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Virtualization & Green Computing

byDr. R. Srinivasan

Professor Emeritus, Computer Science Dept.M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology

SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBANGALORE-560097 26-9-2013

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What is Green Computing?

• Green computing is the term used to denote efficient use of resources in computing. - This term generally relates to the use of computing resources in conjunction with minimizing environmental impact, maximizing economic viability and ensuring social duties. greenelectronics.com

• The study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing computers, servers, and associated subsystems —such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems — efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment San Murugesan ITPro Jan/Feb 2008

•

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What is Green Computing? (contd.)

Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers and their resources. - In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of designing, manufacturing/engineering, using and disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their environmental impact. www.techopedia.com

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Detrimental contributions of IT

• IT has been contributing to environmental problems• Computers and other IT infrastructure consume significant amounts of electricity,•This places a heavy burden on our electric grids * Contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. • Also IT hardware poses severe environmental problems during its production and its disposal.* So we are obliged to minimize or eliminate the environmental impact of IT to help create a more sustainable environment – GREEN our IT systems

Ref: Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices by San Murugesan4

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Data Explosion Scenario and after effects

• Example: 1. Users - In 2006 Facebook had a quaint 10 million users - but now 1 billion users or more!! 2. Applications: other forms of correspondences(data, voice, pictures, video, etc.) - because of these stupendous amounts of data are set in motion each moment with an innocuous click or tap - downloads are: movies on iTunes, Check credit card balance on Visa’s Website, send Yahoo mail with files attached, buy online products, post on twitter or read Newspapers online,…… leads to need of Data Centres

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Data Explosion Scenario and after effects

3. Wastages: Most of the Data Centres consume vast amount of energy - Do they consume all the energy?? Answer is: NO, NO, NO - they waste 90% or more of the electricity they pull off the grid!! (Ref:Times)See this: World Digital Warehouses use: 30 billion watts of electricity the output of 30 nuclear plants!! • Energy Efficiency varies from company to company: - they use 6 to 12% of electricity powering their servers to perform computations. The rest is being used to keep the servers idling (Ref: McKinsey & Co analysis) * Google Datacentres : 300 MillionWatts , * Facebook 66 Centres: 60 Million watts 6

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Pl. take a look at this??!!Each PC in use generates about a ton of carbon dioxide every year.* Computer components contain toxic materials.• Increasingly, consumers discard a large number of old computers, monitors, electronic equipment two to three years after purchase* most of this ends up in landfills* Earth gets polluted and water gets contaminated* Analysts predict that two-thirds of the estimated 870 million PCs made worldwide in the next five years will end up in landfills. • The United Nations Environment Program (www.unep.org) estimates that 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste are generated worldwide each year, and this is increasing

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Look!! Heap of Electronic Waste

Ref: www.greenprof.org/wp-content/uploads/.../Green-Computing.ppt8Rs-MSRIT

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What a mess! We are responsible for it!!

Ref: www.greenprof.org/wp-content/uploads/.../Green-Computing.pptAlso see Deccan Herald Dated 22-9-2013 9

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Energy Crises is LoomingEnergy Crises is Looming

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Efficiency in Datacenters: Efficiency in Datacenters: PossiblePossible

How to ImproveHow to Improve

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Algorithmic Efficiency•The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. • A study by a physicist at Harvard estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) !!!!• However, Google disputes this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produces only 0.2 grams of CO2₂.• More recently, an independent study demonstrated that Windows 7 + Office 2010 required : - 70 times more memory (RAM) than Windows 98 + Office 2000 to write exactly the same text or send exactly the same e-mail. 12Rs-MSRIT

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Green IT and Focus areas

1. Design for environmental sustainability2. Energy-efficient computing3. Power management4. Data center design, layout, and location5. Server virtualization6. Responsible disposal and recycling7. Regulatory compliance8. Green metrics, assessment tools & methodology9. Use of renewable energy sources10. Eco-labeling of IT products.

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Holistic approach to green IT.

Green IT

Green useof IT systems

Green designof IT systems

Green manufacturingof IT systems

Green disposalof IT systems

Ref: IT Pro Jan/Feb 200814Rs-MSRIT

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Holistic approach to green IT (contd.)

Green use: Reduce the energy consumption of computers and other information systems and use them in an environmentally sound manner.

Green disposal. Refurbish and reuse old computers and properly recycle unwanted computers and other electronic equipment.

Green design. Design energy efficient and environmentally sound components, computers, servers, and cooling equipment.

Green manufacturing. Manufacture electronic components, computers, and other associated subsystems with minimal or no impact on the environment. Ref: IT Pro Jan/Feb 2008

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Green a computer’s entire lifecycle.

