a change in government?

Warm Up/Review

1. How did Salutary Neglect impact the political and economic relationship between Britain the Colonies leading to the creation of a new nation?

2. What was Mercantilism and how did it contribute to the Revolution?

3. What role did the French and Indian War play in creating economic and political tension between Britain and the Colonies?

4. How did the desire for a representative government lead to conflict between Britain and the Colonies?

5. What were some examples of civil disobedience that lead to the Revolution and a change in government?

6. What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence?

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created

equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain

inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the

pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are

instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent

of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes

destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or

abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation

on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to

them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.”

What philosophers developed these ideas?

What influences have we discussed that lead the colonists into a state of Rebellion against Britain?

The Enlightenment

Views on Government

Thomas Hobbes Believed that without gov’t,

life would be chaos. Need an absolute ruler to

impose order and demand obedience.

Social contract

John Locke The purpose of gov’t is to

protect your natural rights. If a gov’t fails to do so,

citizens have a right to overthrow it.

Philosophers Advocate Reason

Voltaire Fought for freedom of speech and

religion. “I do not agree with a word you say

but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Montesquieu Believed in separation of powers to

keep one group from gaining total control of the gov’t.

Rousseau Wanted a direct democracy and

since all people are equal, titles of nobility should be abolished and land should be equally distributed.

Beccaria Argued that people have the right

to a speedy trial and punishments should match the crime. Rule of Law.

Legacy of the Enlightenment

Progress Reformers urged for greater

social equality and a more democratic style of gov’t.

Secular Views People began to question their

religious beliefs and the teachings of the church. (1st Great Awakening)

Individualism People used their own ability to

reason in order to judge what was right or wrong.

Enlightened Despots

Frederick the Great (Prussia) Granted religious freedom, reduced

censorship, improved education, and abolished the use of torture. “The first servant of the state.”

Did nothing to end the use of serfs.

Joseph II (Austria) Introduced freedom of the press and

religion and abolished serfdom.

Catherine the Great (Russia) Recommended religious toleration,

abolishing torture and capital punishment.

Favored an end to serfdom until a peasant revolt occurred.

Reflection

1. Explain how the Enlightenment influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence?

2. Discuss the impact Enlightenment thinking had on religion and how did that eventually impact the Colonies?

Warm Up

What do you think were some of the advantages and disadvantages faced by the Colonists entering the Revolutionary War?

THE ENLIGHTENMENT SPREADS

Setting the stage

Enlightenment ideas would inspire American colonists to revolt against the British, and would also greatly inspire the US Constitution!

BRITAIN AND ITS COLONIES

AMERICANS BECAME ACCUSTOMED TO LARGE DEGREE OF INDEPENDENCE, BUT WERE STILL SUBJECTS TO THE KING

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR STIRS UP RESENTMENT BETWEEN COLONISTS AND BRITISH

AMERICA WINS INDEPENDANCE

ENGLAND ANGERS COLONISTS BY EXPECTING THEM TO PAY THE COSTS OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

COLONISTS PROTEST HARSH TAXES AND BEGIN TO MOBILIZE FOR WAR = “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!

COLONIAL LEADERS USE ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS TO JUSTIFY WAR AND WRITE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

Strengths & Weaknesses

British Strengths Had the world’s

strongest army & navy Were supported by

many Tories, Native Americans and Hessian mercenaries

British Weaknesses Unpopular war Unknown terrain

American Strengths Knowledge of terrain Extremely motivated British overconfidence French support Time on their side Washington’s leadership

American Weaknesses Lacked supplies,

experience and numbers

Major Turning Points

Bunker Hill = Americans are defeated but gain confidence.

Trenton = Washington crosses Delaware = huge morale boost.

Saratoga= Turning point of the War = Huge victory, French believe we can win.

Yorktown = Cornwallis overconfident, surrendered!

An American Victory

Treaty of Paris Signed two years after

the American victory at Yorktown

Great Britain recognized the independence of the Unites States

What’s next for the United States?

Reflection/Closing

1. What were American strengths and weaknesses?

2. What were British strengths and weaknesses?

3. What was the turning pt of the war?4. What Treaty ended the war?

Warm up?

What type of government do you think the 13 Colonies came up with after gaining Independence from Great Britain? Consider our relationship with Great Britain and their

type of government when writing your answer.