Green design

Green manufacturingof computers

Redeployreuse

Refurbishupgrade

Use computersjudiciously Dispose

Donate

Recycle, reprocessmaterials

Ref: IT Pro Jan/Feb 2008 16Rs-MSRIT

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Green IT Standards and Regulations

1. Epeat : www.greenelectronicscouncil.org Environmental Product Environmental Assessment tool (

www.epeat.net) - assists buyers to evaluate, compare, and select desktop computers, notebooks, and monitors based on their environmental attributes. - It also helps manufacturers promote their products as environmentally sound

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Green IT Standards and Regulations (contd.)

• Epeat evaluates electronic products on 23 required criteria and 28 optional criteria, which are grouped into eight performance categories reducing and eliminating environmentally sensitive materials, selecting materials, designing for the product’s end of life (such as recycling), product longevity, energy conservation, end-of-life management, corporate performance, and packaging. * Epeat identifies its registered products as bronze, silver, or gold. * All Epeat-registered computers have reduced levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury to better protect human health. These are more energy-efficient and easier to upgrade and recycle. 18Rs-MSRIT

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Green IT Standards and Regulations (contd.)

2. Energy Star 4.0 Standard: - The new Energy Star 4.0 standard regulates energy performance of external and internal power supplies and gives power consumption specifications for idle, sleep, and standby modes for a number of different devices including PCs, desktops, and gaming consoles. - Computers meeting the new requirements will save energy in all modes of operation. - Regulations for computers in idle mode are new, as previous standards addressed only sleep and standby modes. - The new specifications require OEM s to educate users about power management

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Green IT Standards and Regulations (contd.)

3. RoHS Directive : Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive – www.rohs.gov.uk - to restrict the use of certain hazardous substances.

- it also bans placing new electrical and electronic equipment on the European Union market if it contains more than the agreed-upon levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, or flame retardants. Ref: San Murugesan, ITPro Jan/Feb 2008

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So what is our duty?1. Reducing energy consumption by PCs – deploy special

software

2. Turn off the system when not in use.

3. Use Screen Savers and Thin-client Computers

4. Green the data centres

5. Energy conservation – type of cooling

6. Eco-friendly design

7. Virtualization 21Rs-MSRIT

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Virtualization To quote a few:

1. Desktop Virtualization

2. Hardware Virtualization

3. Storage Virtualization

4. Server Virtualization

5. Application Virtualization6. Access virtualization —Allows access to any application

from any device 7. Processing virtualization —Makes one system seem like

many, or many seem like one 8. Network virtualization—Presents an artificial view of the

network that differs from the physical reality 22Rs-MSRIT

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What is Virtualization?• Single Computer- one O/S – one application – traditional use of

computers

• Virtualization: single computer – runs many virtual machines – resources of single machine shared by may virtual machines

* Each Virtual machine - different OS- different applications – but on

same physical machine

* To Summarize:

- A virtual machine - CPU, RAM hard disk and

network interface card (NIC) (all S/W –based)

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Virtual Infrastructure

Ref: http://www.vmware.com/virtualization/virtual-infrastructure.html 24

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Physical Machine Vs Virtual Machine

• Physical Machine: a complete and actual machine

- Subjectively ( w.r.t users)

- Objectively (w.r.t system administrators)

•Virtual Machine:

- Subjectively a complete machine (w.r.t users)

- Objectively (file/programs running on some machine

which user is not aware of)

•Virtual Machines are autonomic, utility ones and

scalable

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Server Consolidation

• Server consolidation – to save server sprawl - reduces no. of physical servers or server locations

• Saves - space, energy and cost – green computing

• Server Virtualization: Dividing the server into multiple

parts different O/S – but same underlying hardware

– utilizes advanced Software method – consolidates network-based resources – leads to Virtual Network

* Cloud computing – similar to virtual network

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Save Energy by Eliminating Server Sprawl and Underutilization

• Most servers and desktops today are in use only 5-15% of the time

they are powered on• But most of the hardware consumes 60-90% of the normal

workload

power even when in idle. • Virtualization with advanced resource and memory management

features enable consolidation ratios of 15:1or more • This increases hardware utilization to as much as 85%. • Example: Use virtualized feature of VMware Distributed Resource

Scheduler (DRS) called Distributed Power Management (DPM) • This enables monitoring utilization across the datacenter and

intelligently powers off unneeded physical servers without

impacting applications and users. 27Rs-MSRIT

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Categories of Virtualization1. Server Consolidation

2. Desktop virtualization

3. Storage Virtualization

4. Memory Virtualization

5. Application Virtualization

6. Hardware Virtualization

7. Network Virtualization

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Desk Top Virtualization• It is: Virtualized Desktop on a remote central server

• change of software version – no need to load on many individual clients – to be loaded only on that central server

- a quick script – will automatically update on all servers

•Cost effective, easy maintenance and low down time, higher security

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Storage virtualization

• User server consolidated with a larger Server - no need for multiple servers

— Allows many systems to share the same storage devices, enables concealing the location of storage, and more

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Memory Virtualization• Memory virtualization: Decouples (RAM) resources - aggregates them into a virtualized memory pool – the pool available to any computer in the cluster

• Being networked:

- applications can have very large amount of memory

- overall performance improves

- good system utilization

- excellent memory usage efficiency

• Management software: - manages the shared memory

- data insertion, eviction

- data assignment to contributing nodes

- handles requests from client nodes.