Articles of Confederation &

The Constitution

AMERICANS CREATE A REPUBLIC

TO PROTECT THEIR AUTHORITY, THE 13 STATES CREATE A WEAK NATIONAL OVERNMENT THAT FAILS = ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION DELEGATES CREATE A NEW SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT BASED ON ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

THE NEW GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IS BASED ON THREE GOVERNMENT BRANCHES

THE BILL OF RIGHTS IS CREATED TO FURTHER PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL

Problems with the Articles

• The States were acting like 13 separate countries or govt’s (we weren’t unified)

• The national gov’t (Congress) couldn’t force the states to pay taxes• With no tax money we had no gov’t services:

army, navy, roads, garbage collection, national debt…we couldn’t pay back our loans

• No power to regulate trade• This means Congress couldn’t make laws

regarding trade • States would put tariffs on products from

other states

• No national currency• No power to enforce laws• Required that amendments be approved

by all 13 colonies• With no president, supreme court, and a

weak Congress there was no leadership to decide arguments between states

Problems after Revolutionary War

Trade declining Taxed goods purchased from

other statesInflationSince Congress could not

tax, they had to borrow $ from the states

Shay’s Rebellion-1786 1,500 armed farmers attacked

a federal arsenal Rebellion was crushed by

Mass. Troops but the social forces that led to such dramatic action remained

America needs a stronger central gov’t

Constitutional Convention

Met in 1787Met simply to revise the

Articles of Confederation

What were the operation procedures during the constitutional convention?

7 out of 13 states had to be presentMajority votes winsEverything had to be secret

Creating and ratifying the Constitution

The delegates at the Constitutional Convention were determined to create a framework of government all states could accept. A major problem was

be how states would be represented in the new government

Virginia PlanLarge statesLegislative

Branch Representation based on population

New Jersey Plan

Small statesLegislative

Branch Representation would be

equal

3 branche

s of gov’t

&2 parts

OfCongres

s

House of Representatives

Senate

Both plans agreed to have an Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branch.

The delegates argued over these two plans for six weeks.

Compromises

The Great CompromiseProposed the Legislative

Branch have 2 Houses Bicameral House of Representatives

Based on population Senate

Equal representation (2)

More Compromises

Electoral college How should the

President be chosen?

Solution: a group of people (chosen by the states) to select the president

3/5ths Compromise 5 slaves would count

as 3 free people

Approving the Constitution

September 17, 1787 the Constitutional Convention was finished.

9 of the 13 states needed to ratify it.But the public is divided between Federalists

and Anti-Federalists:

Federalists

• Led by Alexander Hamilton

• Supported the constitution

• Believed the constitution created a system of federalism. A form of gov’t in which power is divided between national gov’t and states.

• Wrote the federalist papers: series of essays that promoted constitution declaring we need a strong central gov’t.

Anti-Federalists

• Led by Thomas Jefferson

• Opposed the constitution

• Believed the constitution gave too much power to the national gov’t and took too much power away from the states.

• Wanted a Bill of Rights added to protect individual freedoms

Federalist Papers

85 anonymous letters to newspapers written by Hamilton, Madison and John Jay

The most famous was Federalist #10 written by James Madison He argued that a

larger republic would not lead to an abuse of power but would actually be a defense against tyranny

June 21, 1788 New Hampshire became the 9th state to ratify the Constitution.

The Constitution is now the Law of the Land!!!

America Creates a Republic

Republic (Democratic Republic) Gov’t where the people

elect representatives to govern and make laws on their behalf (Rome)

Democracy People themselves vote on

issues (Greece)

Whiskey Rebellion

B/c of whisky tax, people stop buying whisky

Washington quickly steps in to put down rebellion Shows federal gov’t will not

tolerate rebellion any longer

Influences on the Constitution

Classical Theories of Government Ancient Athens: Direct

Democracy Ancient Rome: Republic

Enlightenment Voltaire: Freedom of

Speech/Religion Montesquieu: Separation of

Powers Beccaria: Speedy

Trial/Appropriate Punishment

Iroquois ConstitutionFundamental Orders of

Connecticut

Reflection

1. Why is the U.S. Constitution often referred to a “Bundle of Compromises”?

2. Explain how the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment influenced the writing of the Constitution?

3. How does a Democratic Republic reflect the Colonist fight with Great Britain over representation?

4. What were the major arguments for and against ratifying the Constitution? What 2 groups represented these arguments?

5. What was the significance of the Federalist Papers?