* Memory Pool accessed from: Application Level or OS Level31Rs-MSRIT

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Application Virtualization• Virtualization same set of Applications needed by many users

• Separates several components from the Operating System

– like program executables, configuration files, dependencies

• No outside resources:– multiple instances of the same program can be run or on a new O/S

Advantages: 1. S/W on a central location - easy access and updation

2. Universal rollback

3. Run multiple versions of same application simultaneously

4. Better portability, easy maintenance

5. No application conflict

Ref: http://automationbusinesstech.com/application-virtualization-virginia-roanoke

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Hardware Virtualization• User’s computer - run through outside hardware or pieces of hardware

Ex. Client system run – under cloud computing or in-house server

consolidation

• Saving in space and cost

• Heavy hardware needed as part of network – replaced by effective

software

• Advantages:

- can choose a particular OS to run specific application

- to test any new OS, new software, emulate new OS, …….

- security, protection from viruses, …..

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Hardware Virtualization (contd.)

• Virtual Desk Top Infrastructure (VDI):

- advanced form of hardware virtualization

- user operates his computer through another computer

via LAN or Internet

e.g: Hp and IBM provide hybrid VDI

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The HypervisorDefinition: also called as Virtual Machine Manager (VMM)

- software, hardware or firmware

- creates and runs virtual machines (VM’s)

- loaded on a host and runs VM’s (Guest Machines)

- manages guest operating systems

- examples: IBM’s z/VM, VMware ESX/ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-v

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Types of Hypervisors

Linux or Windows

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Microsoft’s Hyper - V

Type: 1

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Network Virtualization (contd.)

• Combines:

- Network Resources (H/W and S/W) - VLAN’s

- Network Storage Devices

- Firewalls

- Network media (Ethernet, Fibre channel)

•Three Categories:

- external Network Virtualization

- internal Network Virtualization

- combined internal & external Network virtualization

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Network Virtualization• combining available resources in a network by splitting up the available bandwidth into channels

- each is independent from the others, can be assigned (or reassigned) to a particular server or device in real time.

- each channel is independently secured.

- every subscriber has shared access to all the resources on the network from a single computer.

• is intended to improve productivity, efficiency

• disguises the true complexity of the network

• Files, images, programs, and folders - centrally managed from a single physical site.

• Storage media such as hard drives and tape drives can be easily added or reassigned.

• Storage space can be shared or reallocated among the servers.Ref: http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/network-virtualization

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Virtualization Maturity Levels & Technology Aspects

Dedicated

Shared

Virtual

Centralized

None

Client/Server/N-tier

File server, DB Server

VirtualizationMaturity

Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

VirtualizationMaturity

name applications infrastructure ownershiplocation

Local Fixed Distributed Internal

Data Center

Logical Fixed Internal

Shared CentralizedInternal

Cloud Software as a Service Virtual Virtual Virtual

Local

Name Server Storage Network

Standalone PC Local disks

DepartmentalLAN, shared services

Data Center Server virtualization

SAN VAN,VPN

CloudCloud Platform

Cloud storage Internet

Technology A

spects

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Being Green at VMware• We composted almost 35,000 lbs of  food waste and compostable items during

the first 6 months of 2009. 

• Our cafe generates zero trash – everything is sustainable, compostable or recyclable.

• We reduced electrical power consumption during peak hours by designing our

windows to provide extensive day-lighting.

• Our lobbies and atriums consist of 20,000 sq ft of reclaimed wood flooring, and

the structural steel in our buildings can be recycled because we eliminated

spray-on toxic coating (fire-proofing) to ensure future recyclability.

• We've reduced water consumption by 30% through our use of low-flow faucets

and showerheads - not to mention the fact that we planted native and drought-

tolerant plants to conserve water outdoors as well.

• We pay 100% of the cost for employees to use existing public transportation to

get to and from work so we are not adding incremental vehicles onto roads. 42Rs-MSRIT

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References

1. S. Murugesan, “Going Green with IT: Your Responsibilitytoward Environmental Sustainability,” CutterBusiness—IT Strategies Executive Report, vol. 10, no. 8,2007. 2. Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices by San Murugesan IT Pro, Jan-Feb 20083. Green Computing, Microsoft, the Architecture Journal, # 18

Thank You

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